From: Prasad Pandit <ppandit@redhat.com>
To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org
Cc: peterx@redhat.com, farosas@suse.de, berrange@redhat.com,
Prasad Pandit <pjp@fedoraproject.org>
Subject: [PATCH v5 5/5] tests/qtest/migration: consolidate set capabilities
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2025 17:57:12 +0530 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20250205122712.229151-6-ppandit@redhat.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20250205122712.229151-1-ppandit@redhat.com>
From: Prasad Pandit <pjp@fedoraproject.org>
Migration capabilities are set in multiple '.start_hook'
functions for various tests. Instead, consolidate setting
capabilities in 'set_migration_capabilities()' function
which is called from various 'test_*_common()' functions.
While simplifying the capabilities setting, it helps
to declutter the test sources.
Suggested-by: Fabiano Rosas <farosas@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Prasad Pandit <pjp@fedoraproject.org>
---
tests/qtest/migration/compression-tests.c | 7 +--
tests/qtest/migration/cpr-tests.c | 4 +-
tests/qtest/migration/file-tests.c | 44 +++++-----------
tests/qtest/migration/framework.c | 63 ++++++++++++++++-------
tests/qtest/migration/framework.h | 8 ++-
tests/qtest/migration/postcopy-tests.c | 10 ++--
tests/qtest/migration/precopy-tests.c | 19 +++----
tests/qtest/migration/tls-tests.c | 11 ++--
8 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/compression-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/compression-tests.c
index 3252ba2f73..13a2b2d74f 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/compression-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/compression-tests.c
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_zstd(void)
static void test_multifd_postcopy_tcp_zstd(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .postcopy_ram = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_RAM] = true,
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd_zstd,
};
@@ -114,10 +114,6 @@ migrate_hook_start_xbzrle(QTestState *from,
QTestState *to)
{
migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "xbzrle-cache-size", 33554432);
-
- migrate_set_capability(from, "xbzrle", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "xbzrle", true);
-
return NULL;
}
@@ -129,6 +125,7 @@ static void test_precopy_unix_xbzrle(void)
.listen_uri = uri,
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_xbzrle,
.iterations = 2,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_XBZRLE] = true,
/*
* XBZRLE needs pages to be modified when doing the 2nd+ round
* iteration to have real data pushed to the stream.
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/cpr-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/cpr-tests.c
index 44ce89aa5b..818fa95133 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/cpr-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/cpr-tests.c
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ static void *migrate_hook_start_mode_reboot(QTestState *from, QTestState *to)
migrate_set_parameter_str(from, "mode", "cpr-reboot");
migrate_set_parameter_str(to, "mode", "cpr-reboot");
- migrate_set_capability(from, "x-ignore-shared", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "x-ignore-shared", true);
-
return NULL;
}
@@ -39,6 +36,7 @@ static void test_mode_reboot(void)
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_mode_reboot,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_X_IGNORE_SHARED] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, true);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/file-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/file-tests.c
index 84225c8c33..bc551949f9 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/file-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/file-tests.c
@@ -107,15 +107,6 @@ static void test_precopy_file_offset_bad(void)
test_file_common(&args, false);
}
-static void *migrate_hook_start_mapped_ram(QTestState *from,
- QTestState *to)
-{
- migrate_set_capability(from, "mapped-ram", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "mapped-ram", true);
-
- return NULL;
-}
-
static void test_precopy_file_mapped_ram_live(void)
{
g_autofree char *uri = g_strdup_printf("file:%s/%s", tmpfs,
@@ -123,7 +114,7 @@ static void test_precopy_file_mapped_ram_live(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
- .start_hook = migrate_hook_start_mapped_ram,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, false);
@@ -136,26 +127,12 @@ static void test_precopy_file_mapped_ram(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
- .start_hook = migrate_hook_start_mapped_ram,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, true);
}
-static void *migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram(QTestState *from,
- QTestState *to)
-{
- migrate_hook_start_mapped_ram(from, to);
-
- migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "multifd-channels", 4);
- migrate_set_parameter_int(to, "multifd-channels", 4);
