[U-Boot] [PATCH 5/5] fit: Introduce methods for applying overlays on fit-load

Pantelis Antoniou
2017-06-30T16:23:02Z

Introduce an overlay based method for constructing a base DT blob
to pass to the kernel.

Both canned and runtime feature selection is supported.

Signed-off-by: Pantelis Antoniou <pantelis.antoniou@konsulko.com>
---
common/image-fdt.c | 7 +-
common/image-fit.c | 215 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
doc/uImage.FIT/command_syntax_extensions.txt | 12 +-
doc/uImage.FIT/overlay-fdt-boot.txt | 221 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt | 6 +-
include/image.h | 10 ++
6 files changed, 453 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 doc/uImage.FIT/overlay-fdt-boot.txt

diff --git a/common/image-fdt.c b/common/image-fdt.c
index c6e8832..a59134c 100644
--- a/common/image-fdt.c
+++ b/common/image-fdt.c
@@ -356,17 +356,16 @@ int boot_get_fdt(int flag, int argc, char * const argv[], uint8_t arch,
if (fit_check_format(buf)) {
ulong load, len;

- fdt_noffset = fit_image_load(images,
+ fdt_noffset = boot_get_fdt_fit(images,
fdt_addr, &fit_uname_fdt,
&fit_uname_config,
- arch, IH_TYPE_FLATDT,
- BOOTSTAGE_ID_FIT_FDT_START,
- FIT_LOAD_OPTIONAL, &load, &len);
+ arch, &load, &len);

images->fit_hdr_fdt = map_sysmem(fdt_addr, 0);
images->fit_uname_fdt = fit_uname_fdt;
images->fit_noffset_fdt = fdt_noffset;
fdt_addr = load;
+
break;
} else
#endif
diff --git a/common/image-fit.c b/common/image-fit.c
index 109ecfa..f78c5cf 100644
--- a/common/image-fit.c
+++ b/common/image-fit.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
#include <errno.h>
#include <mapmem.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
+#include <malloc.h>
DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR;
#endif /* !USE_HOSTCC*/

@@ -434,6 +435,10 @@ void fit_image_print(const void *fit, int image_noffset, const char *p)
printf("0x%08lx\n", load);
}

+ /* optional load address for FDT */
+ if (type == IH_TYPE_FLATDT && !fit_image_get_load(fit, image_noffset, &load))
+ printf("%s Load Address: 0x%08lx\n", p, load);
+
if ((type == IH_TYPE_KERNEL) || (type == IH_TYPE_STANDALONE) ||
(type == IH_TYPE_RAMDISK)) {
ret = fit_image_get_entry(fit, image_noffset, &entry);
@@ -1454,6 +1459,8 @@ int fit_conf_get_node(const void *fit, const char *conf_uname)
{
int noffset, confs_noffset;
int len;
+ const char *s;
+ char *conf_uname_copy = NULL;

confs_noffset = fdt_path_offset(fit, FIT_CONFS_PATH);
if (confs_noffset < 0) {
@@ -1475,29 +1482,58 @@ int fit_conf_get_node(const void *fit, const char *conf_uname)
debug("Found default configuration: '%s'\n", conf_uname);
}

+ s = strchr(conf_uname, '#');
+ if (s) {
+ len = s - conf_uname;
+ conf_uname_copy = malloc(len + 1);
+ if (!conf_uname_copy) {
+ debug("Can't allocate uname copy: '%s'\n",
+ conf_uname);
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ }
+ memcpy(conf_uname_copy, conf_uname, len);
+ conf_uname_copy[len] = '\0';
+ conf_uname = conf_uname_copy;
+ }
+
noffset = fdt_subnode_offset(fit, confs_noffset, conf_uname);
if (noffset < 0) {
debug("Can't get node offset for configuration unit name: '%s' (%s)\n",
conf_uname, fdt_strerror(noffset));
}

