From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Received: from smtp.kernel.org (aws-us-west-2-korg-mail-1.web.codeaurora.org [10.30.226.201]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4A441266576 for ; Mon, 2 Feb 2026 15:56:47 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=10.30.226.201 ARC-Seal:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1770047807; cv=none; b=QihtfTZS2hIf1Gz0saCi+MOpCi263148D4Bv0Z2vv4i7R5d30x3iGezR9Q7al9fDZiyY9ppVOHiEgxyhYqrWJOHomc00xTndJpfP4QYm6/tVuz76e94sNqs+z0nMn7vepv6dkmefW24shWTyPBTzwBw7qH1FzocrtjOClI/glKg= ARC-Message-Signature:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1770047807; c=relaxed/simple; bh=hxWsl4+3mMC4/tIWxX8dWfX3hknzw7d0BOqMFNwQDuc=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:MIME-Version; b=YUwGo/ykpWISKom5HoNyIaALIYJAXq+w/+CIDT1ezQ0cRkbbdCVdMG0Sdtkxj1THVhsIlA+UJkU5xJHp7/AhBPAcP1uXqtH0/rZ8423JUQGxrTq6GU1PzJ4LUA/3aOHJqmLxbvSMEeAZgejkufYI71cK4LWfIjIQiPOxWs+c8gk= ARC-Authentication-Results:i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=kernel.org header.i=@kernel.org header.b=dde1yblt; arc=none smtp.client-ip=10.30.226.201 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=kernel.org header.i=@kernel.org header.b="dde1yblt" Received: by smtp.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id F0389C116C6; Mon, 2 Feb 2026 15:56:45 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=kernel.org; s=k20201202; t=1770047806; bh=hxWsl4+3mMC4/tIWxX8dWfX3hknzw7d0BOqMFNwQDuc=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:From; b=dde1ybltuZtGeOWfKOTOpwUbBHPbB/NJisTmhpZ3tbR7Ego/JWRniq0XHZSh0YA1I hoSbL3B12PuvboFiYpJ2wUw0IRXfU1eg71qQ69P8PacCeX0LhcRK1idz0MAUJHcMte P0KkUZHzCmUcKthjpZ9G0Q/CPnDFjeG1FXqL/rH2cj2Xam7E6NSBOT1bg2o9/rhFR7 BwN21o/fseLvwmpd/7qqSAvZHLx/oUJqPstFiSZzlovH9EQZgJFaK+LIrnWHiYt+G9 BYi9Re3HDEkfkdcjQ4WednaAojV02ssEoOxZeLxgeXoCsbxAj/CbXAKus2vxhnp8mI vszG0gR419EVQ== Received: from phl-compute-04.internal (phl-compute-04.internal [10.202.2.44]) by mailfauth.phl.internal (Postfix) with ESMTP id EF760F40069; Mon, 2 Feb 2026 10:56:44 -0500 (EST) Received: from phl-frontend-03 ([10.202.2.162]) by phl-compute-04.internal (MEProxy); Mon, 02 Feb 2026 10:56:44 -0500 X-ME-Sender: X-ME-Received: X-ME-Proxy-Cause: gggruggvucftvghtrhhoucdtuddrgeefgedrtddtgddujeektdeiucetufdoteggodetrf dotffvucfrrhhofhhilhgvmecuhfgrshhtofgrihhlpdfurfetoffkrfgpnffqhgenuceu rghilhhouhhtmecufedttdenucesvcftvggtihhpihgvnhhtshculddquddttddmnecujf gurhephffvvefufffkofgggfestdekredtredttdenucfhrhhomhepmfhirhihlhcuufhh uhhtshgvmhgruhcuoehkrghssehkvghrnhgvlhdrohhrgheqnecuggftrfgrthhtvghrnh epffdvhfdtgfekuddttdffgeeljeehueffvdfgjeejvdetiedtfeefgfetgfffhfffnecu vehluhhsthgvrhfuihiivgeptdenucfrrghrrghmpehmrghilhhfrhhomhepkhhirhhilh hlodhmvghsmhhtphgruhhthhhpvghrshhonhgrlhhithihqdduieduudeivdeiheehqddv keeggeegjedvkedqkhgrsheppehkvghrnhgvlhdrohhrghesshhhuhhtvghmohhvrdhnrg hmvgdpnhgspghrtghpthhtohepvdekpdhmohguvgepshhmthhpohhuthdprhgtphhtthho pegrkhhpmheslhhinhhugidqfhhouhhnuggrthhiohhnrdhorhhgpdhrtghpthhtohepmh hutghhuhhnrdhsohhngheslhhinhhugidruggvvhdprhgtphhtthhopegurghvihgusehr vgguhhgrthdrtghomhdprhgtphhtthhopeifihhllhihsehinhhfrhgruggvrggurdhorh hgpdhrtghpthhtohepuhhsrghmrggrrhhifheigedvsehgmhgrihhlrdgtohhmpdhrtghp thhtohepfhhvughlsehgohhoghhlvgdrtghomhdprhgtphhtthhopehoshgrlhhvrgguoh hrsehsuhhsvgdruggvpdhrtghpthhtoheprhhpphhtsehkvghrnhgvlhdrohhrghdprhgt phhtthhopehvsggrsghkrgesshhushgvrdgtii X-ME-Proxy: Feedback-ID: i10464835:Fastmail Received: by mail.messagingengine.com (Postfix) with ESMTPA; Mon, 2 Feb 2026 10:56:43 -0500 (EST) From: Kiryl Shutsemau To: Andrew Morton , Muchun Song , David Hildenbrand , Matthew Wilcox , Usama Arif , Frank van der Linden Cc: Oscar Salvador , Mike Rapoport , Vlastimil Babka , Lorenzo Stoakes , Zi Yan , Baoquan He , Michal Hocko , Johannes Weiner , Jonathan Corbet , Huacai Chen , WANG Xuerui , Palmer Dabbelt , Paul Walmsley , Albert Ou , Alexandre Ghiti , kernel-team@meta.com, linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, loongarch@lists.linux.dev, linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org, Kiryl