-
- migrate_set_capability(from, "multifd", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "multifd", true);
-
- return NULL;
-}
-
static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram_live(void)
{
g_autofree char *uri = g_strdup_printf("file:%s/%s", tmpfs,
@@ -163,7 +140,8 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram_live(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
- .start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, false);
@@ -176,7 +154,8 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
- .start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, true);
@@ -185,8 +164,6 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram(void)
static void *migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_dio(QTestState *from,
QTestState *to)
{
- migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram(from, to);
-
migrate_set_parameter_bool(from, "direct-io", true);
migrate_set_parameter_bool(to, "direct-io", true);
@@ -201,6 +178,8 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram_dio(void)
.connect_uri = uri,
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_dio,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
if (!probe_o_direct_support(tmpfs)) {
@@ -246,7 +225,6 @@ static void *migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset_dio(QTestState *from,
fdset_add_fds(from, file, O_WRONLY, 2, true);
fdset_add_fds(to, file, O_RDONLY, 2, true);
- migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram(from, to);
migrate_set_parameter_bool(from, "direct-io", true);
migrate_set_parameter_bool(to, "direct-io", true);
@@ -261,8 +239,6 @@ static void *migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset(QTestState *from,
fdset_add_fds(from, file, O_WRONLY, 2, false);
fdset_add_fds(to, file, O_RDONLY, 2, false);
- migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram(from, to);
-
return NULL;
}
@@ -275,6 +251,8 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram_fdset(void)
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_file_common(&args, true);
@@ -289,6 +267,8 @@ static void test_multifd_file_mapped_ram_fdset_dio(void)
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset_dio,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_multifd_mapped_ram_fdset,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MAPPED_RAM] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
if (!probe_o_direct_support(tmpfs)) {
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/framework.c b/tests/qtest/migration/framework.c
index 00776f858c..a858b6ffec 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/framework.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/framework.c
@@ -204,6 +204,30 @@ static QList *migrate_start_get_qmp_capabilities(const MigrateStart *args)
return capabilities;
}
+static void set_migration_capabilities(QTestState *from,
+ QTestState *to, MigrateCommon *args)
+{
+ /*
+ * MigrationCapability_lookup and MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_ constants
+ * are from qapi-types-migration.h.
+ */
+ for(uint8_t i = 0; i < MIGRATION_CAPABILITY__MAX; i++)
+ {
+ if(args->caps[i]) {
+ if (from) {
+ migrate_set_capability(from,
+ MigrationCapability_lookup.array[i], true);
+ }
+ if (to) {
+ migrate_set_capability(to,
+ MigrationCapability_lookup.array[i], true);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ return;
+}
+
int migrate_start(QTestState **from, QTestState **to, const char *uri,
MigrateStart *args)
{
@@ -418,19 +442,8 @@ static int migrate_postcopy_prepare(QTestState **from_ptr,
args->postcopy_data = args->start_hook(from, to);
}
- migrate_set_capability(from, "postcopy-ram", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "postcopy-ram", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "postcopy-blocktime", true);
-
- if (args->postcopy_preempt) {
- migrate_set_capability(from, "postcopy-preempt", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "postcopy-preempt", true);
- }
-
- if (args->multifd) {
- migrate_set_capability(from, "multifd", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "multifd", true);
-
+ set_migration_capabilities(from, to, args);
+ if (args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD]) {
migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "multifd-channels", 8);
migrate_set_parameter_int(to, "multifd-channels", 8);
}
@@ -491,6 +504,10 @@ void test_postcopy_common(MigrateCommon *args)
{
QTestState *from, *to;
+ /* set postcopy capabilities */
+ args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_BLOCKTIME] = true;
+ args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_RAM] = true;
+
if (migrate_postcopy_prepare(&from, &to, args)) {
return;
}
@@ -631,6 +648,10 @@ void test_postcopy_recovery_common(MigrateCommon *args)
/* Always hide errors for postcopy recover tests since they're expected */
args->start.hide_stderr = true;
+ /* set postcopy capabilities */
+ args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_BLOCKTIME] = true;
