[PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Tamir Duberstein]

The implementation added in commit dd09538fb409 ("rust: alloc: implement
`Cmalloc` in module allocator_test") did not honor the documented
requirements of `aligned_alloc`. These requirements may not be enforced
on all systems, but they are on macOS. Ensure that alignment is at least
`sizeof(void *)` and round size up to the nearest multiple of that
value.

Fixes: dd09538fb409 ("rust: alloc: implement `Cmalloc` in module allocator_test")

Signed-off-by: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com>
---
Changes in v2:
- Shorten some variable names. (Danilo Krummrich)
- Replace shadowing alignment variable with a second call to
  Layout::align. (Danilo Krummrich)
- Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250201-aligned-alloc-v1-1-c99a73f3cbd4@gmail.com
---
 rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs b/rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs
index e3240d16040b..69f79e246891 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs
@@ -62,9 +62,21 @@ unsafe fn realloc(
             ));
         }
 
+        // According to `man aligned_alloc`:
+        //
+        // aligned_alloc() returns a NULL pointer and sets errno to EINVAL if size is not an
+        // integral multiple of alignment, or if alignment is not a power of 2 at least as large as
+        // sizeof(void *).
+        let min_align = core::mem::size_of::<*const crate::ffi::c_void>();
+        let (align, size) = if layout.align() < min_align {
+            (min_align, layout.size().div_ceil(min_align) * min_align)
+        } else {
+            (layout.align(), layout.size())
+        };
+
         // SAFETY: Returns either NULL or a pointer to a memory allocation that satisfies or
         // exceeds the given size and alignment requirements.
-        let dst = unsafe { libc_aligned_alloc(layout.align(), layout.size()) } as *mut u8;
+        let dst = unsafe { libc_aligned_alloc(align, size) } as *mut u8;
         let dst = NonNull::new(dst).ok_or(AllocError)?;
 
         if flags.contains(__GFP_ZERO) {

---
base-commit: 89a010129b2a60185d34d7377ef8aec7fbb92e76
change-id: 20250201-aligned-alloc-b52cb2353c82

Best regards,
-- 
Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com>

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Sun, Feb 02, 2025 at 06:27:16AM -0500, Tamir Duberstein wrote:
> The implementation added in commit dd09538fb409 ("rust: alloc: implement
> `Cmalloc` in module allocator_test") did not honor the documented
> requirements of `aligned_alloc`. These requirements may not be enforced
> on all systems, but they are on macOS. Ensure that alignment is at least
> `sizeof(void *)` and round size up to the nearest multiple of that
> value.
> 
> Fixes: dd09538fb409 ("rust: alloc: implement `Cmalloc` in module allocator_test")
> 
> Signed-off-by: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com>
> ---
> Changes in v2:
> - Shorten some variable names. (Danilo Krummrich)
> - Replace shadowing alignment variable with a second call to
>   Layout::align. (Danilo Krummrich)
> - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250201-aligned-alloc-v1-1-c99a73f3cbd4@gmail.com
> ---
>  rust/kernel/alloc/allocator_test.rs | 14 +++++++++++++-
>  1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

Acked-by: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org>

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Sun, Feb 2, 2025 at 12:27 PM Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> requirements of `aligned_alloc`. These requirements may not be enforced
> on all systems, but they are on macOS. Ensure that alignment is at least

Which requirements? `aligned_alloc` comes from ISO C, and POSIX says
it is aligned with it; i.e. the change to make it work in macOS seems
fine, but please see below.

> +        // According to `man aligned_alloc`:
> +        //
> +        // aligned_alloc() returns a NULL pointer and sets errno to EINVAL if size is not an
> +        // integral multiple of alignment, or if alignment is not a power of 2 at least as large as
> +        // sizeof(void *).

These requirements seem to come from the macOS man pages, not the
actual specification. The C one seems required to fail on invalid
alignments, but is the set of those the ones that macOS mentions? (It
seems the history of the requirements of that function is convoluted
and involves at least a DR, and glibc is very lax, more than
apparently its docs say)

Anyway, if those requirements are not the actual requirements from the
spec, then we should explain better why we are using those stricter
ones, e.g. we could prepend something like "In macOS, the set of valid
alignments is stricter than in other platforms, thus follow those to
support the test in that platform: ..." or similar.

