[tip: x86/microcode] x86/microcode: Document the whole late loading problem

tip-bot2 for Ashok Raj
2022-08-18T14:04:45Z

The following commit has been merged into the x86/microcode branch of tip:

Commit-ID: 3ecf671f1d354f40228e407ab350abd41034410b
Gitweb: https://git.kernel.org/tip/3ecf671f1d354f40228e407ab350abd41034410b
Author: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
AuthorDate: Sat, 13 Aug 2022 22:38:21
Committer: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
CommitterDate: Thu, 18 Aug 2022 15:57:53 +02:00

x86/microcode: Document the whole late loading problem

Commit

d23d33ea0fcd ("x86/microcode: Taint and warn on late loading")

started tainting the kernel after microcode late loading.

There is some history behind why x86 microcode started doing the late
loading stop_machine() rendezvous. Document the whole situation.

No functional changes.

[ bp: Fix typos, heavily massage. ]

Signed-off-by: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220813223825.3164861-2-ashok.raj@intel.com
---
Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst | 6 +-
Documentation/x86/microcode.rst | 116 +++++++++++++++--
2 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
index 7d80e8c..92a8a07 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
@@ -134,6 +134,12 @@ More detailed explanation for tainting
scsi/snic on something else than x86_64, scsi/ips on non
x86/x86_64/itanium, have broken firmware settings for the
irqchip/irq-gic on arm64 ...).
+ - x86/x86_64: Microcode late loading is dangerous and will result in
+ tainting the kernel. It requires that all CPUs rendezvous to make sure
+ the update happens when the system is as quiescent as possible. However,
+ a higher priority MCE/SMI/NMI can move control flow away from that
+ rendezvous and interrupt the update, which can be detrimental to the
+ machine.

3) ``R`` if a module was force unloaded by ``rmmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
modules were unloaded normally.
diff --git a/Documentation/x86/microcode.rst b/Documentation/x86/microcode.rst
index a320d37..b627c6f 100644
--- a/Documentation/x86/microcode.rst
+++ b/Documentation/x86/microcode.rst
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ The Linux Microcode Loader

:Authors: - Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
- Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
+ - Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>

The kernel has a x86 microcode loading facility which is supposed to
provide microcode loading methods in the OS. Potential use cases are
@@ -92,15 +93,8 @@ vendor's site.
Late loading
============

-There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through
-/dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file
-in sysfs.
-
-The /dev/cpu/microcode method is deprecated because it needs a special
-userspace tool for that.
-
-The easier method is simply installing the microcode packages your distro
-supplies and running::
+You simply install the microcode packages your distro supplies and
+run::

# echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload

@@ -110,6 +104,110 @@ The loading mechanism looks for microcode blobs in
/lib/firmware/{intel-ucode,amd-ucode}. The default distro installation
packages already put them there.

+Since kernel 5.19, late loading is not enabled by default.
+
+The /dev/cpu/microcode method has been removed in 5.19.
+
+Why is late loading dangerous?
+==============================
+
+Synchronizing all CPUs
+----------------------
+
+The microcode engine which receives the microcode update is shared
+between the two logical threads in a SMT system. Therefore, when
+the update is executed on one SMT thread of the core, the sibling
+"automatically" gets the update.
+
+Since the microcode can "simulate" MSRs too, while the microcode update
+is in progress, those simulated MSRs transiently cease to exist. This
+can result in unpredictable results if the SMT sibling thread happens to
+be in the middle of an access to such an MSR. The usual observation is
+that such MSR accesses cause #GPs to be raised to signal that former are
+not present.
+
+The disappearing MSRs are just one common issue which is being observed.
+Any other instruction that's being patched and gets concurrently
+executed by the other SMT sibling, can also result in similar,
+unpredictable behavior.
+
+To eliminate this case, a stop_machine()-based CPU synchronization was
+introduced as a way to guarantee that all logical CPUs will not execute
+any code but just wait in a spin loop, polling an atomic variable.
+
+While this took care of device or external interrupts, IPIs including
+LVT ones, such as CMCI etc, it cannot address other special interrupts
+that can't be shut off. Those are Machine Check (#MC), System Management
+(#SMI) and Non-Maskable interrupts (#NMI).
+
+Machine Checks
+--------------
+
+Machine Checks (#MC) are non-maskable. There are two kinds of MCEs.
+Fatal un-recoverable MCEs and recoverable MCEs. While un-recoverable
+errors are fatal, recoverable errors can also happen in kernel context
+are also treated as fatal by the kernel.
+
+On certain Intel machines, MCEs are also broadcast to all threads in a
+system. If one thread is in the middle of executing WRMSR, a MCE will be
+taken at the end of the flow. Either way, they will wait for the thread
+performing the wrmsr(0x79) to rendezvous in the MCE handler and shutdown
+eventually if any of the threads in the system fail to check in to the
+MCE rendezvous.
+
+To be paranoid and get predictable behavior, the OS can choose to set
+MCG_STATUS.MCIP. Since MCEs can be at most one in a system, if an
+MCE was signaled, the above condition will promote to a system reset
+automatically. OS can turn off MCIP at the end of the update for that
+core.
+
+System Management Interrupt
+---------------------------
+
+SMIs are also broadcast to all CPUs in the platform. Microcode update
+requests exclusive access to the core before writing to MSR 0x79. So if
+it does happen such that, one thread is in WRMSR flow, and the 2nd got
+an SMI, that thread will be stopped in the first instruction in the SMI
+handler.
+
+Since the secondary thread is stopped in the first instruction in SMI,
+there is very little chance that it would be in the middle of executing
+an instruction being patched. Plus OS has no way to stop SMIs from
+happening.
+
+Non-Maskable Interrupts
+-----------------------
+
+When thread0 of a core is doing the microcode update, if thread1 is
+pulled into NMI, that can cause unpredictable behavior due to the
+reasons above.
+
+OS can choose a variety of methods to avoid running into this situation.
+
+
+Is the microcode suitable for late loading?
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Late loading is done when the system is fully operational and running
+real workloads. Late loading behavior depends on what the base patch on
+the CPU is before upgrading to the new patch.
+
+This is true for Intel CPUs.
+
+Consider, for example, a CPU has patch level 1 and the update is to
+patch level 3.
+
+Between patch1 and patch3, patch2 might have deprecated a software-visible
+feature.
+
+This is unacceptable if software is even potentially using that feature.
+For instance, say MSR_X is no longer available after an update,
+accessing that MSR will cause a #GP fault.
+
+Basically there is no way to declare a new microcode update suitable
+for late-loading. This is another one of the problems that caused late
+loading to be not enabled by default.
+
Builtin microcode
=================