[RFC PATCH v3 bpf-next 5/5] bpf/verifier: per-register parent pointers

Edward Cree
2018-04-06T17:15:33Z

By giving each register its own liveness chain, we elide the skip_callee()
logic. Instead, each register's parent is the state it inherits from;
both check_func_call() and prepare_func_exit() automatically connect
reg states to the correct chain since when they copy the reg state across
(r1-r5 into the callee as args, and r0 out as the return value) they also
copy the parent pointer.

Signed-off-by: Edward Cree <ecree@solarflare.com>
---
include/linux/bpf_verifier.h | 8 +-
kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 180 ++++++++++---------------------------------
2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index 32f27cbe721b..81b627dbda32 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ enum bpf_reg_liveness {
};

struct bpf_reg_state {
+ /* Ordering of fields matters. See states_equal() */
enum bpf_reg_type type;
union {
/* valid when type == PTR_TO_PACKET */
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ struct bpf_reg_state {
* came from, when one is tested for != NULL.
*/
u32 id;
- /* Ordering of fields matters. See states_equal() */
/* For scalar types (SCALAR_VALUE), this represents our knowledge of
* the actual value.
* For pointer types, this represents the variable part of the offset
@@ -76,15 +76,15 @@ struct bpf_reg_state {
s64 smax_value; /* maximum possible (s64)value */
u64 umin_value; /* minimum possible (u64)value */
u64 umax_value; /* maximum possible (u64)value */
+ /* parentage chain for liveness checking */
+ struct bpf_reg_state *parent;
/* Inside the callee two registers can be both PTR_TO_STACK like
* R1=fp-8 and R2=fp-8, but one of them points to this function stack
* while another to the caller's stack. To differentiate them 'frameno'
* is used which is an index in bpf_verifier_state->frame[] array
* pointing to bpf_func_state.
- * This field must be second to last, for states_equal() reasons.
*/
u32 frameno;
- /* This field must be last, for states_equal() reasons. */
enum bpf_reg_liveness live;
};

@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ struct bpf_stack_state {
*/
struct bpf_func_state {
struct bpf_reg_state regs[MAX_BPF_REG];
- struct bpf_verifier_state *parent;
/* index of call instruction that called into this func */
int callsite;
/* stack frame number of this function state from pov of
@@ -129,7 +128,6 @@ struct bpf_func_state {
struct bpf_verifier_state {
/* call stack tracking */
struct bpf_func_state *frame[MAX_CALL_FRAMES];
- struct bpf_verifier_state *parent;
u32 curframe;
};

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 45f530e4a65e..4b37cd6fa181 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ static int copy_stack_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst,
/* do_check() starts with zero-sized stack in struct bpf_verifier_state to
* make it consume minimal amount of memory. check_stack_write() access from
* the program calls into realloc_func_state() to grow the stack size.
- * Note there is a non-zero 'parent' pointer inside bpf_verifier_state
- * which this function copies over. It points to previous bpf_verifier_state
- * which is never reallocated
+ * Note there is a non-zero parent pointer inside each reg of bpf_verifier_state
+ * which this function copies over. It points to corresponding reg in previous
+ * bpf_verifier_state which is never reallocated
*/
static int realloc_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *state, int size,
bool copy_old)
@@ -441,7 +441,6 @@ static int copy_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *dst_state,
dst_state->frame[i] = NULL;
}
dst_state->curframe = src->curframe;
- dst_state->parent = src->parent;
for (i = 0; i <= src->curframe; i++) {
dst = dst_state->frame[i];
if (!dst) {
@@ -707,6 +706,7 @@ static void init_reg_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, i);
regs[i].live = REG_LIVE_NONE;
+ regs[i].parent = NULL;
}

/* frame pointer */
@@ -916,74 +916,21 @@ static int check_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
return 0;
}