Shutsemau Subject: [PATCHv6 00/17] mm: Eliminate fake head pages from vmemmap optimization Date: Mon, 2 Feb 2026 15:56:16 +0000 Message-ID: <20260202155634.650837-1-kas@kernel.org> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.51.2 Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This series removes "fake head pages" from the HugeTLB vmemmap optimization (HVO) by changing how tail pages encode their relationship to the head page. It simplifies compound_head() and page_ref_add_unless(). Both are in the hot path. Background ========== HVO reduces memory overhead by freeing vmemmap pages for HugeTLB pages and remapping the freed virtual addresses to a single physical page. Previously, all tail page vmemmap entries were remapped to the first vmemmap page (containing the head struct page), creating "fake heads" - tail pages that appear to have PG_head set when accessed through the deduplicated vmemmap. This required special handling in compound_head() to detect and work around fake heads, adding complexity and overhead to a very hot path. New Approach ============ For architectures/configs where sizeof(struct page) is a power of 2 (the common case), this series changes how position of the head page is encoded in the tail pages. Instead of storing a pointer to the head page, the ->compound_info (renamed from ->compound_head) now stores a mask. The mask can be applied to any tail page's virtual address to compute the head page address. Critically, all tail pages of the same order now have identical compound_info values, regardless of which compound page they belong to. The key insight is that all tail pages of the same order now have identical compound_info values, regardless of which compound page they belong to. This allows a single page of tail struct pages to be shared across all huge pages of the same order on a NUMA node. Benefits ======== 1. Simplified compound_head(): No fake head detection needed, can be implemented in a branchless manner. 2. Simplified page_ref_add_unless(): RCU protection removed since there's no race with fake head remapping. 3. Cleaner architecture: The shared tail pages are truly read-only and contain valid tail page metadata. If sizeof(struct page) is not power-of-2, there are no functional changes. HVO is not supported in this configuration. I had hoped to see performance improvement, but my testing thus far has shown either no change or only a slight improvement within the noise. Series Organization =================== Patch 1: Preparation - move MAX_FOLIO_ORDER to mmzone.h Patches 2-4: Refactoring - interface changes, field rename, code movement Patches 5-6: Arch fixes - align vmemmap for riscv and LoongArch Patch 7: Core change - new mask-based compound_head() encoding Patch 8: Correctness fix - page_zonenum() must use head page Patch 9: Add memmap alignment check for compound_info_has_mask() Patch 10: Refactor vmemmap_walk for new design Patch 11: Eliminate fake heads with shared tail pages Patches 12-15: Cleanup - remove fake head infrastructure Patch 16: Documentation update Patch 17: Get rid of opencoded compound_head() in page_slab() Changes in v6: ============== - Simplify memmap alignment check in mm/sparse.c: use VM_BUG_ON() (Muchun) - Store struct page pointers in vmemmap_tails[] instead of PFNs. (Muchun) - Fix build error on powerpc due to negative NR_VMEMMAP_TAILS. Changes in v5: ============== - Rebased to mm-everything-2026-01-27-04-35 - Add arch-specific patches to align vmemmap to maximal folio size for riscv and LoongArch architectures. - Strengthen the memmap alignment check in mm/sparse.c: use BUG() for CONFIG_DEBUG_VM, WARN() otherwise. (Muchun) - Use cmpxchg() instead of hugetlb_lock to update vmemmap_tails array. (Muchun) - Update page_slab(). Changes in v4: ============== - Fix build issues due to linux/mmzone.h <-> linux/pgtable.h dependency loop by avoiding including linux/pgtable.h into linux/mmzone.h - Rework vmemmap_remap_alloc() interface. (Muchun) - Use &folio->page instead of folio address for