> base-commit: 89a010129b2a60185d34d7377ef8aec7fbb92e76

Hmm... I don't have this base commit (but the patch applied fine).

Thanks!

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 06:56:38PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> On Sun, Feb 2, 2025 at 12:27 PM Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > requirements of `aligned_alloc`. These requirements may not be enforced
> > on all systems, but they are on macOS. Ensure that alignment is at least
> 
> Which requirements? `aligned_alloc` comes from ISO C, and POSIX says
> it is aligned with it; i.e. the change to make it work in macOS seems
> fine, but please see below.
> 
> > +        // According to `man aligned_alloc`:
> > +        //
> > +        // aligned_alloc() returns a NULL pointer and sets errno to EINVAL if size is not an
> > +        // integral multiple of alignment, or if alignment is not a power of 2 at least as large as
> > +        // sizeof(void *).
> 
> These requirements seem to come from the macOS man pages, not the
> actual specification. The C one seems required to fail on invalid
> alignments, but is the set of those the ones that macOS mentions? (It
> seems the history of the requirements of that function is convoluted
> and involves at least a DR, and glibc is very lax, more than
> apparently its docs say)

I previously checked man posix_memalign(3) and it says:

ERRORS
	EINVAL The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a
	       multiple of sizeof(void *).

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Tamir Duberstein]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 1:04 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 06:56:38PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> > On Sun, Feb 2, 2025 at 12:27 PM Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > requirements of `aligned_alloc`. These requirements may not be enforced
> > > on all systems, but they are on macOS. Ensure that alignment is at least
> >
> > Which requirements? `aligned_alloc` comes from ISO C, and POSIX says
> > it is aligned with it; i.e. the change to make it work in macOS seems
> > fine, but please see below.
> >
> > > +        // According to `man aligned_alloc`:
> > > +        //
> > > +        // aligned_alloc() returns a NULL pointer and sets errno to EINVAL if size is not an
> > > +        // integral multiple of alignment, or if alignment is not a power of 2 at least as large as
> > > +        // sizeof(void *).
> >
> > These requirements seem to come from the macOS man pages, not the
> > actual specification. The C one seems required to fail on invalid
> > alignments, but is the set of those the ones that macOS mentions? (It
> > seems the history of the requirements of that function is convoluted
> > and involves at least a DR, and glibc is very lax, more than
> > apparently its docs say)
>
> I previously checked man posix_memalign(3) and it says:
>
> ERRORS
>         EINVAL The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a
>                multiple of sizeof(void *).

Right. The best description seems to be on
https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/memory/aligned_alloc. ISO C says:

> If the value of alignment is not a valid alignment supported by the implementation, a null pointer shall be returned.

Meanwhile POSIX says of posix_memalign:

> The posix_memalign() function shall fail if:
>
> [EINVAL]
>   The value of the alignment parameter is not a power of two multiple of sizeof(void *).

The note on cppreference addresses this:

> As an example of the "supported by the implementation" requirement, POSIX
> function posix_memalign accepts any alignment that is a power of two and a
> multiple of sizeof(void *), and POSIX-based implementations of aligned_alloc
> inherit this requirements.

I could rework this patch to use posix_memalign which seems to be more
completely defined, or I can try to capture all this detail in a code
comment and the commit message. What do you folks prefer?

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:11 PM Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> The note on cppreference addresses this:
>
> > As an example of the "supported by the implementation" requirement, POSIX
> > function posix_memalign accepts any alignment that is a power of two and a
> > multiple of sizeof(void *), and POSIX-based implementations of aligned_alloc
> > inherit this requirements.

Yes, at least some POSIX-based implementation inherit some
requirements, but the commit talks about the "documented requirements"
of `alligned_alloc`, which didn't seem right to me (in fact, some
implementations seem to be extremely lax (e.g. glibc)).

> I could rework this patch to use posix_memalign which seems to be more
> completely defined, or I can try to capture all this detail in a code
> comment and the commit message. What do you folks prefer?

I suggested going with that "macOS" etc. line because that is what we
are doing and so that we avoid having to put a lot of complexity in
that comment.

In other words, we are changing it so that it works in macOS, right?
And those requirements seem the stricter ones vs. say glibc ones. So
going with the "why we changed this" may be an easier way to explain
why we are actually changing this, unless we are sure we know those
are the requirements for everyone (which is what the current comment
in the code looks like).

