[PATCH v2] implement `ww_mutex` abstraction for the Rust tree

[PATCH v2] implement `ww_mutex` abstraction for the Rust tree

[Onur Özkan]

From: onur-ozkan <work@onurozkan.dev>

Adds Rust bindings for the kernel's `ww_mutex` infrastructure to enable
deadlock-free acquisition of multiple related locks.

The implementation abstracts `ww_mutex.h` header and wraps the existing
C `ww_mutex` with three main types:
    - `WwClass` for grouping related mutexes
    - `WwAcquireCtx` for tracking lock acquisition context
    - `WwMutex<T>` for the actual lock

Some of the kernel's `ww_mutex` functions are implemented as `static inline`,
so they are inaccessible from Rust as bindgen can't generate code on them.
The `rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c file provides C function wrappers around these inline
implementations, so bindgen can see them and generate the corresponding Rust code.

Link: https://rust-for-linux.zulipchat.com/#narrow/channel/291566-Library/topic/Writing.20up.20wrappers.20for.20ww_mutex.3F/with/524269974
Suggested-by: thatslyude@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Onur Özkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
---
 rust/helpers/helpers.c            |   1 +
 rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c           |  39 +++
 rust/kernel/error.rs              |   1 +
 rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs          |   1 +
 rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs | 469 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 511 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs

diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index 0f1b5d115985..fd071cbe20a1 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -44,3 +44,4 @@
 #include "wait.c"
 #include "workqueue.c"
 #include "xarray.c"
+#include "ww_mutex.c"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..61a487653394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/ww_mutex.h>
+
+void rust_helper_ww_mutex_init(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_class *ww_class)
+{
+	ww_mutex_init(lock, ww_class);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_init(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx, struct ww_class *ww_class)
+{
+	ww_acquire_init(ctx, ww_class);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_done(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_acquire_done(ctx);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_fini(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_mutex_lock_slow(lock, ctx);
+}
+
+int rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(lock, ctx);
+}
+
+bool rust_helper_ww_mutex_is_locked(struct ww_mutex *lock)
+{
+	return ww_mutex_is_locked(lock);
+}
+
diff --git a/rust/kernel/error.rs b/rust/kernel/error.rs
index 3dee3139fcd4..94d8014b236b 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/error.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/error.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ macro_rules! declare_err {
     declare_err!(EIOCBQUEUED, "iocb queued, will get completion event.");
     declare_err!(ERECALLCONFLICT, "Conflict with recalled state.");
     declare_err!(ENOGRACE, "NFS file lock reclaim refused.");
+    declare_err!(EDEADLK, "Resource deadlock avoided.");
 }

 /// Generic integer kernel error.
diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
index e82fa5be289c..8824ebc81084 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@

 pub mod mutex;
 pub mod spinlock;
+pub mod ww_mutex;