-static
-struct bpf_verifier_state *skip_callee(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
- struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
- u32 regno)
-{
- struct bpf_verifier_state *tmp = NULL;
-
- /* 'parent' could be a state of caller and
- * 'state' could be a state of callee. In such case
- * parent->curframe < state->curframe
- * and it's ok for r1 - r5 registers
- *
- * 'parent' could be a callee's state after it bpf_exit-ed.
- * In such case parent->curframe > state->curframe
- * and it's ok for r0 only
- */
- if (parent->curframe == state->curframe ||
- (parent->curframe < state->curframe &&
- regno >= BPF_REG_1 && regno <= BPF_REG_5) ||
- (parent->curframe > state->curframe &&
- regno == BPF_REG_0))
- return parent;
-
- if (parent->curframe > state->curframe &&
- regno >= BPF_REG_6) {
- /* for callee saved regs we have to skip the whole chain
- * of states that belong to callee and mark as LIVE_READ
- * the registers before the call
- */
- tmp = parent;
- while (tmp && tmp->curframe != state->curframe) {
- tmp = tmp->parent;
- }
- if (!tmp)
- goto bug;
- parent = tmp;
- } else {
- goto bug;
- }
- return parent;
-bug:
- verbose(env, "verifier bug regno %d tmp %p\n", regno, tmp);
- verbose(env, "regno %d parent frame %d current frame %d\n",
- regno, parent->curframe, state->curframe);
- return NULL;
-}
-
+/* Parentage chain of this register (or stack slot) should take care of all
+ * issues like callee-saved registers, stack slot allocation time, etc.
+ */
static int mark_reg_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
- struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
- u32 regno)
+ const struct bpf_reg_state *state,
+ struct bpf_reg_state *parent)
{
bool writes = parent == state->parent; /* Observe write marks */

- if (regno == BPF_REG_FP)
- /* We don't need to worry about FP liveness because it's read-only */
- return 0;
-
while (parent) {
/* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
- if (writes && state->frame[state->curframe]->regs[regno].live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
+ if (writes && state->live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
break;
- parent = skip_callee(env, state, parent, regno);
- if (!parent)
- return -EFAULT;
/* ... then we depend on parent's value */
- parent->frame[parent->curframe]->regs[regno].live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
+ parent->live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
state = parent;
parent = state->parent;
writes = true;
@@ -1009,7 +956,10 @@ static int check_reg_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
verbose(env, "R%d !read_ok\n", regno);
return -EACCES;
}
- return mark_reg_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, regno);
+ /* We don't need to worry about FP liveness because it's read-only */
+ if (regno != BPF_REG_FP)
+ return mark_reg_read(env, &regs[regno],
+ regs[regno].parent);
} else {
/* check whether register used as dest operand can be written to */
if (regno == BPF_REG_FP) {
@@ -1121,61 +1071,6 @@ static int check_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
return 0;
}

-/* registers of every function are unique and mark_reg_read() propagates
- * the liveness in the following cases:
- * - from callee into caller for R1 - R5 that were used as arguments
- * - from caller into callee for R0 that used as result of the call
- * - from caller to the same caller skipping states of the callee for R6 - R9,
- * since R6 - R9 are callee saved by implicit function prologue and
- * caller's R6 != callee's R6, so when we propagate liveness up to
- * parent states we need to skip callee states for R6 - R9.
- *
- * stack slot marking is different, since stacks of caller and callee are
- * accessible in both (since caller can pass a pointer to caller's stack to
- * callee which can pass it to another function), hence mark_stack_slot_read()
- * has to propagate the stack liveness to all parent states at given frame number.
- * Consider code:
- * f1() {
- * ptr = fp - 8;
- * *ptr = ctx;
- * call f2 {
- * .. = *ptr;
- * }
- * .. = *ptr;
- * }
- * First *ptr is reading from f1's stack and mark_stack_slot_read() has
- * to mark liveness at the f1's frame and not f2's frame.
- * Second *ptr is also reading from f1's stack and mark_stack_slot_read() has
- * to propagate liveness to f2 states at f1's frame level and further into
- * f1 states at f1's frame level until write into that stack slot
- */
-static void mark_stack_slot_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
- struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
- int slot, int frameno)
-{
- bool writes = parent == state->parent; /* Observe write marks */
-
- while (parent) {
- if (parent->frame[frameno]->allocated_stack <= slot * BPF_REG_SIZE)
- /* since LIVE_WRITTEN mark is only done for full 8-byte
- * write the read marks are conservative and parent
- * state may not even have the stack allocated. In such case
- * end the propagation, since the loop reached beginning
- * of the function
- */
- break;
- /* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
- if (writes && state->frame[frameno]->stack[slot].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
- break;
- /* ... then we depend on parent's value */
- parent->frame[frameno]->stack[slot].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
- state = parent;
- parent = state->parent;
- writes = true;
- }
-}
-
static int check_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
struct bpf_func_state *reg_state /* func where register points to */,
int off, int size, int value_regno)
@@ -1213,8 +1108,8 @@ static int check_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
*/
state->regs[value_regno].live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
}
- mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, spi,
- reg_state->frameno);
+ mark_reg_read(env, &reg_state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr,
+ reg_state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.parent);
return 0;
} else {
int zeros = 0;
@@ -1230,8 +1125,8 @@ static int check_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
off, i, size);
return -EACCES;
}
- mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, spi,
- reg_state->frameno);
+ mark_reg_read(env, &reg_state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr,
+ reg_state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.parent);
if (value_regno >= 0) {
if (zeros == size) {
/* any size read into register is zero extended,
@@ -1930,8 +1825,8 @@ static int check_stack_boundary(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno,
/* reading any byte out of 8-byte 'spill_slot' will cause
* the whole slot to be marked as 'read'
*/
- mark_stack_slot_read(env, env->cur_state, env->cur_state->parent,
- spi, state->frameno);
+ mark_reg_read(env, &state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr,
+ state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.parent);
}
return update_stack_depth(env, state, off);
}
@@ -2362,11 +2257,13 @@ static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
state->curframe + 1 /* frameno within this callchain */,
subprog /* subprog number within this prog */);