But if using another function makes it clearer, that is great too.

In any case, to be clear, I didn't want to delay the change -- it is
just that the commit message and the comment didn't seem correct.

Thanks!

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Tamir Duberstein]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 1:23 PM Miguel Ojeda
<miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:11 PM Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > The note on cppreference addresses this:
> >
> > > As an example of the "supported by the implementation" requirement, POSIX
> > > function posix_memalign accepts any alignment that is a power of two and a
> > > multiple of sizeof(void *), and POSIX-based implementations of aligned_alloc
> > > inherit this requirements.
>
> Yes, at least some POSIX-based implementation inherit some
> requirements, but the commit talks about the "documented requirements"
> of `alligned_alloc`, which didn't seem right to me (in fact, some
> implementations seem to be extremely lax (e.g. glibc)).
>
> > I could rework this patch to use posix_memalign which seems to be more
> > completely defined, or I can try to capture all this detail in a code
> > comment and the commit message. What do you folks prefer?
>
> I suggested going with that "macOS" etc. line because that is what we
> are doing and so that we avoid having to put a lot of complexity in
> that comment.
>
> In other words, we are changing it so that it works in macOS, right?
> And those requirements seem the stricter ones vs. say glibc ones. So
> going with the "why we changed this" may be an easier way to explain
> why we are actually changing this, unless we are sure we know those
> are the requirements for everyone (which is what the current comment
> in the code looks like).
>
> But if using another function makes it clearer, that is great too.
>
> In any case, to be clear, I didn't want to delay the change -- it is
> just that the commit message and the comment didn't seem correct.

You're absolutely correct, of course. I've changed this to use
`posix_memalign` so that the behavior is identical for everyone. I'll
send v3 shortly.

> Thanks!
>
> Cheers,
> Miguel

Thank you!
Tamir

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:04 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> I previously checked man posix_memalign(3) and it says:
>
> ERRORS
>         EINVAL The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a
>                multiple of sizeof(void *).

Yeah, but that may not apply to `alligned_alloc` as far as I can see.

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 07:20:20PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:04 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > I previously checked man posix_memalign(3) and it says:
> >
> > ERRORS
> >         EINVAL The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a
> >                multiple of sizeof(void *).
> 
> Yeah, but that may not apply to `alligned_alloc` as far as I can see.

What makes you think so?

AFAICS, the man page applies for posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign,
valloc and pvalloc.

In case behavior differs between the functions, this is stated explicitly, e.g.
in the "RETURN VALUE" section.

The "ERRORS" setion does not differentiate, hence it should apply to all the
functions above, including aligned_alloc.

Do I miss anything?

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Tamir Duberstein]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 1:58 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 07:20:20PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> > On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:04 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
> > >
> > > I previously checked man posix_memalign(3) and it says:
> > >
> > > ERRORS
> > >         EINVAL The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a
> > >                multiple of sizeof(void *).
> >
> > Yeah, but that may not apply to `alligned_alloc` as far as I can see.
>
> What makes you think so?
>
> AFAICS, the man page applies for posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign,
> valloc and pvalloc.
>
> In case behavior differs between the functions, this is stated explicitly, e.g.
> in the "RETURN VALUE" section.
>
> The "ERRORS" setion does not differentiate, hence it should apply to all the
> functions above, including aligned_alloc.
>
> Do I miss anything?

The writing is definitely obtuse.

> Return Value
>.  aligned_alloc(), memalign(), valloc(), and pvalloc() return a pointer to the allocated memory, or NULL if the request fails.
>
>   posix_memalign() returns zero on success, or one of the error values listed in the next section on failure. Note that errno is not set.
>
> Errors
>   EINVAL
>     The alignment argument was not a power of two, or was not a multiple of sizeof(void *).
>   ENOMEM
>.    There was insufficient memory to fulfill the allocation request.

It seems that the errors section applies to posix_memalign only. The
description section also contains:

> The obsolete function memalign() allocates size bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The memory address will be a multiple of alignment, which must be a power of two.
>
> The function aligned_alloc() is the same as memalign(), except for the added restriction that size should be a multiple of alignment.

So aligned_alloc has the same alignment requirement as memalign, which
is only that it's a power of two.