 pub(super) mod global;
 pub use global::{GlobalGuard, GlobalLock, GlobalLockBackend, GlobalLockedBy};
diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..884784bc47a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! A kernel Wound/Wait Mutex.
+//!
+//! This module provides Rust abstractions for the Linux kernel's `ww_mutex` implementation,
+//! which provides deadlock avoidance through a wait/die algorithm.
+
+use crate::error::{to_result, Result};
+use crate::prelude::EBUSY;
+use crate::{bindings, str::CStr, types::Opaque};
+use core::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, pin::Pin};
+use macros::kunit_tests;
+use pin_init::{pin_data, pin_init, pinned_drop, PinInit};
+
+/// Implementation of C side `ww_class`.
+///
+/// Represents a group of mutexes that can participate in deadlock avoidance together.
+/// All mutexes that might be acquired together should use the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+///
+/// let _wait_die_class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("graphics_buffers"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let _wound_wait_class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("memory_pools"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data]
+pub struct WwClass {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_class>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwClass` can be shared between threads.
+unsafe impl Sync for WwClass {}
+
+impl WwClass {
+    /// Creates `WwClass` that wraps C side `ww_class`.
+    pub fn new(name: &'static CStr, is_wait_die: bool) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        pin_init!(WwClass {
+            inner: Opaque::new(bindings::ww_class {
+                stamp: bindings::atomic_long_t { counter: 0 },
+                acquire_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
+                mutex_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
+                is_wait_die: is_wait_die as u32,
+
+                // `lock_class_key` doesn't have any value
+                acquire_key: bindings::lock_class_key {},
+                mutex_key: bindings::lock_class_key {},
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implementation of C side `ww_acquire_ctx`.
+///
+/// An acquire context is used to group multiple mutex acquisitions together
+/// for deadlock avoidance. It must be used when acquiring multiple mutexes
+/// of the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+///
+/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("my_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Create mutexes
+/// let mutex1 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(1, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex2 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(2, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Create acquire context for deadlock avoidance
+/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(
+///     unsafe { WwAcquireCtx::new(&class) },
+///     GFP_KERNEL
+/// ).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Acquire multiple locks safely
+/// let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+/// let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Mark acquisition phase as complete
+/// ctx.as_mut().done();
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+pub struct WwAcquireCtx<'a> {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_acquire_ctx>,
+    #[pin]
+    _pin: PhantomPinned,
+    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwAcquireCtx` is safe to send between threads when not in use.
+unsafe impl Send for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {}
+
+impl<'ctx> WwAcquireCtx<'ctx> {
+    /// Initializes `Self` with calling C side `ww_acquire_init` inside.
+    pub fn new<'class: 'ctx>(ww_class: &'class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
+        pin_init!(WwAcquireCtx {
+            inner <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx| {
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
+                unsafe {
+                    bindings::ww_acquire_init(slot, raw_ptr)
+                }
+            }),
+            _pin: PhantomPinned,
+            _p: PhantomData
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Marks the end of the acquire phase with C side `ww_acquire_done`.
+    ///
+    /// After calling this function, no more mutexes can be acquired with this context.
+    pub fn done(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        // SAFETY: The context is pinned and valid.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_acquire_done(self.inner.get());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner `ww_acquire_ctx`.
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx {
+        self.inner.get()
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        // SAFETY: The context is being dropped and is pinned.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_acquire_fini(self.inner.get());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A wound/wait mutex backed with C side `ww_mutex`.
+///
+/// This is a mutual exclusion primitive that provides deadlock avoidance when
+/// acquiring multiple locks of the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ## Basic Usage
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+///
+/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("buffer_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(42, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Simple lock without context
+/// let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Multiple Lock Acquisition with Deadlock Avoidance
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use kernel::error::code::*;
+///
+/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("resource_class"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex_a = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource A", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex_b = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource B", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(unsafe { WwAcquireCtx::new(&class) }, GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Try to acquire both locks
+/// let guard_a = match mutex_a.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)) {
+///     Ok(guard) => guard,
+///     Err(e) if e == EDEADLK => {
+///         // Deadlock detected, use slow path
+///         mutex_a.as_ref().lock_slow(&ctx).unwrap()
+///     }
+///     Err(e) => return Err(e),
+/// };
+///
+/// let guard_b = mutex_b.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+/// ctx.as_mut().done();
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data]
+pub struct WwMutex<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
+    #[pin]
+    mutex: Opaque<bindings::ww_mutex>,
+    #[pin]
