[Qemu-devel] [PATCH v5 01/45] Start documenting how postcopy works.

["Dr. David Alan Gilbert (git)" <dgilbert@redhat.com>]

From: "Dr. David Alan Gilbert" <dgilbert@redhat.com>

Signed-off-by: Dr. David Alan Gilbert <dgilbert@redhat.com>
---
 docs/migration.txt | 189 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 189 insertions(+)

diff --git a/docs/migration.txt b/docs/migration.txt
index 0492a45..c6c3798 100644
--- a/docs/migration.txt
+++ b/docs/migration.txt
@@ -294,3 +294,192 @@ save/send this state when we are in the middle of a pio operation
 (that is what ide_drive_pio_state_needed() checks).  If DRQ_STAT is
 not enabled, the values on that fields are garbage and don't need to
 be sent.
+
+= Return path =
+
+In most migration scenarios there is only a single data path that runs
+from the source VM to the destination, typically along a single fd (although
+possibly with another fd or similar for some fast way of throwing pages across).
+
+However, some uses need two way communication; in particular the Postcopy destination
+needs to be able to request pages on demand from the source.
+
+For these scenarios there is a 'return path' from the destination to the source;
+qemu_file_get_return_path(QEMUFile* fwdpath) gives the QEMUFile* for the return
+path.
+
+  Source side
+     Forward path - written by migration thread
+     Return path  - opened by main thread, read by return-path thread
+
+  Destination side
+     Forward path - read by main thread
+     Return path  - opened by main thread, written by main thread AND postcopy
+                    thread (protected by rp_mutex)
+
+= Postcopy =
+'Postcopy' migration is a way to deal with migrations that refuse to converge;
+its plus side is that there is an upper bound on the amount of migration traffic
+and time it takes, the down side is that during the postcopy phase, a failure of
+*either* side or the network connection causes the guest to be lost.
+
+In postcopy the destination CPUs are started before all the memory has been
+transferred, and accesses to pages that are yet to be transferred cause
+a fault that's translated by QEMU into a request to the source QEMU.
+
+Postcopy can be combined with precopy (i.e. normal migration) so that if precopy
+doesn't finish in a given time the switch is made to postcopy.
+
+=== Enabling postcopy ===
+
+To enable postcopy (prior to the start of migration):
+
+migrate_set_capability x-postcopy-ram on
+
+The migration will still start in precopy mode, however issuing:
+
+migrate_start_postcopy
+
+will now cause the transition from precopy to postcopy.
+It can be issued immediately after migration is started or any
+time later on.  Issuing it after the end of a migration is harmless.
+
+=== Postcopy device transfer ===
+
+Loading of device data may cause the device emulation to access guest RAM
+that may trigger faults that have to be resolved by the source, as such
+the migration stream has to be able to respond with page data *during* the
+device load, and hence the device data has to be read from the stream completely
+before the device load begins to free the stream up.  This is achieved by
+'packaging' the device data into a blob that's read in one go.
+
+Source behaviour
+
+Until postcopy is entered the migration stream is identical to normal
+precopy, except for the addition of a 'postcopy advise' command at
+the beginning, to tell the destination that postcopy might happen.
+When postcopy starts the source sends the page discard data and then
+forms the 'package' containing:
+
+   Command: 'postcopy ram listen'
+   The device state
+      A series of sections, identical to the precopy streams device state stream
+      containing everything except postcopiable devices (i.e. RAM)
+   Command: 'postcopy ram run'
+
+The 'package' is sent as the data part of a Command: 'CMD_PACKAGED', and the
+contents are formatted in the same way as the main migration stream.
+
+Destination behaviour
+
+Initially the destination looks the same as precopy, with a single thread
+reading the migration stream; the 'postcopy advise' and 'discard' commands
+are processed to change the way RAM is managed, but don't affect the stream
+processing.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                        1      2   3     4 5                      6   7
+main -----DISCARD-CMD_PACKAGED ( LISTEN  DEVICE     DEVICE DEVICE RUN )
+thread                             |       |
+                                   |     (page request)
+                                   |        \___
+                                   v            \
+listen thread:                     --- page -- page -- page -- page -- page --
+
+                                   a   b        c
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+On receipt of CMD_PACKAGED (1)