+ if (conf_uname_copy)
+ free(conf_uname_copy);
+
return noffset;
}

-int fit_conf_get_prop_node(const void *fit, int noffset,
+int fit_conf_get_prop_node_count(const void *fit, int noffset,
const char *prop_name)
{
- char *uname;
+ return fdt_stringlist_count(fit, noffset, prop_name);
+}
+
+int fit_conf_get_prop_node_index(const void *fit, int noffset,
+ const char *prop_name, int index)
+{
+ const char *uname;
int len;

/* get kernel image unit name from configuration kernel property */
- uname = (char *)fdt_getprop(fit, noffset, prop_name, &len);
+ uname = fdt_stringlist_get(fit, noffset, prop_name, index, &len);
if (uname == NULL)
return len;

return fit_image_get_node(fit, uname);
}

+int fit_conf_get_prop_node(const void *fit, int noffset,
+ const char *prop_name)
+{
+ return fit_conf_get_prop_node_index(fit, noffset, prop_name, 0);
+}
+
/**
* fit_conf_print - prints out the FIT configuration details
* @fit: pointer to the FIT format image header
@@ -1515,7 +1551,7 @@ void fit_conf_print(const void *fit, int noffset, const char *p)
char *desc;
const char *uname;
int ret;
- int loadables_index;
+ int fdt_index, loadables_index;

/* Mandatory properties */
ret = fit_get_desc(fit, noffset, &desc);
@@ -1537,9 +1573,17 @@ void fit_conf_print(const void *fit, int noffset, const char *p)
if (uname)
printf("%s Init Ramdisk: %s\n", p, uname);

- uname = fdt_getprop(fit, noffset, FIT_FDT_PROP, NULL);
- if (uname)
- printf("%s FDT: %s\n", p, uname);
+ for (fdt_index = 0;
+ uname = fdt_stringlist_get(fit, noffset, FIT_FDT_PROP,
+ fdt_index, NULL), uname;
+ fdt_index++) {
+
+ if (fdt_index == 0)
+ printf("%s FDT: ", p);
+ else
+ printf("%s ", p);
+ printf("%s\n", uname);
+ }

uname = fdt_getprop(fit, noffset, FIT_FPGA_PROP, NULL);
if (uname)
@@ -1575,8 +1619,8 @@ static int fit_image_select(const void *fit, int rd_noffset, int verify)
return 0;
}

-int fit_get_node_from_config(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
- ulong addr)
+int fit_get_node_from_config_index(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
+ ulong addr, int index)
{
int cfg_noffset;
void *fit_hdr;
@@ -1593,7 +1637,8 @@ int fit_get_node_from_config(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
return -EINVAL;
}

- noffset = fit_conf_get_prop_node(fit_hdr, cfg_noffset, prop_name);
+ noffset = fit_conf_get_prop_node_index(fit_hdr, cfg_noffset, prop_name,
+ index);
if (noffset < 0) {
debug("* %s: no '%s' in config\n", prop_name, prop_name);
return -ENOENT;
@@ -1602,6 +1647,12 @@ int fit_get_node_from_config(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
return noffset;
}

+int fit_get_node_from_config(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
+ ulong addr)
+{
+ return fit_get_node_from_config_index(images, prop_name, addr, 0);
+}
+
/**
* fit_get_image_type_property() - get property name for IH_TYPE_...
*
@@ -1689,7 +1740,8 @@ int fit_image_load(bootm_headers_t *images, ulong addr,
BOOTSTAGE_SUB_NO_UNIT_NAME);
return -ENOENT;
}
- fit_uname_config = fdt_get_name(fit, cfg_noffset, NULL);
+ if (!fit_uname_config)
+ fit_uname_config = fdt_get_name(fit, cfg_noffset, NULL);
printf(" Using '%s' configuration\n", fit_uname_config);
if (image_type == IH_TYPE_KERNEL) {
/* Remember (and possibly verify) this config */
@@ -1841,6 +1893,7 @@ int fit_image_load(bootm_headers_t *images, ulong addr,
dst = map_sysmem(load, len);
memmove(dst, buf, len);
data = load;
+
}
bootstage_mark(bootstage_id + BOOTSTAGE_SUB_LOAD);