+ args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_RAM] = true;
+
if (migrate_postcopy_prepare(&from, &to, args)) {
return;
}
@@ -699,9 +720,10 @@ void test_precopy_common(MigrateCommon *args)
return;
}
- if (args->postcopy_ram) {
- migrate_set_capability(from, "postcopy-ram", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "postcopy-ram", true);
+ set_migration_capabilities(from, to, args);
+ if (args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD]) {
+ migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "multifd-channels", 4);
+ migrate_set_parameter_int(to, "multifd-channels", 4);
}
if (args->start_hook) {
@@ -847,6 +869,12 @@ void test_file_common(MigrateCommon *args, bool stop_src)
*/
g_assert_false(args->live);
+ set_migration_capabilities(from, to, args);
+ if (args->caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD]) {
+ migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "multifd-channels", 4);
+ migrate_set_parameter_int(to, "multifd-channels", 4);
+ }
+
if (g_strrstr(args->connect_uri, "offset=")) {
check_offset = true;
/*
@@ -913,9 +941,6 @@ void *migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd_common(QTestState *from,
migrate_set_parameter_str(from, "multifd-compression", method);
migrate_set_parameter_str(to, "multifd-compression", method);
- migrate_set_capability(from, "multifd", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "multifd", true);
-
/* Start incoming migration from the 1st socket */
migrate_incoming_qmp(to, "tcp:127.0.0.1:0", "{}");
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/framework.h b/tests/qtest/migration/framework.h
index 214288ca42..cc1ea4d82b 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/framework.h
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/framework.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
#define TEST_FRAMEWORK_H
#include "libqtest.h"
+#include <qapi/qapi-types-migration.h>
#define FILE_TEST_FILENAME "migfile"
#define FILE_TEST_OFFSET 0x1000
@@ -193,14 +194,11 @@ typedef struct {
*/
bool live;
- /* set multifd on */
- bool multifd;
-
/* Postcopy specific fields */
- bool postcopy_ram;
void *postcopy_data;
- bool postcopy_preempt;
PostcopyRecoveryFailStage postcopy_recovery_fail_stage;
+
+ bool caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY__MAX];
} MigrateCommon;
void wait_for_serial(const char *side);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/postcopy-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/postcopy-tests.c
index 212a5ea600..fa8815175f 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/postcopy-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/postcopy-tests.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ static void test_postcopy_suspend(void)
static void test_postcopy_preempt(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .postcopy_preempt = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_PREEMPT] = true,
};
test_postcopy_common(&args);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ static void test_postcopy_recovery_fail_reconnect(void)
static void test_postcopy_preempt_recovery(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .postcopy_preempt = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_PREEMPT] = true,
};
test_postcopy_recovery_common(&args);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ static void test_postcopy_preempt_recovery(void)
static void test_multifd_postcopy(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .multifd = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_postcopy_common(&args);
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ static void test_multifd_postcopy(void)
static void test_multifd_postcopy_preempt(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .multifd = true,
- .postcopy_preempt = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_PREEMPT] = true,
};
test_postcopy_common(&args);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/precopy-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/precopy-tests.c
index b1a4e7bbb1..80c8f2a9d2 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/precopy-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/precopy-tests.c
@@ -108,23 +108,12 @@ static void test_precopy_tcp_plain(void)
test_precopy_common(&args);
}
-static void *migrate_hook_start_switchover_ack(QTestState *from, QTestState *to)
-{
-
- migrate_set_capability(from, "return-path", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "return-path", true);
-
- migrate_set_capability(from, "switchover-ack", true);
- migrate_set_capability(to, "switchover-ack", true);
-
- return NULL;
-}
-
static void test_precopy_tcp_switchover_ack(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
.listen_uri = "tcp:127.0.0.1:0",
- .start_hook = migrate_hook_start_switchover_ack,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_RETURN_PATH] = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_SWITCHOVER_ACK] = true,
/*
* Source VM must be running in order to consider the switchover ACK
* when deciding to do switchover or not.