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:58 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> What makes you think so?
>
> AFAICS, the man page applies for posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign,
> valloc and pvalloc.
>
> In case behavior differs between the functions, this is stated explicitly, e.g.
> in the "RETURN VALUE" section.
>
> The "ERRORS" setion does not differentiate, hence it should apply to all the
> functions above, including aligned_alloc.
>
> Do I miss anything?

The explanation of the requirements (in the Linux man page) mention
different requirements for each function.

Moreover, in practice, glibc seemed to allow almost any alignment up
to 2023, and since then they have this:

    +/* Similar to memalign, but starting with ISO C17 the standard
    +   requires an error for alignments that are not supported by the
    +   implementation.  Valid alignments for the current implementation
    +   are non-negative powers of two.  */
    +  if (!powerof2 (alignment) || alignment == 0)
    +    {
    +      __set_errno (EINVAL);
    +      return 0;
    +    }

Including a test that does not fail for a degenerate alignment (1).
Thus I don't think the "multiple of sizeof" part applies today or in
the past for that implementation (again, in practice).

But I don't know how those sections are formally supposed to work or
what requirements (and/or behavior) the man pages are supposed to be
documenting -- Cc'ing Alejandro. It seems clarifying the page would
help.

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 08:37:07PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:58 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > What makes you think so?
> >
> > AFAICS, the man page applies for posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign,
> > valloc and pvalloc.
> >
> > In case behavior differs between the functions, this is stated explicitly, e.g.
> > in the "RETURN VALUE" section.
> >
> > The "ERRORS" setion does not differentiate, hence it should apply to all the
> > functions above, including aligned_alloc.
> >
> > Do I miss anything?
> 
> The explanation of the requirements (in the Linux man page) mention
> different requirements for each function.

Indeed, it seems a bit ambiguous.

> 
> Moreover, in practice, glibc seemed to allow almost any alignment up
> to 2023, and since then they have this:
> 
>     +/* Similar to memalign, but starting with ISO C17 the standard
>     +   requires an error for alignments that are not supported by the
>     +   implementation.  Valid alignments for the current implementation
>     +   are non-negative powers of two.  */
>     +  if (!powerof2 (alignment) || alignment == 0)
>     +    {
>     +      __set_errno (EINVAL);
>     +      return 0;
>     +    }

Agree, in practice no concern from my side either.

> 
> Including a test that does not fail for a degenerate alignment (1).
> Thus I don't think the "multiple of sizeof" part applies today or in
> the past for that implementation (again, in practice).
> 
> But I don't know how those sections are formally supposed to work or
> what requirements (and/or behavior) the man pages are supposed to be
> documenting -- Cc'ing Alejandro. It seems clarifying the page would
> help.

+1

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Alejandro Colomar]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 7773 bytes --]

[CC += DJ, Eric, Will, Paul, linux-man@]

Hi Miguel,

On Thu, Feb 06, 2025 at 08:37:07PM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> On Thu, Feb 6, 2025 at 7:58 PM Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > What makes you think so?
> >
> > AFAICS, the man page applies for posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign,
> > valloc and pvalloc.
> >
> > In case behavior differs between the functions, this is stated explicitly, e.g.
> > in the "RETURN VALUE" section.
> >
> > The "ERRORS" setion does not differentiate, hence it should apply to all the
> > functions above, including aligned_alloc.
> >
> > Do I miss anything?
> 
> The explanation of the requirements (in the Linux man page) mention
> different requirements for each function.
> 
> Moreover, in practice, glibc seemed to allow almost any alignment up
> to 2023, and since then they have this:
> 
>     +/* Similar to memalign, but starting with ISO C17 the standard
>     +   requires an error for alignments that are not supported by the
>     +   implementation.  Valid alignments for the current implementation
>     +   are non-negative powers of two.  */
>     +  if (!powerof2 (alignment) || alignment == 0)
>     +    {
>     +      __set_errno (EINVAL);
>     +      return 0;
>     +    }
> 
> Including a test that does not fail for a degenerate alignment (1).
> Thus I don't think the "multiple of sizeof" part applies today or in
> the past for that implementation (again, in practice).
> 
> But I don't know how those sections are formally supposed to work or
> what requirements (and/or behavior) the man pages are supposed to be
> documenting -- Cc'ing Alejandro. It seems clarifying the page would
> help.