@@ -1873,3 +1926,143 @@ int boot_get_setup_fit(bootm_headers_t *images, uint8_t arch,

return ret;
}
+
+#ifndef USE_HOSTCC
+int boot_get_fdt_fit(bootm_headers_t *images, ulong addr,
+ const char **fit_unamep, const char **fit_uname_configp,
+ int arch, ulong *datap, ulong *lenp)
+{
+ int fdt_noffset, cfg_noffset, count;
+ const void *fit;
+ const char *fit_uname = NULL;
+ const char *fit_uname_config = NULL;
+ char *fit_uname_config_copy = NULL;
+ char *next_config = NULL;
+ ulong load, len;
+#ifdef CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT_OVERLAY
+ ulong ovload, ovlen, image_start, image_end;
+ const char *uconfig;
+ const char *uname;
+ void *base, *ov;
+ int i, err, noffset, ov_noffset;
+#endif
+
+ fit_uname = fit_unamep ? *fit_unamep : NULL;
+
+ if (fit_uname_configp && *fit_uname_configp) {
+ fit_uname_config_copy = strdup(*fit_uname_configp);
+ if (!fit_uname_config_copy)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ next_config = strchr(fit_uname_config_copy, '#');
+ if (next_config)
+ *next_config++ = '\0';
+ if (next_config - 1 > fit_uname_config_copy)
+ fit_uname_config = fit_uname_config_copy;
+ }
+
+ fdt_noffset = fit_image_load(images,
+ addr, &fit_uname, &fit_uname_config,
+ arch, IH_TYPE_FLATDT,
+ BOOTSTAGE_ID_FIT_FDT_START,
+ FIT_LOAD_OPTIONAL, &load, &len);
+
+ if (fdt_noffset < 0)
+ goto out;
+
+ debug("fit_uname=%s, fit_uname_config=%s\n",
+ fit_uname ? fit_uname : "<NULL>",
+ fit_uname_config ? fit_uname_config : "<NULL>");
+
+ fit = map_sysmem(addr, 0);
+ image_start = addr;
+ image_end = addr + fit_get_size(fit);
+
+ cfg_noffset = fit_conf_get_node(fit, fit_uname_config);
+
+ /* single blob, or error just return as well */
+ count = fit_conf_get_prop_node_count(fit, cfg_noffset, FIT_FDT_PROP);
+ if (count <= 1 && !next_config)
+ goto out;
+
+ /* we need to apply overlays */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT_OVERLAY
+ /* verify that relocation took place by load address not being in fit */
+ if (load >= image_start && load < image_end) {
+ /* check is simplified; fit load checks for overlaps */
+ printf("Overlayed FDT requires relocation\n");
+ fdt_noffset = -EBADF;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ base = map_sysmem(load, len);
+
+ /* apply extra configs in FIT first, followed by args */
+ for (i = 1; ; i++) {