+    data: UnsafeCell<T>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be transferred across thread boundaries.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be shared between threads.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Sync for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
+
+impl<'ww_mutex, T> WwMutex<'ww_mutex, T> {
+    /// Creates `Self` with calling `ww_mutex_init` inside.
+    pub fn new<'class: 'ww_mutex>(t: T, ww_class: &'class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
+        pin_init!(WwMutex {
+            mutex <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_mutex| {
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
+                unsafe {
+                    bindings::ww_mutex_init(slot, raw_ptr)
+                }
+            }),
+            data: UnsafeCell::new(t),
+            _p: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> WwMutex<'_, T> {
+    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context.
+    pub fn lock<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_lock(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context, interruptible.
+    ///
+    /// Similar to `lock`, but can be interrupted by signals.
+    pub fn lock_interruptible<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_lock_interruptible(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case.
+    ///
+    /// This should be called after releasing all held mutexes when `lock` returns `EDEADLK`.
+    pub fn lock_slow<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we're in the slow path.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr());
+        }
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case, interruptible.
+    pub fn lock_slow_interruptible<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we are in the slow path.
+        let ret =
+            unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr()) };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to lock the mutex without blocking.
+    pub fn try_lock<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_trylock(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        if ret == 0 {
+            return Err(EBUSY);
+        }
+
+        to_result(if ret < 0 { ret } else { 0 })?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if the mutex is currently locked.
+    pub fn is_locked(self: Pin<&Self>) -> bool {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_is_locked(self.mutex.get()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner mutex.
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_mutex {
+        self.mutex.get()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A guard that provides exclusive access to the data protected by a
+// [`WwMutex`] (a.k.a `ww_mutex` on the C side).
+pub struct WwMutexGuard<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be transferred across thread boundaries if the data can.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be shared between threads if the data can.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync> Sync for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
+
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> WwMutexGuard<'a, T> {
+    /// Creates a new guard for a locked mutex.
+    fn new(mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>) -> Self {
+        Self { mutex }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::Deref for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
+        unsafe { &*self.mutex.data.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::DerefMut for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
+        unsafe { &mut *self.mutex.data.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock and are about to release it.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_unlock(self.mutex.as_ptr());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[kunit_tests(rust_kernel_ww_mutex)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::alloc::KBox;
+    use crate::c_str;
+    use crate::init::InPlaceInit;
+    use crate::prelude::*;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_basic_lock_unlock() {
+        let class =
+            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("test_mutex_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(42, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        // Lock without context
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
+
+        // Drop the lock
+        drop(guard);
+
+        // Lock it again
+        let mut guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        *guard = 100;
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_trylock() {
+        let class =
+            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("trylock_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(123, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        // trylock on unlocked mutex should succeed
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 123);
+        drop(guard);
+
+        // lock it first
+        let _guard1 = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+
+        // trylock should fail with EBUSY when already locked
+        let result = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None);
+        match result {
+            Err(e) => assert_eq!(e, EBUSY),
+            Ok(_) => panic!("Expected `EBUSY` but got success"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_is_locked() {
+        let class =
+            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("locked_check_class"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("hello", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        // should not be locked initially
+        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert!(mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+
+        drop(guard);
+        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_acquire_context() {
+        let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("ctx_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        let mutex1 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(1, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+        let mutex2 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(2, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(WwAcquireCtx::new(&class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        // acquire multiple mutexes with same context
+        let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+        let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(*guard1, 1);
+        assert_eq!(*guard2, 2);
+
+        ctx.as_mut().done();
+
+        // we shouldn't be able to lock once it's `done`.
+        assert!(mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
+        assert!(mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
+    }
+}
2.49.0