Here's my understanding after reading these pages in the Linux man-pages
project, the POSIX description, and doing some experiments:

-  memalign()

	It doesn't validate the input.  It over-aligns the pointer
	silently if necessary.  The text doesn't seem to match reality;
	I think the following diff would fix the description to match
	reality:

	diff --git i/man/man3/posix_memalign.3 w/man/man3/posix_memalign.3
	index b760cf271..a4da60eb3 100644
	--- i/man/man3/posix_memalign.3
	+++ w/man/man3/posix_memalign.3
	@@ -77,14 +77,13 @@ .SH DESCRIPTION
	 The obsolete function
	 .BR memalign ()
	 allocates
	 .I size
	 bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
	 The memory address will be a multiple of
	-.IR alignment ,
	-which must be a power of two.
	+.IR alignment .
	 .\" The behavior of memalign() for size==0 is as for posix_memalign()
	 .\" but no standards govern this.
	 .P
	 .BR aligned_alloc ()
	 is the same as
	 .BR memalign (),

	That text might have been true in some ancient C library.  I
	don't know.  It just doesn't seem true now.

-  aligned_alloc()

	It seems to be like memalign(), with *some* input validation.
	It makes sure that the input is a power of two, or it fails.
	However, it doesn't check that the input is multiple of
	_Alignof(void*).  That requirement is implementation-defined;
	neither POSIX nor ISO C impose any specific requirements, so the
	requirements that the input is a power of two are imposed by
	glibc.  The documentation matches the experimental behavior.

-  posix_memalign()

	This function is similar to aligned_alloc(), with an unfortunate
	prototype (it returns the new memory via an output parameter,
	which makes it a bit unsafer in C --you can't apply the
	[[gnu::malloc()]] attribute, for example; and static analyzers
	might be confused if the pointer is uninitialized--), but with
	stricter requirements.  It requires that the input is power of
	two, and multiple of _Alignof(void*), and those requirements are
	mandated by POSIX.

Below is a text program that shows all of this.

I wonder why glibc silently overaligns aligned_alloc() without reporting
an error for an alignment of 2, while it reports an error for an
alignment of 3.  It doesn't make much sense at first glance.  No
standard seems to require that, so it looks like an arbitrary choice.


alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ cat m.c 
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <errno.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int
main(void)
{
	int   i;
	void  *p;

	puts("prime number");

	errno = 0;
	i = posix_memalign(&p, 3, 3);
	printf("posix_memalign(, 3, 3): %s; %#m\n", strerrorname_np(i));

	errno = 0;
	p = aligned_alloc(3, 3);
	printf("aligned_alloc(3, 3): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = valloc(3);
	printf("valloc(3): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = memalign(3, 3);
	printf("memalign(3, 3): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = pvalloc(3);
	printf("pvalloc(3): %p; %#m\n", p);

	puts("");
	puts("Power of two, but not alignof(void*)");

	errno = 0;
	i = posix_memalign(&p, 2, 2);
	printf("posix_memalign(, 2, 2): %s; %#m\n", strerrorname_np(i));

	errno = 0;
	p = aligned_alloc(2, 2);
	printf("aligned_alloc(2, 2): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = valloc(2);
	printf("valloc(2): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = memalign(2, 2);
	printf("memalign(2, 2): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = pvalloc(2);
	printf("pvalloc(2): %p; %#m\n", p);

	puts("");
	puts("non-power of two, alignof(void*)");

	errno = 0;
	i = posix_memalign(&p, 24, 24);
	printf("posix_memalign(, 24, 24): %s; %#m\n", strerrorname_np(i));

	errno = 0;
	p = aligned_alloc(24, 24);
	printf("aligned_alloc(24, 24): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = valloc(24);
	printf("valloc(24): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = memalign(24, 24);
	printf("memalign(24, 24): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = pvalloc(24);
	printf("pvalloc(24): %p; %#m\n", p);

	puts("");
	puts("Power of two, alignof(void*)");

	errno = 0;
	i = posix_memalign(&p, 8, 8);
	printf("posix_memalign(, 8, 8): %s; %#m\n", strerrorname_np(i));