optimization target. (Muchun) Changes in v3: ============== - Fixed error recovery path in vmemmap_remap_free() to pass correct start address for TLB flush. (Muchun) - Wrapped the mask-based compound_info encoding within CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP check via compound_info_has_mask(). For other memory models, alignment guarantees are harder to verify. (Muchun) - Updated vmemmap_dedup.rst documentation wording: changed "vmemmap_tail shared for the struct hstate" to "A single, per-node page frame shared among all hugepages of the same size". (Muchun) - Fixed build error with MAX_FOLIO_ORDER expanding to undefined PUD_ORDER in certain configurations. (kernel test robot) Changes in v2: ============== - Handle boot-allocated huge pages correctly. (Frank) - Changed from per-hstate vmemmap_tail to per-node vmemmap_tails[] array in pglist_data. (Muchun) - Added spin_lock(&hugetlb_lock) protection in vmemmap_get_tail() to fix a race condition where two threads could both allocate tail pages. The losing thread now properly frees its allocated page. (Usama) - Add warning if memmap is not aligned to MAX_FOLIO_SIZE, which is required for the mask approach. (Muchun) - Make page_zonenum() use head page - correctness fix since shared tail pages cannot have valid zone information. (Muchun) - Added 'const' qualifier to head parameter in set_compound_head() and prep_compound_tail(). (Usama) - Updated commit messages. Kiryl Shutsemau (17): mm: Move MAX_FOLIO_ORDER definition to mmzone.h mm: Change the interface of prep_compound_tail() mm: Rename the 'compound_head' field in the 'struct page' to 'compound_info' mm: Move set/clear_compound_head() next to compound_head() riscv/mm: Align vmemmap to maximal folio size LoongArch/mm: Align vmemmap to maximal folio size mm: Rework compound_head() for power-of-2 sizeof(struct page) mm: Make page_zonenum() use head page mm/sparse: Check memmap alignment for compound_info_has_mask() mm/hugetlb: Refactor code around vmemmap_walk mm/hugetlb: Remove fake head pages mm: Drop fake head checks hugetlb: Remove VMEMMAP_SYNCHRONIZE_RCU mm/hugetlb: Remove hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key static key mm: Remove the branch from compound_head() hugetlb: Update vmemmap_dedup.rst mm/slab: Use compound_head() in page_slab() .../admin-guide/kdump/vmcoreinfo.rst | 2 +- Documentation/mm/vmemmap_dedup.rst | 62 ++-- arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h | 3 +- arch/riscv/mm/init.c | 3 +- include/linux/mm.h | 31 -- include/linux/mm_types.h | 20 +- include/linux/mmzone.h | 47 +++ include/linux/page-flags.h | 167 +++++----- include/linux/page_ref.h | 8 +- include/linux/types.h | 2 +- kernel/vmcore_info.c | 2 +- mm/hugetlb.c | 8 +- mm/hugetlb_vmemmap.c | 288 ++++++++---------- mm/internal.h | 12 +- mm/mm_init.c | 2 +- mm/page_alloc.c | 4 +- mm/slab.h | 8 +- mm/sparse-vmemmap.c | 43 ++- mm/sparse.c | 7 + mm/util.c | 16 +- 20 files changed, 363 insertions(+), 372 deletions(-) -- 2.51.2 From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Received: from smtp.kernel.org (aws-us-west-2-korg-mail-1.web.codeaurora.org [10.30.226.201]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2884D332629; 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Fri, 27 Feb 2026 14:30:29 -0500 (EST) From: "Kiryl Shutsemau (Meta)" To: Andrew Morton , Muchun Song , David Hildenbrand , Matthew Wilcox , Usama Arif , Frank van der Linden Cc: Oscar Salvador , Mike Rapoport , Vlastimil Babka , Lorenzo Stoakes , Zi Yan , Baoquan He , Michal Hocko , Johannes Weiner , Jonathan Corbet , Huacai Chen , WANG Xuerui , Palmer Dabbelt , Paul Walmsley , Albert Ou , Alexandre Ghiti , kernel-team@meta.com, linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, loongarch@lists.linux.dev, linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org, "Kiryl Shutsemau (Meta)" Subject: [PATCHv7 00/17] mm: Eliminate fake head pages from vmemmap optimization Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 19:30:01 +0000 Message-ID: <20260202155634.650837-1-kas@kernel.org> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.51.2 X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.51.2 Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-getmail-retrieved-from-mailbox: Inbox Tags: inbox Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <20260227193001.7FJRazzJPR-OFsixM_TIvPK0aVXOpUIoxQMtTZ2XZyU@z> This series removes "fake head pages" from the HugeTLB vmemmap optimization (HVO) by changing how tail pages encode their relationship to the head page. It simplifies compound_head() and page_ref_add_unless(). Both are in the hot path. Background ========== HVO reduces memory overhead by freeing vmemmap pages for HugeTLB pages and remapping the freed virtual addresses to a single physical page. Previously, all tail page vmemmap entries were remapped to the first vmemmap page (containing the head struct page), creating "fake heads" - tail pages that appear to have PG_head set when accessed through the deduplicated vmemmap. This required special handling in compound_head() to detect and work around fake heads, adding complexity and overhead to a very hot path. New Approach ============ For architectures/configs where sizeof(struct page) is a power of 2 (the common case), this series changes how position of the head page is encoded in the tail pages. Instead of storing a pointer to the head page, the ->compound_info (renamed from ->compound_head) now stores a mask. The mask can be applied to any tail page's virtual address to compute the head page address. Critically, all tail pages of the same order now have identical compound_info values, regardless of which compound page they belong to. The key insight is that all tail pages of the same order now have identical compound_info values, regardless of which compound page they belong to. In v7, these shared tail pages are allocated per-zone. This ensures that zone information (stored in page->flags) is correct even for shared tail pages, removing the need for the special-casing in page_zonenum() proposed in earlier versions. To support per-zone shared pages for boot-allocated gigantic pages, the vmemmap population is deferred until zones are initialized. This simplifies the logic significantly and allows the removal of vmemmap_undo_hvo(). Benefits ======== 1. Simplified compound_head(): No fake head detection needed, can be implemented in a branchless manner. 2. Simplified page_ref_add_unless(): RCU protection removed since there's no race with fake head remapping. 3. Cleaner architecture: The shared tail pages are truly read-only and contain valid tail page metadata. If sizeof(struct page) is not power-of-2, there are no functional changes. HVO is not supported in this configuration. I had hoped to see performance improvement, but my testing thus far has shown either no change or only a slight improvement within the noise. Series Organization =================== Patch 1: Move MAX_FOLIO_ORDER definition to mmzone.h. Patches 2-4: Refactoring of field names and interfaces. Patches 5-6: Architecture alignment for LoongArch and RISC-V. Patch 7: Mask-based compound_head() implementation. Patch 8: Add memmap alignment checks. Patch 9: Branchless compound_head() optimization. Patch 10: Defer vmemmap population for bootmem hugepages. Patch 11: Refactor vmemmap_walk. Patch 12: x86 vDSO build fix. Patch 13: Eliminate fake heads with per-zone shared tail pages. Patches 14-16: Cleanup of fake head infrastructure. Patch 17: Documentation update. Patch 18: Use compound_head() in page_slab(). Changes in v7: ============== - Move vmemmap_tails from per-node to per-zone. This ensures tail pages have correct zone information. - Defer vmemmap population for boot-allocated huge pages to hugetlb_vmemmap_init_late(). This makes zone information available during population and allows removing vmemmap_undo_hvo(). - Undefine CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP for x86 vdso32 to fix build issues. - Remove the patch that modified page_zonenum(), as per-zone shared pages make it unnecessary. Changes in v6: ============== - Simplify