Re: [PATCH v2] implement `ww_mutex` abstraction for the Rust tree

[Alice Ryhl]

On Tue, Jun 17, 2025 at 08:38:21AM +0300, Onur Özkan wrote:
> From: onur-ozkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
> 
> Adds Rust bindings for the kernel's `ww_mutex` infrastructure to enable
> deadlock-free acquisition of multiple related locks.
> 
> The implementation abstracts `ww_mutex.h` header and wraps the existing
> C `ww_mutex` with three main types:
>     - `WwClass` for grouping related mutexes
>     - `WwAcquireCtx` for tracking lock acquisition context
>     - `WwMutex<T>` for the actual lock
> 
> Some of the kernel's `ww_mutex` functions are implemented as `static inline`,
> so they are inaccessible from Rust as bindgen can't generate code on them.
> The `rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c file provides C function wrappers around these inline
> implementations, so bindgen can see them and generate the corresponding Rust code.
> 
> Link: https://rust-for-linux.zulipchat.com/#narrow/channel/291566-Library/topic/Writing.20up.20wrappers.20for.20ww_mutex.3F/with/524269974
> Suggested-by: thatslyude@gmail.com
> Signed-off-by: Onur Özkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
> ---
>  rust/helpers/helpers.c            |   1 +
>  rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c           |  39 +++
>  rust/kernel/error.rs              |   1 +
>  rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs          |   1 +
>  rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs | 469 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  5 files changed, 511 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
>  create mode 100644 rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
> 
> diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> index 0f1b5d115985..fd071cbe20a1 100644
> --- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> +++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> @@ -44,3 +44,4 @@
>  #include "wait.c"
>  #include "workqueue.c"
>  #include "xarray.c"
> +#include "ww_mutex.c"
> diff --git a/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..61a487653394
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +#include <linux/ww_mutex.h>
> +
> +void rust_helper_ww_mutex_init(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_class *ww_class)
> +{
> +	ww_mutex_init(lock, ww_class);
> +}
> +
> +void rust_helper_ww_acquire_init(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx, struct ww_class *ww_class)
> +{
> +	ww_acquire_init(ctx, ww_class);
> +}
> +
> +void rust_helper_ww_acquire_done(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> +	ww_acquire_done(ctx);
> +}
> +
> +void rust_helper_ww_acquire_fini(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> +	ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
> +}
> +
> +void rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> +	ww_mutex_lock_slow(lock, ctx);
> +}
> +
> +int rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> +	return ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(lock, ctx);
> +}
> +
> +bool rust_helper_ww_mutex_is_locked(struct ww_mutex *lock)
> +{
> +	return ww_mutex_is_locked(lock);
> +}
> +
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/error.rs b/rust/kernel/error.rs
> index 3dee3139fcd4..94d8014b236b 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/error.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/error.rs
> @@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ macro_rules! declare_err {
>      declare_err!(EIOCBQUEUED, "iocb queued, will get completion event.");
>      declare_err!(ERECALLCONFLICT, "Conflict with recalled state.");
>      declare_err!(ENOGRACE, "NFS file lock reclaim refused.");
> +    declare_err!(EDEADLK, "Resource deadlock avoided.");
>  }
> 
>  /// Generic integer kernel error.
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
> index e82fa5be289c..8824ebc81084 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
> @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
> 
>  pub mod mutex;
>  pub mod spinlock;
> +pub mod ww_mutex;
> 
>  pub(super) mod global;
>  pub use global::{GlobalGuard, GlobalLock, GlobalLockBackend, GlobalLockedBy};
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..884784bc47a1
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
> @@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +//! A kernel Wound/Wait Mutex.
> +//!
> +//! This module provides Rust abstractions for the Linux kernel's `ww_mutex` implementation,
> +//! which provides deadlock avoidance through a wait/die algorithm.
> +
> +use crate::error::{to_result, Result};
> +use crate::prelude::EBUSY;
> +use crate::{bindings, str::CStr, types::Opaque};
> +use core::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
> +use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, pin::Pin};
> +use macros::kunit_tests;
> +use pin_init::{pin_data, pin_init, pinned_drop, PinInit};
> +
> +/// Implementation of C side `ww_class`.
> +///
> +/// Represents a group of mutexes that can participate in deadlock avoidance together.
> +/// All mutexes that might be acquired together should use the same class.
> +///
> +/// # Examples
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass;
> +/// use kernel::c_str;
> +///
> +/// let _wait_die_class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("graphics_buffers"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +/// let _wound_wait_class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("memory_pools"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
> +/// ```
> +#[pin_data]
> +pub struct WwClass {
> +    #[pin]
> +    inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_class>,
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwClass` can be shared between threads.
> +unsafe impl Sync for WwClass {}

We probably want Send too.