	errno = 0;
	p = aligned_alloc(8, 8);
	printf("aligned_alloc(8, 8): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = valloc(8);
	printf("valloc(8): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = memalign(8, 8);
	printf("memalign(8, 8): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = pvalloc(8);
	printf("pvalloc(8): %p; %#m\n", p);

	puts("");
	puts("Zero");

	errno = 0;
	i = posix_memalign(&p, 0, 0);
	printf("posix_memalign(, 0, 0): %s; %#m\n", strerrorname_np(i));

	errno = 0;
	p = aligned_alloc(0, 0);
	printf("aligned_alloc(0, 0): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = valloc(0);
	printf("valloc(0): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = memalign(0, 0);
	printf("memalign(0, 0): %p; %#m\n", p);

	errno = 0;
	p = pvalloc(0);
	printf("pvalloc(0): %p; %#m\n", p);
}
alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ cc m.c 
alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ ./a.out 
prime number
posix_memalign(, 3, 3): EINVAL; 0
aligned_alloc(3, 3): (nil); EINVAL
valloc(3): 0x55c7f4d9a000; 0
memalign(3, 3): 0x55c7f4d996b0; 0
pvalloc(3): 0x55c7f4d9b000; 0

Power of two, but not alignof(void*)
posix_memalign(, 2, 2): EINVAL; 0
aligned_alloc(2, 2): 0x55c7f4d996d0; 0
valloc(2): 0x55c7f4d9d000; 0
memalign(2, 2): 0x55c7f4d996f0; 0
pvalloc(2): 0x55c7f4d9e000; 0

non-power of two, alignof(void*)
posix_memalign(, 24, 24): EINVAL; 0
aligned_alloc(24, 24): (nil); EINVAL
valloc(24): 0x55c7f4da0000; 0
memalign(24, 24): 0x55c7f4d99740; 0
pvalloc(24): 0x55c7f4da1000; 0

Power of two, alignof(void*)
posix_memalign(, 8, 8): 0; 0
aligned_alloc(8, 8): 0x55c7f4d99760; 0
valloc(8): 0x55c7f4da3000; 0
memalign(8, 8): 0x55c7f4d99780; 0
pvalloc(8): 0x55c7f4da4000; 0

Zero
posix_memalign(, 0, 0): EINVAL; 0
aligned_alloc(0, 0): (nil); EINVAL
valloc(0): 0x55c7f4da6000; 0
memalign(0, 0): 0x55c7f4d997a0; 0
pvalloc(0): 0x55c7f4da7000; 0



Have a lovely night!
Alex

-- 
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>

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Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Paul Eggert]

On 2025-02-08 11:19, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
> I wonder why glibc silently overaligns aligned_alloc() without reporting
> an error for an alignment of 2, while it reports an error for an
> alignment of 3.  It doesn't make much sense at first glance.

Why doesn't it make sense?

If the underlying memory management system supports only some 
power-of-two alignments including one alignment greater than 2, it is 
easy to support alignment of 2 by overaligning, but it is not possible 
to support an alignment of 3.

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Alejandro Colomar]

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Hi Paul,

On Sat, Feb 08, 2025 at 12:09:40PM -0800, Paul Eggert wrote:
> On 2025-02-08 11:19, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
> > I wonder why glibc silently overaligns aligned_alloc() without reporting
> > an error for an alignment of 2, while it reports an error for an
> > alignment of 3.  It doesn't make much sense at first glance.
> 
> Why doesn't it make sense?
> 
> If the underlying memory management system supports only some power-of-two
> alignments including one alignment greater than 2, it is easy to support
> alignment of 2 by overaligning, but it is not possible to support an
> alignment of 3.

Hmmm, I thought the memory management system could find some
overalignment that would be multiple of 3 and that could work (maybe
3 * page size, as a big hammer).  But maybe some implementation details
just don't allow that, so I guess it's fair to reject it.  Sounds
reasonable.

Do you happen to know why the memalign(3) description says that the
alignment must be a power of two when it doesn't do any validation and
just rounds up as necessary?  I'll send a patch for the manual page, but
it would be good to know if something has changed about it at some
point.  Maybe in the past it did have different requirements?