@@ -393,6 +382,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_uri_none(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
/*
* Multifd is more complicated than most of the features, it
* directly takes guest page buffers when sending, make sure
@@ -408,6 +398,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_zero_page_legacy(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd_zero_page_legacy,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
/*
* Multifd is more complicated than most of the features, it
* directly takes guest page buffers when sending, make sure
@@ -423,6 +414,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_no_zero_page(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd_no_zero_page,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
/*
* Multifd is more complicated than most of the features, it
* directly takes guest page buffers when sending, make sure
@@ -439,6 +431,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_channels_none(void)
.listen_uri = "defer",
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_precopy_tcp_multifd,
.live = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
.connect_channels = ("[ { 'channel-type': 'main',"
" 'addr': { 'transport': 'socket',"
" 'type': 'inet',"
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration/tls-tests.c b/tests/qtest/migration/tls-tests.c
index 094dc1d814..429fd797c0 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration/tls-tests.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration/tls-tests.c
@@ -375,9 +375,9 @@ static void test_postcopy_tls_psk(void)
static void test_postcopy_preempt_tls_psk(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .postcopy_preempt = true,
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_tls_psk_match,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_psk,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_PREEMPT] = true,
};
test_postcopy_common(&args);
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ static void test_multifd_postcopy_recovery_tls_psk(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_tls_psk_match,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_psk,
- .multifd = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_postcopy_recovery_common(&args);
@@ -408,9 +408,9 @@ static void test_multifd_postcopy_recovery_tls_psk(void)
static void test_postcopy_preempt_all(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .postcopy_preempt = true,
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_tls_psk_match,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_psk,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_POSTCOPY_PREEMPT] = true,
};
test_postcopy_recovery_common(&args);
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ static void test_multifd_postcopy_preempt_recovery_tls_psk(void)
MigrateCommon args = {
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_tls_psk_match,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_psk,
- .multifd = true,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_postcopy_recovery_common(&args);
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_tls_psk_mismatch(void)
static void test_multifd_postcopy_tcp_tls_psk_match(void)
{
MigrateCommon args = {
- .multifd = true,
.listen_uri = "defer",
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_tcp_tls_psk_match,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_psk,
};
@@ -727,6 +727,7 @@ static void test_multifd_tcp_tls_x509_mismatch_host(void)
.start_hook = migrate_hook_start_multifd_tls_x509_mismatch_host,
.end_hook = migrate_hook_end_tls_x509,
.result = MIG_TEST_FAIL,
+ .caps[MIGRATION_CAPABILITY_MULTIFD] = true,
};
test_precopy_common(&args);
}
--
2.48.1
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2025-02-05 12:30 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 23+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2025-02-05 12:27 [PATCH v5 0/5] Allow to enable multifd and postcopy migration together Prasad Pandit
2025-02-05 12:27 ` [PATCH v5 1/5] migration/multifd: move macros to multifd header Prasad Pandit
2025-02-06 22:41 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-05 12:27 ` [PATCH v5 2/5] migration: refactor ram_save_target_page functions Prasad Pandit
2025-02-06 22:43 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-07 12:19 ` Fabiano Rosas
2025-02-05 12:27 ` [PATCH v5 3/5] migration: enable multifd and postcopy together Prasad Pandit
2025-02-06 23:16 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-07 10:32 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-07 15:45 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-08 10:36 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-10 16:59 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-11 9:04 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-11 15:20 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-12 13:27 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-12 14:37 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-12 17:36 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-12 17:52 ` Peter Xu
2025-02-05 12:27 ` [PATCH v5 4/5] tests/qtest/migration: add postcopy tests with multifd Prasad Pandit
2025-02-05 12:27 ` Prasad Pandit [this message]
2025-02-06 22:44 ` [PATCH v5 5/5] tests/qtest/migration: consolidate set capabilities Peter Xu
2025-02-07 8:59 ` Prasad Pandit
2025-02-07 22:01 ` Fabiano Rosas
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=20250205122712.229151-6-ppandit@redhat.com \
--to=ppandit@redhat.com \
--cc=berrange@redhat.com \
--cc=farosas@suse.de \
--cc=peterx@redhat.com \
--cc=pjp@fedoraproject.org \
--cc=qemu-devel@nongnu.org \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).