> +impl WwClass {
> +    /// Creates `WwClass` that wraps C side `ww_class`.
> +    pub fn new(name: &'static CStr, is_wait_die: bool) -> impl PinInit<Self> {

It may be easier to read code using this if you make two constructors:

fn new(name: &'static CStr, is_wait_die: bool) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
    pin_init!(WwClass { ... })
}

pub fn new_wait_die(name: &'static CStr) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
    Self::new(name, true)
}

pub fn new_wound_wait(name: &'static CStr) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
    Self::new(name, false)
}

> +        pin_init!(WwClass {
> +            inner: Opaque::new(bindings::ww_class {
> +                stamp: bindings::atomic_long_t { counter: 0 },
> +                acquire_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
> +                mutex_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
> +                is_wait_die: is_wait_die as u32,
> +
> +                // `lock_class_key` doesn't have any value
> +                acquire_key: bindings::lock_class_key {},
> +                mutex_key: bindings::lock_class_key {},
> +            })
> +        })
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +/// Implementation of C side `ww_acquire_ctx`.
> +///
> +/// An acquire context is used to group multiple mutex acquisitions together
> +/// for deadlock avoidance. It must be used when acquiring multiple mutexes
> +/// of the same class.
> +///
> +/// # Examples
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
> +/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
> +/// use kernel::c_str;
> +///
> +/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("my_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// // Create mutexes
> +/// let mutex1 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(1, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +/// let mutex2 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(2, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// // Create acquire context for deadlock avoidance
> +/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(
> +///     unsafe { WwAcquireCtx::new(&class) },
> +///     GFP_KERNEL
> +/// ).unwrap();

What is the unsafe operation here?

> +/// // Acquire multiple locks safely
> +/// let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
> +/// let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// // Mark acquisition phase as complete
> +/// ctx.as_mut().done();

I think it would be nice to initialize them on the stack rather than
making a box for every one.

> +/// ```
> +#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
> +pub struct WwAcquireCtx<'a> {
> +    #[pin]
> +    inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_acquire_ctx>,
> +    #[pin]
> +    _pin: PhantomPinned,

The use of Opaque implies PhantomPinned so you do not need
PhantomPinned.

> +    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwAcquireCtx` is safe to send between threads when not in use.
> +unsafe impl Send for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {}

What about Sync?

> +impl<'ctx> WwAcquireCtx<'ctx> {
> +    /// Initializes `Self` with calling C side `ww_acquire_init` inside.
> +    pub fn new<'class: 'ctx>(ww_class: &'class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
> +        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
> +        pin_init!(WwAcquireCtx {
> +            inner <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx| {
> +                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
> +                unsafe {
> +                    bindings::ww_acquire_init(slot, raw_ptr)
> +                }

This looks like you did not run rustfmt on the code? Rustfmt would
format it like this:
                unsafe { bindings::ww_acquire_init(slot, raw_ptr) }

> +            }),
> +            _pin: PhantomPinned,
> +            _p: PhantomData
> +        })
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Marks the end of the acquire phase with C side `ww_acquire_done`.
> +    ///
> +    /// After calling this function, no more mutexes can be acquired with this context.
> +    pub fn done(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
> +        // SAFETY: The context is pinned and valid.
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_acquire_done(self.inner.get());
> +        }

We usually place the semicolon outside the unsafe block so that it
formats on one line:
unsafe { bindings::ww_acquire_done(self.inner.get()) };