+ if (i < count) {
+ noffset = fit_conf_get_prop_node_index(fit, cfg_noffset,
+ FIT_FDT_PROP, i);
+ uname = fit_get_name(fit, noffset, NULL);
+ uconfig = NULL;
+ } else {
+ if (!next_config)
+ break;
+ uconfig = next_config;
+ next_config = strchr(next_config, '#');
+ if (next_config)
+ *next_config++ = '\0';
+ uname = NULL;
+ }
+
+ debug("%d: using uname=%s uconfig=%s\n", i, uname, uconfig);
+
+ ov_noffset = fit_image_load(images,
+ addr, &uname, &uconfig,
+ arch, IH_TYPE_FLATDT,
+ BOOTSTAGE_ID_FIT_FDT_START,
+ FIT_LOAD_REQUIRED, &ovload, &ovlen);
+ if (ov_noffset < 0) {
+ printf("load of %s failed\n", uname);
+ continue;
+ }
+ debug("%s loaded@0x%08lx len=0x%08lx\n",
+ uname, ovload, ovlen);
+ ov = map_sysmem(ovload, ovlen);
+
+ base = map_sysmem(load, len + ovlen);
+ err = fdt_open_into(base, base, len + ovlen);
+ if (err < 0) {
+ printf("failed on fdt_open_into\n");
+ fdt_noffset = err;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ err = fdt_overlay_apply(base, ov);
+ if (err < 0) {
+ printf("failed on fdt_overlay_apply\n");
+ fdt_noffset = err;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ fdt_pack(base);
+ len = fdt_totalsize(base);
+ }
+#else
+ printf("config with overlays but CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT_OVERLAY not set\n");
+ fdt_noffset = -EBADF;
+#endif
+
+out:
+ if (datap)
+ *datap = load;
+ if (lenp)
+ *lenp = len;
+ if (fit_unamep)
+ *fit_unamep = fit_uname;
+ if (fit_uname_configp)
+ *fit_uname_configp = fit_uname_config;
+
+ if (fit_uname_config_copy)
+ free(fit_uname_config_copy);
+ return fdt_noffset;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/doc/uImage.FIT/command_syntax_extensions.txt b/doc/uImage.FIT/command_syntax_extensions.txt
index 6c99b1c..676f992 100644
--- a/doc/uImage.FIT/command_syntax_extensions.txt
+++ b/doc/uImage.FIT/command_syntax_extensions.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Old uImage:
New uImage:
8. bootm <addr1>
9. bootm [<addr1>]:<subimg1>
-10. bootm [<addr1>]#<conf>
+10. bootm [<addr1>]#<conf>[#<extra-conf[#...]]
11. bootm [<addr1>]:<subimg1> [<addr2>]:<subimg2>
12. bootm [<addr1>]:<subimg1> [<addr2>]:<subimg2> [<addr3>]:<subimg3>
13. bootm [<addr1>]:<subimg1> [<addr2>]:<subimg2> <addr3>
@@ -129,6 +129,12 @@ following syntax:
- new uImage configuration specification
<addr>#<configuration unit_name>