- /* copy r1 - r5 args that callee can access */
+ /* copy r1 - r5 args that callee can access. The copy includes parent
+ * pointers, which connects us up to the liveness chain
+ */
for (i = BPF_REG_1; i <= BPF_REG_5; i++)
callee->regs[i] = caller->regs[i];

- /* after the call regsiters r0 - r5 were scratched */
+ /* after the call registers r0 - r5 were scratched */
for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
mark_reg_not_init(env, caller->regs, caller_saved[i]);
check_reg_arg(env, caller_saved[i], DST_OP_NO_MARK);
@@ -4272,7 +4169,7 @@ static bool regsafe(struct bpf_reg_state *rold, struct bpf_reg_state *rcur,
/* explored state didn't use this */
return true;

- equal = memcmp(rold, rcur, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, frameno)) == 0;
+ equal = memcmp(rold, rcur, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, parent)) == 0;

if (rold->type == PTR_TO_STACK)
/* two stack pointers are equal only if they're pointing to
@@ -4505,7 +4402,7 @@ static bool states_equal(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
* equivalent state (jump target or such) we didn't arrive by the straight-line
* code, so read marks in the state must propagate to the parent regardless
* of the state's write marks. That's what 'parent == state->parent' comparison
- * in mark_reg_read() and mark_stack_slot_read() is for.
+ * in mark_reg_read() is for.
*/
static int propagate_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
const struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate,
@@ -4526,7 +4423,8 @@ static int propagate_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
if (vparent->frame[vparent->curframe]->regs[i].live & REG_LIVE_READ)
continue;
if (vstate->frame[vstate->curframe]->regs[i].live & REG_LIVE_READ) {
- err = mark_reg_read(env, vstate, vparent, i);
+ err = mark_reg_read(env, &vstate->frame[vstate->curframe]->regs[i],
+ &vparent->frame[vstate->curframe]->regs[i]);
if (err)
return err;
}
@@ -4541,7 +4439,8 @@ static int propagate_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
if (parent->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ)
continue;
if (state->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ)
- mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vparent, i, frame);
+ mark_reg_read(env, &state->stack[i].spilled_ptr,
+ &parent->stack[i].spilled_ptr);
}
}
return err;
@@ -4551,7 +4450,7 @@ static int is_state_visited(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
{
struct bpf_verifier_state_list *new_sl;
struct bpf_verifier_state_list *sl;
- struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
+ struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state, *new;
int i, j, err;

sl = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
@@ -4593,16 +4492,18 @@ static int is_state_visited(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
return -ENOMEM;

/* add new state to the head of linked list */
- err = copy_verifier_state(&new_sl->state, cur);
+ new = &new_sl->state;
+ err = copy_verifier_state(new, cur);
if (err) {
- free_verifier_state(&new_sl->state, false);
+ free_verifier_state(new, false);
kfree(new_sl);
return err;
}
new_sl->next = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
env->explored_states[insn_idx] = new_sl;
/* connect new state to parentage chain */
- cur->parent = &new_sl->state;
+ for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_FP; i++)
+ cur_regs(env)[i].parent = &new->frame[new->curframe]->regs[i];
/* clear write marks in current state: the writes we did are not writes
* our child did, so they don't screen off its reads from us.
* (There are no read marks in current state, because reads always mark
@@ -4615,9 +4516,13 @@ static int is_state_visited(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
/* all stack frames are accessible from callee, clear them all */
for (j = 0; j <= cur->curframe; j++) {
struct bpf_func_state *frame = cur->frame[j];
+ struct bpf_func_state *newframe = new->frame[j];

- for (i = 0; i < frame->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++)
+ for (i = 0; i < frame->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
frame->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live = REG_LIVE_NONE;
+ frame->stack[i].spilled_ptr.parent =
+ &newframe->stack[i].spilled_ptr;
+ }
}
return 0;
}
@@ -4636,7 +4541,6 @@ static int do_check(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
if (!state)
return -ENOMEM;
state->curframe = 0;
- state->parent = NULL;
state->frame[0] = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_func_state), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!state->frame[0]) {
kfree(state);