> +    }
> +
> +    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner `ww_acquire_ctx`.
> +    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx {
> +        self.inner.get()
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +#[pinned_drop]
> +impl PinnedDrop for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {
> +    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
> +        // SAFETY: The context is being dropped and is pinned.
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_acquire_fini(self.inner.get());
> +        }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +/// A wound/wait mutex backed with C side `ww_mutex`.
> +///
> +/// This is a mutual exclusion primitive that provides deadlock avoidance when
> +/// acquiring multiple locks of the same class.
> +///
> +/// # Examples
> +///
> +/// ## Basic Usage
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwMutex};
> +/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
> +/// use kernel::c_str;
> +///
> +/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("buffer_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +/// let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(42, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// // Simple lock without context
> +/// let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
> +/// assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
> +///
> +/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
> +/// ```
> +///
> +/// ## Multiple Lock Acquisition with Deadlock Avoidance
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
> +/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
> +/// use kernel::c_str;
> +/// use kernel::error::code::*;
> +///
> +/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("resource_class"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +/// let mutex_a = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource A", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +/// let mutex_b = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource B", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(unsafe { WwAcquireCtx::new(&class) }, GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +///
> +/// // Try to acquire both locks
> +/// let guard_a = match mutex_a.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)) {
> +///     Ok(guard) => guard,
> +///     Err(e) if e == EDEADLK => {
> +///         // Deadlock detected, use slow path
> +///         mutex_a.as_ref().lock_slow(&ctx).unwrap()
> +///     }
> +///     Err(e) => return Err(e),
> +/// };
> +///
> +/// let guard_b = mutex_b.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
> +/// ctx.as_mut().done();
> +///
> +/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
> +/// ```
> +#[pin_data]
> +pub struct WwMutex<'a, T: ?Sized> {
> +    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
> +    #[pin]
> +    mutex: Opaque<bindings::ww_mutex>,
> +    #[pin]
> +    data: UnsafeCell<T>,

Although the lifetime does enforce the things we need, I'm concerned
that having a lifetime will make this very hard to use in practice.

Question: Could we require the user to place the class in a global
variable? That would mean that different instances of the same set of
mutexes end up using the same class ... is that okay? What does C code
usually do?

> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be transferred across thread boundaries.
> +unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be shared between threads.
> +unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Sync for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
> +
> +impl<'ww_mutex, T> WwMutex<'ww_mutex, T> {

I would not call this lifetime 'ww_mutex. It's the lifetime of the
class, not the mutex.