+   All the data associated with the package - the ( ... ) section in the
+diagram - is read into memory (into a QEMUSizedBuffer), and the main thread
+recurses into qemu_loadvm_state_main to process the contents of the package (2)
+which contains commands (3,6) and devices (4...)
+
+On receipt of 'postcopy ram listen' - 3 -(i.e. the 1st command in the package)
+a new thread (a) is started that takes over servicing the migration stream,
+while the main thread carries on loading the package.   It loads normal
+background page data (b) but if during a device load a fault happens (5) the
+returned page (c) is loaded by the listen thread allowing the main threads
+device load to carry on.
+
+The last thing in the CMD_PACKAGED is a 'RUN' command (6) letting the destination
+CPUs start running.
+At the end of the CMD_PACKAGED (7) the main thread returns to normal running behaviour
+and is no longer used by migration, while the listen thread carries
+on servicing page data until the end of migration.
+
+=== Postcopy states ===
+
+Postcopy moves through a series of states (see postcopy_state) from
+ADVISE->LISTEN->RUNNING->END
+
+  Advise: Set at the start of migration if postcopy is enabled, even
+          if it hasn't had the start command; here the destination
+          checks that its OS has the support needed for postcopy, and performs
+          setup to ensure the RAM mappings are suitable for later postcopy.
+          (Triggered by reception of POSTCOPY_ADVISE command)
+
+  Listen: The first command in the package, POSTCOPY_LISTEN, switches
+          the destination state to Listen, and starts a new thread
+          (the 'listen thread') which takes over the job of receiving
+          pages off the migration stream, while the main thread carries
+          on processing the blob.  With this thread able to process page
+          reception, the destination now 'sensitises' the RAM to detect
+          any access to missing pages (on Linux using the 'userfault'
+          system).
+
+  Running: POSTCOPY_RUN causes the destination to synchronise all
+          state and start the CPUs and IO devices running.  The main
+          thread now finishes processing the migration package and
+          now carries on as it would for normal precopy migration
+          (although it can't do the cleanup it would do as it
+          finishes a normal migration).
+
+  End: The listen thread can now quit, and perform the cleanup of migration
+          state, the migration is now complete.
+
+=== Source side page maps ===
+
+The source side keeps two bitmaps during postcopy; 'the migration bitmap'
+and 'sent map'.  The 'migration bitmap' is basically the same as in
+the precopy case, and holds a bit to indicate that page is 'dirty' -
+i.e. needs sending.  During the precopy phase this is updated as the CPU
+dirties pages, however during postcopy the CPUs are stopped and nothing
+should dirty anything any more.
+
+The 'sent map' is used for the transition to postcopy. It is a bitmap that
+has a bit set whenever a page is sent to the destination, however during
+the transition to postcopy mode it is masked against the migration bitmap
+(sentmap &= migrationbitmap) to generate a bitmap recording pages that
+have been previously been sent but are now dirty again.  This masked
+sentmap is sent to the destination which discards those now dirty pages
+before starting the CPUs.
+
+Note that once in postcopy mode, the sent map is still updated; however,
+its contents are not necessarily consistent with the pages already sent
+due to the masking with the migration bitmap.
+
+=== Destination side page maps ===
+
+(Needs to be changed so we can update both easily - at the moment updates are done
+ with a lock)
+The destination keeps a state for each page which is 'missing', 'received'
+or 'requested'; these three states are encoded in a 2 bit state array.
+Incoming requests from the kernel cause the state to transition from 'missing'
+to 'requested'.   Received pages cause a transition from either 'missing' or
+'requested' to 'received'; the kernel is notified on reception to wake up
+any threads that were waiting for the page.
+If the kernel requests a page that has already been 'received' the kernel is
+notified without re-requesting.
+
+This leads to four valid page states:
+page states:
+    missing        - page not yet received or requested
+    received       - Page received
+    requested      - page requested but not yet received
+
+state transitions:
+      received -> missing   (only during setup/discard)
+      missing -> received   (normal incoming page)
+      requested -> received (incoming page previously requested)
+      missing -> requested  (userfault request)
-- 
2.1.0