memmap alignment check in mm/sparse.c: use VM_BUG_ON() (Muchun) - Store struct page pointers in vmemmap_tails[] instead of PFNs. (Muchun) - Fix build error on powerpc due to negative NR_VMEMMAP_TAILS. Changes in v5: ============== - Rebased to mm-everything-2026-01-27-04-35 - Add arch-specific patches to align vmemmap to maximal folio size for riscv and LoongArch architectures. - Strengthen the memmap alignment check in mm/sparse.c: use BUG() for CONFIG_DEBUG_VM, WARN() otherwise. (Muchun) - Use cmpxchg() instead of hugetlb_lock to update vmemmap_tails array. (Muchun) - Update page_slab(). Changes in v4: ============== - Fix build issues due to linux/mmzone.h <-> linux/pgtable.h dependency loop by avoiding including linux/pgtable.h into linux/mmzone.h - Rework vmemmap_remap_alloc() interface. (Muchun) - Use &folio->page instead of folio address for optimization target. (Muchun) Changes in v3: ============== - Fixed error recovery path in vmemmap_remap_free() to pass correct start address for TLB flush. (Muchun) - Wrapped the mask-based compound_info encoding within CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP check via compound_info_has_mask(). For other memory models, alignment guarantees are harder to verify. (Muchun) - Updated vmemmap_dedup.rst documentation wording: changed "vmemmap_tail shared for the struct hstate" to "A single, per-node page frame shared among all hugepages of the same size". (Muchun) - Fixed build error with MAX_FOLIO_ORDER expanding to undefined PUD_ORDER in certain configurations. (kernel test robot) Changes in v2: ============== - Handle boot-allocated huge pages correctly. (Frank) - Changed from per-hstate vmemmap_tail to per-node vmemmap_tails[] array in pglist_data. (Muchun) - Added spin_lock(&hugetlb_lock) protection in vmemmap_get_tail() to fix a race condition where two threads could both allocate tail pages. The losing thread now properly frees its allocated page. (Usama) - Add warning if memmap is not aligned to MAX_FOLIO_SIZE, which is required for the mask approach. (Muchun) - Make page_zonenum() use head page - correctness fix since shared tail pages cannot have valid zone information. (Muchun) - Added 'const' qualifier to head parameter in set_compound_head() and prep_compound_tail(). (Usama) - Updated commit messages. Kiryl Shutsemau (16): mm: Move MAX_FOLIO_ORDER definition to mmzone.h mm: Change the interface of prep_compound_tail() mm: Rename the 'compound_head' field in the 'struct page' to 'compound_info' mm: Move set/clear_compound_head() next to compound_head() riscv/mm: Align vmemmap to maximal folio size LoongArch/mm: Align vmemmap to maximal folio size mm: Rework compound_head() for power-of-2 sizeof(struct page) mm/sparse: Check memmap alignment for compound_info_has_mask() mm/hugetlb: Refactor code around vmemmap_walk mm/hugetlb: Remove fake head pages mm: Drop fake head checks hugetlb: Remove VMEMMAP_SYNCHRONIZE_RCU mm/hugetlb: Remove hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key static key mm: Remove the branch from compound_head() hugetlb: Update vmemmap_dedup.rst mm/slab: Use compound_head() in page_slab() Kiryl Shutsemau (Meta) (2): mm/hugetlb: Defer vmemmap population for bootmem hugepages x86/vdso: Undefine CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP for vdso32 .../admin-guide/kdump/vmcoreinfo.rst | 2 +- Documentation/mm/vmemmap_dedup.rst | 62 ++- arch/loongarch/include/asm/pgtable.h | 3 +- arch/riscv/mm/init.c | 3 +- arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso32/fake_32bit_build.h | 1 + include/linux/mm.h | 36 +- include/linux/mm_types.h | 20 +- include/linux/mmzone.h | 57 +++ include/linux/page-flags.h | 166 ++++---- include/linux/page_ref.h | 8 +- include/linux/types.h | 2 +- kernel/vmcore_info.c | 2 +- mm/hugetlb.c | 8 +- mm/hugetlb_vmemmap.c | 362 +++++++++--------- mm/internal.h | 18 +- mm/mm_init.c | 2 +- mm/page_alloc.c | 4 +- mm/slab.h | 8 +- mm/sparse-vmemmap.c | 110 +++--- mm/sparse.c | 5 + mm/util.c | 16 +- 21 files changed, 448 insertions(+), 447 deletions(-) -- 2.51.2