Have a lovely night!
Alex

	alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ cat overalign.c 
	#define _GNU_SOURCE
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <malloc.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <string.h>

	int
	main(void)
	{
		int   i;
		void  *p;

		errno = 0;
		p = aligned_alloc(3, 3);
		printf("aligned_alloc(3, 3): %p; %#m\n", p);

		puts("");
		puts("non-power of two, alignof(void*)");

		errno = 0;
		p = aligned_alloc(24, 24);
		printf("aligned_alloc(24, 24): %p; %#m\n", p);

		puts("");
		puts("Power of two, alignof(void*)");

		errno = 0;
		p = aligned_alloc(8, 8);
		printf("aligned_alloc(8, 8): %p; %#m\n", p);
	}
	alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ cc overalign.c 
	alx@devuan:~/tmp/gcc$ ./a.out 
	aligned_alloc(3, 3): (nil); EINVAL

	non-power of two, alignof(void*)
	aligned_alloc(24, 24): (nil); EINVAL

	Power of two, alignof(void*)
	aligned_alloc(8, 8): 0x55ba005056b0; 0

-- 
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>

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Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[DJ Delorie]

Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> writes:
> -  aligned_alloc()
>	It makes sure that the input is a power of two, or it fails.
>
> -  posix_memalign()
>
> 	. . . It requires that the input is power of
> 	two,
>
> I wonder why glibc silently overaligns aligned_alloc() without reporting
> an error for an alignment of 2, while it reports an error for an
> alignment of 3.  It doesn't make much sense at first glance.  No
> standard seems to require that, so it looks like an arbitrary choice.

Because 2 is a power of two, but 3 isn't.  No power of two is a multiple
of 3.

GNU malloc only supports alignments that are powers of two.  The
resulting addresses might *happen* to be multiples of other numbers, but
you cannot request that.

As for why, ask Posix:

"If the value of alignment is not a valid alignment supported by the
 implementation, a null pointer shall be returned."
 [EINVAL]
    The value of alignment is not a valid alignment supported by the
    implementation."

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Sat, Feb 8, 2025 at 8:18 PM Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> -  aligned_alloc()
>
>         It seems to be like memalign(), with *some* input validation.
>         It makes sure that the input is a power of two, or it fails.
>         However, it doesn't check that the input is multiple of
>         _Alignof(void*).  That requirement is implementation-defined;
>         neither POSIX nor ISO C impose any specific requirements, so the
>         requirements that the input is a power of two are imposed by
>         glibc.  The documentation matches the experimental behavior.

Thanks Alejandro.

I am not sure I agree -- I am confused about three points:

  - I am not sure the documentation is matching the experimental
behavior. For instance, the Linux man pages say:

      "except for the added restriction that `size` should be a
multiple of `alignment`"

    But a call like `aligned_alloc(8, 9)` succeeds. What does "added
restriction" mean in this context? i.e. is it supposed to fail?

  - I am not sure if ISO C intends to require the power of two or not.
One of the C23 drafts says `aligned_alloc()` is supposed to fail if

      "the value of `alignment` is not a valid alignment supported by
the implementation the function"

    And then, elsewhere, that:

      "Valid alignments include only fundamental alignments, plus an
additional implementation-defined set of values, which can be empty.
Every valid alignment value shall be a nonnegative integral power of
two."

    So if those are intended to be connected, then it sounds like a
non-power-of-two is invalid and thus the function should fail.

  - What Danilo mentioned about the sections, e.g. is the "ERRORS"
section in the Linux man pages supposed to apply to all the functions
documented in the same page?

    Would it help to somehow indicate which errors apply for each function?

Thanks a lot!

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Alejandro Colomar]

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Hi Miguel,

On Sun, Feb 09, 2025 at 12:11:58AM +0100, Miguel Ojeda wrote:
> On Sat, Feb 8, 2025 at 8:18 PM Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > -  aligned_alloc()
> >
> >         It seems to be like memalign(), with *some* input validation.
> >         It makes sure that the input is a power of two, or it fails.
> >         However, it doesn't check that the input is multiple of
> >         _Alignof(void*).  That requirement is implementation-defined;
> >         neither POSIX nor ISO C impose any specific requirements, so the
> >         requirements that the input is a power of two are imposed by
> >         glibc.  The documentation matches the experimental behavior.
> 
> Thanks Alejandro.
> 
> I am not sure I agree -- I am confused about three points:
> 
>   - I am not sure the documentation is matching the experimental
> behavior. For instance, the Linux man pages say:
> 
>       "except for the added restriction that `size` should be a
> multiple of `alignment`"
> 
>     But a call like `aligned_alloc(8, 9)` succeeds. What does "added
> restriction" mean in this context? i.e. is it supposed to fail?

