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[92.21.50.228]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id ffacd0b85a97d-47aa0f214d2sm44119596f8f.33.2026.07.08.13.26.29 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Wed, 08 Jul 2026 13:26:30 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 21:26:28 +0100 From: David Laight To: "Maciej W. Rozycki" Cc: Arnd Bergmann , Sebastian Andrzej Siewior , John Paul Adrian Glaubitz , linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, x86@kernel.org, "H. Peter Anvin" , Borislav Petkov , Dave Hansen , Ingo Molnar , Jonathan Corbet , Thomas Gleixner , Sam James , Neal Gompa , Tomas Glozar , Richard Purdie Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] x86: Start removing X86_X32_ABI Message-ID: <20260708212628.4083e180@pumpkin> In-Reply-To: References: <20260707212252.bYk3-AlU@linutronix.de> <20260708073648.c4xJo-8d@linutronix.de> <20260708123330.r0DKKjea@linutronix.de> <7545dc17-8c1a-45fb-bef9-6bbdca6e9c48@app.fastmail.com> X-Mailer: Claws Mail 4.1.1 (GTK 3.24.38; arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf) Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit On Wed, 8 Jul 2026 17:27:46 +0100 (BST) "Maciej W. Rozycki" wrote: > On Wed, 8 Jul 2026, Arnd Bergmann wrote: > > > As I understand, it's a policy in Debian for debian-installer and > > the kernel packages to only provide kernels for the native > > architecture, i.e. 64-bit x86 kernels are only packaged for > > amd64 and not x32 or i686, and 64-bit Arm kernels are only > > packaged for arm64 but not armhf or formerly armel. > > Weird, x32 vs x64 for the Intel ISA or say n32 vs n64 for the MIPS ISA > are psABI variants rather than architectures. All are native, just using > different register usage conventions. IIRC n32 just uses the 32bit system calls. x32 can't do that due to the differing alignment of u64. So the x86-64 kernel has to have three sets of system call wrappers (etc). David > > And the kernel is a bare metal application, it has nothing to do with the > userland as far as the user psABI is concerned. It could use yet another > psABI and I suspect this is the case at least for some of the Linux ports > (`-mregparm=' GCC option comes immediately to mind). Insisting that the > same compilation options are used for the kernel as with all the userland > packages in a distribution seems artificial and unreasonable to me. > > BTW, at least with n32 the MIPS architecture permits CPU implementations > that only support that psABI and not n64. Never implemented, I believe, > but just proves its nativity. > > FWIW, > > Maciej >