question : is the init process of kernel running in kernel space or user space?

question : is the init process of kernel running in kernel space or user space?

[Tomko]

Hi all,

In the linux system , kernel is often starting up like this :

bootloader -> start_32() -> start_kernel() -> init()

i would like to ask what is the piority level in this starting procedure 
? 0 or 3 ? that means, this start up process are running in kernel space 
or user space ?  or the level is keep changing ?
If it is in kernel space from the very beginning , at which point the 
system is switched into user space ? is it at the time when kernel open 
the shell ?

I am new to linux, hope someone can help me here.


Regards,
TOM

Re: question : is the init process of kernel running in kernel space or user space?

[Steven Rostedt]

On Mon, 2005-04-18 at 09:36 +0800, Tomko wrote:
> Hi all,
> 
> In the linux system , kernel is often starting up like this :
> 
> bootloader -> start_32() -> start_kernel() -> init()
> 
> i would like to ask what is the piority level in this starting procedure 
> ? 0 or 3 ? that means, this start up process are running in kernel space 
> or user space ?  or the level is keep changing ?
> If it is in kernel space from the very beginning , at which point the 
> system is switched into user space ? is it at the time when kernel open 
> the shell ?
> 

All the above functions you mentioned are running in kernel space. The
point that init switches to user space is at the bottom of the init
function, when it calls run_init_process, which calls execve. Which is
the same execve that a user program calls, and at that point the execve
would switch the process to a user space program, usually /sbin/init.

Also, the term priority is somewhat ambiguous. The priority level of a
task in linux is defined as the strength it has in respect to other
tasks when it comes down to scheduling.  I understand you are talking
about the x86 level that a process runs in (kernel or user) but not all
architectures use that, and linux is a multiple architecture OS.

-- Steve