Your manual page is too old.  :)

	commit 7fd1e0f2be216a5e7f7aef0d03304bdf81bca9e0
	Author: DJ Delorie <dj@redhat.com>
	Date:   Mon May 8 20:43:35 2023 -0400

	    posix_memalign.3: Update aligned_alloc(3) to match C17
	    
	    Link: <https://sourceware.org/pipermail/libc-alpha/2023-May/147810.html>
	    Link: <https://patchwork.sourceware.org/project/glibc/patch/33ec9e0c1e587813b90e8aa771c2c8e6e379dd48.camel@posteo.net/>
	    Link: <https://lore.kernel.org/linux-man/d79b505c-5b19-331c-5b25-d40adc9cc843@wanadoo.fr/>
	    Cc: John Scott <jscott@posteo.net>
	    Cc: Paul Floyd <pjfloyd@wanadoo.fr>
	    Signed-off-by: DJ Delorie <dj@redhat.com>
	    Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org>

	diff --git a/man3/posix_memalign.3 b/man3/posix_memalign.3
	index 9bc6eb9a4..88e4a8b63 100644
	--- a/man3/posix_memalign.3
	+++ b/man3/posix_memalign.3
	@@ -91,9 +91,8 @@ .SH DESCRIPTION
	 is the same as
	 .BR memalign (),
	 except for the added restriction that
	-.I size
	-should be a multiple of
	-.IR alignment .
	+.I alignment
	+must be a power of two.
	 .PP
	 The obsolete function
	 .BR valloc ()


On retrospective, we should have added some more details to that commit
message.  DJ, has the requirement of the size been lifted?  Was it never
present?

If the implementation in glibc has changed over time, we should probably
add a HISTORY section documenting historic behavior.

>   - I am not sure if ISO C intends to require the power of two or not.
> One of the C23 drafts says `aligned_alloc()` is supposed to fail if
> 
>       "the value of `alignment` is not a valid alignment supported by
> the implementation the function"
> 
>     And then, elsewhere, that:
> 
>       "Valid alignments include only fundamental alignments, plus an
> additional implementation-defined set of values, which can be empty.
> Every valid alignment value shall be a nonnegative integral power of
> two."
> 
>     So if those are intended to be connected, then it sounds like a
> non-power-of-two is invalid and thus the function should fail.

Hmmm, you're probably true.  I hadn't read that part.

>   - What Danilo mentioned about the sections, e.g. is the "ERRORS"
> section in the Linux man pages supposed to apply to all the functions
> documented in the same page?
> 
>     Would it help to somehow indicate which errors apply for each function?

It probably needs some rewrite to make it more generic for all
functions.


Have a lovely night!
Alex

-- 
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>

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Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[Miguel Ojeda]

On Sun, Feb 9, 2025 at 12:35 AM Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> Your manual page is too old.  :)
>
>         commit 7fd1e0f2be216a5e7f7aef0d03304bdf81bca9e0
>         Author: DJ Delorie <dj@redhat.com>
>         Date:   Mon May 8 20:43:35 2023 -0400
>
>             posix_memalign.3: Update aligned_alloc(3) to match C17

Thanks -- good to know it is fixed! Confirming in the VM where I found
the 2023 glibc change, it does have the man pages is updated there
too, so that is great.

> If the implementation in glibc has changed over time, we should probably
> add a HISTORY section documenting historic behavior.

At the very least, glibc made it stricter in d1417176a35d
("aligned_alloc: conform to C17") -- that is the 2023 change I
referred to the other day. Before that, you could pretty much pass any
alignment/size pair and it would succeed (small values).

Cheers,
Miguel

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: alloc: satisfy `aligned_alloc` requirements

[DJ Delorie]

Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> writes:
> On retrospective, we should have added some more details to that commit
> message.  DJ, has the requirement of the size been lifted?  Was it never
> present?

The current code checks alignment but not size.

It looks like that was always the case.

And no, I don't remember where I got the size requirement from ;-)
(but at least it says "should" instead of "must")