> +    /// Creates `Self` with calling `ww_mutex_init` inside.
> +    pub fn new<'class: 'ww_mutex>(t: T, ww_class: &'class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
> +        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
> +        pin_init!(WwMutex {
> +            mutex <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_mutex| {
> +                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
> +                unsafe {
> +                    bindings::ww_mutex_init(slot, raw_ptr)
> +                }
> +            }),
> +            data: UnsafeCell::new(t),
> +            _p: PhantomData,
> +        })
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: ?Sized> WwMutex<'_, T> {
> +    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context.
> +    pub fn lock<'a>(
> +        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
> +        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
> +    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
> +        let ret = unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_mutex_lock(
> +                self.mutex.get(),
> +                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
> +            )
> +        };
> +
> +        to_result(ret)?;
> +
> +        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context, interruptible.
> +    ///
> +    /// Similar to `lock`, but can be interrupted by signals.
> +    pub fn lock_interruptible<'a>(
> +        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
> +        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
> +    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
> +        let ret = unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_mutex_lock_interruptible(
> +                self.mutex.get(),
> +                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
> +            )
> +        };
> +
> +        to_result(ret)?;
> +
> +        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case.
> +    ///
> +    /// This should be called after releasing all held mutexes when `lock` returns `EDEADLK`.
> +    pub fn lock_slow<'a>(
> +        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
> +        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
> +    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we're in the slow path.
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr());
> +        }
> +
> +        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case, interruptible.
> +    pub fn lock_slow_interruptible<'a>(
> +        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
> +        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
> +    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we are in the slow path.
> +        let ret =
> +            unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr()) };
> +
> +        to_result(ret)?;
> +
> +        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Tries to lock the mutex without blocking.
> +    pub fn try_lock<'a>(
> +        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
> +        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
> +    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
> +        let ret = unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_mutex_trylock(
> +                self.mutex.get(),
> +                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
> +            )
> +        };
> +
> +        if ret == 0 {
> +            return Err(EBUSY);
> +        }
> +
> +        to_result(if ret < 0 { ret } else { 0 })?;
> +
> +        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Checks if the mutex is currently locked.
> +    pub fn is_locked(self: Pin<&Self>) -> bool {
> +        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
> +        unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_is_locked(self.mutex.get()) }
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner mutex.
> +    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_mutex {
> +        self.mutex.get()
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +/// A guard that provides exclusive access to the data protected by a
> +// [`WwMutex`] (a.k.a `ww_mutex` on the C side).
> +pub struct WwMutexGuard<'a, T: ?Sized> {
> +    mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>,
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be transferred across thread boundaries if the data can.
> +unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be shared between threads if the data can.
> +unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync> Sync for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
> +
> +impl<'a, T: ?Sized> WwMutexGuard<'a, T> {
> +    /// Creates a new guard for a locked mutex.
> +    fn new(mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>) -> Self {
> +        Self { mutex }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::Deref for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
> +    type Target = T;
> +
> +    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
> +        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
> +        unsafe { &*self.mutex.data.get() }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::DerefMut for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
> +    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
> +        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
> +        unsafe { &mut *self.mutex.data.get() }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
> +    fn drop(&mut self) {
> +        // SAFETY: We hold the lock and are about to release it.
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::ww_mutex_unlock(self.mutex.as_ptr());
> +        }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +#[kunit_tests(rust_kernel_ww_mutex)]
> +mod tests {
> +    use crate::alloc::KBox;
> +    use crate::c_str;
> +    use crate::init::InPlaceInit;
> +    use crate::prelude::*;
> +
> +    use super::*;
> +
> +    #[test]
> +    fn test_ww_mutex_basic_lock_unlock() {
> +        let class =
> +            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("test_mutex_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(42, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        // Lock without context
> +        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
> +        assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
> +
> +        // Drop the lock
> +        drop(guard);
> +
> +        // Lock it again
> +        let mut guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
> +        *guard = 100;
> +        assert_eq!(*guard, 100);
> +    }
> +
> +    #[test]
> +    fn test_ww_mutex_trylock() {
> +        let class =
> +            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("trylock_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(123, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        // trylock on unlocked mutex should succeed
> +        let guard = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None).unwrap();
> +        assert_eq!(*guard, 123);
> +        drop(guard);
> +
> +        // lock it first
> +        let _guard1 = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
> +
> +        // trylock should fail with EBUSY when already locked
> +        let result = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None);
> +        match result {
> +            Err(e) => assert_eq!(e, EBUSY),
> +            Ok(_) => panic!("Expected `EBUSY` but got success"),
> +        }
> +    }
> +
> +    #[test]
> +    fn test_ww_mutex_is_locked() {
> +        let class =
> +            KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("locked_check_class"), true), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        let mutex = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("hello", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        // should not be locked initially
> +        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
> +
> +        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
> +        assert!(mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
> +
> +        drop(guard);
> +        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
> +    }
> +
> +    #[test]
> +    fn test_ww_acquire_context() {
> +        let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new(c_str!("ctx_class"), false), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        let mutex1 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(1, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +        let mutex2 = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new(2, &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(WwAcquireCtx::new(&class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
> +
> +        // acquire multiple mutexes with same context
> +        let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
> +        let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
> +
> +        assert_eq!(*guard1, 1);
> +        assert_eq!(*guard2, 2);
> +
> +        ctx.as_mut().done();
> +
> +        // we shouldn't be able to lock once it's `done`.
> +        assert!(mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
> +        assert!(mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
> +    }
> +}
> 2.49.0
> 

Re: [PATCH v2] implement `ww_mutex` abstraction for the Rust tree

[Danilo Krummrich]

Hi Onur,

On Tue, Jun 17, 2025 at 04:28:59PM +0300, Onur Özkan wrote:

On kernel development mailing lists we only use plain text messages [1] and
interleaved replies [2].

Can you please adjust you mail client accordingly?

Thanks,
Danilo

[1] https://docs.kernel.org/process/submitting-patches.html#no-mime-no-links-no-compression-no-attachments-just-plain-text
[2] https://docs.kernel.org/process/submitting-patches.html#use-trimmed-interleaved-replies-in-email-discussions