+- new uImage configuration specification with extra configuration components
+<addr>#<configuration unit_name>[#<extra configuration unit_name>[#..]]
+
+The extra configuration currently is supported only for additional device tree
+overlays to apply on the base device tree supplied by the first configuration
+unit.

Examples:

@@ -138,6 +144,10 @@ bootm 200000:kernel at 1
- boot configuration "cfg at 1" from a new uImage located at 200000:
bootm 200000#cfg at 1

+- boot configuration "cfg at 1" with extra "cfg at 2" from a new uImage located
+ at 200000:
+bootm 200000#cfg at 1#cfg at 2
+
- boot "kernel at 1" from a new uImage at 200000 with initrd "ramdisk at 2" found in
some other new uImage stored at address 800000:
bootm 200000:kernel at 1 800000:ramdisk at 2
diff --git a/doc/uImage.FIT/overlay-fdt-boot.txt b/doc/uImage.FIT/overlay-fdt-boot.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbdf2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/uImage.FIT/overlay-fdt-boot.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+U-Boot FDT Overlay usage
+========================
+
+Introduction
+------------
+In many cases it is desirable to have a single FIT image support a multitude
+of similar boards and their expansion options. The same kernel on DT enabled
+platforms can support this easily enough by providing a DT blob upon boot
+that matches the desired configuration.
+
+Configuration without overlays
+------------------------------
+
+Take a hypothetical board named 'foo' where there are different supported
+revisions, reva and revb. Assume that both board revisions can use add a bar
+add-on board, while only the revb board can use a baz add-on board.
+
+Without using overlays the configuration would be as follows for every case.
+
+ /dts-v1/;
+ / {
+ images {
+ kernel at 1 {
+ data = /incbin/("./zImage");
+ type = "kernel";
+ arch = "arm";
+ os = "linux";
+ load = <0x82000000>;
+ entry = <0x82000000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 1 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-reva.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ fdt at 2 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-revb.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ fdt at 3 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-reva-bar.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ fdt at 4 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-revb-bar.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ fdt at 5 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-revb-baz.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ fdt at 6 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo-revb-bar-baz.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ };
+ };
+
+ configurations {
+ default = "foo-reva.dtb;
+ foo-reva.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1";
+ };
+ foo-revb.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 2";
+ };
+ foo-reva-bar.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 3";
+ };
+ foo-revb-bar.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 4";
+ };
+ foo-revb-baz.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 5";
+ };
+ foo-revb-bar-baz.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 6";
+ };
+ };
+ };
+
+Note the blob needs to be compiled for each case and the combinatorial explosion of
+configurations. A typical device tree blob is in the low hunderds of kbytes so a
+multitude of configuration grows the image quite a bit.
+
+Booting this image is done by using
+
+ # bootm <addr>#<config>
+
+Where config is one of:
+ foo-reva.dtb, foo-revb.dtb, foo-reva-bar.dtb, foo-revb-bar.dtb,
+ foo-revb-baz.dtb, foo-revb-bar-baz.dtb
+
+This selects the DTB to use when booting.
+
+Configuration using overlays
+----------------------------
+
+Device tree overlays can be applied to a base DT and result in the same blob
+being passed to the booting kernel. This saves on space and avoid the combinatorial
+explosion problem.
+
+ /dts-v1/;
+ / {
+ images {
+ kernel at 1 {
+ data = /incbin/("./zImage");
+ type = "kernel";
+ arch = "arm";
+ os = "linux";
+ load = <0x82000000>;
+ entry = <0x82000000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 1 {
+ data = /incbin/("./foo.dtb");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ load = <0x87f00000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 2 {
+ data = /incbin/("./reva.dtbo");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ load = <0x87fc0000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 3 {
+ data = /incbin/("./revb.dtbo");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ load = <0x87fc0000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 4 {
+ data = /incbin/("./bar.dtbo");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ load = <0x87fc0000>;
+ };
+ fdt at 5 {
+ data = /incbin/("./baz.dtbo");
+ type = "flat_dt";
+ arch = "arm";
+ load = <0x87fc0000>;
+ };
+ };
+
+ configurations {
+ default = "foo-reva.dtb;
+ foo-reva.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 2";
+ };
+ foo-revb.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 3";
+ };
+ foo-reva-bar.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 2", "fdt at 4";
+ };
+ foo-revb-bar.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 3", "fdt at 4";
+ };
+ foo-revb-baz.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 3", "fdt at 5";
+ };
+ foo-revb-bar-baz.dtb {
+ kernel = "kernel at 1";
+ fdt = "fdt at 1", "fdt at 3", "fdt at 4", "fdt at 5";
+ };
+ bar {
+ fdt = "fdt at 4";
+ };
+ baz {
+ fdt = "fdt at 5";
+ };
+ };
+ };
+
+Booting this image is exactly the same as the non-overlay example.
+u-boot will retrieve the base blob and apply the overlays in sequence as
+they are declared in the configuration.
+
+Note the minimum amount of different DT blobs, as well as the requirement for
+the DT blobs to have a load address; the overlay application requires the blobs
+to be writeable.
+
+Configuration using overlays and feature selection
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+Although the configuration in the previous section works is a bit inflexible
+since it requires all possible configuration options to be laid out before
+hand in the FIT image. For the add-on boards the extra config selection method
+might make sense.
+
+Note the two bar & baz configuration nodes. To boot a reva board with
+the bar add-on board enabled simply use:
+
+ # bootm <addr>#foo-reva.dtb#bar
+
+While booting a revb with bar and baz is as follows:
+
+ # bootm <addr>#foo-revb.dtb#bar#baz
+
+The limitation for a feature selection configuration node is that a single
+fdt option is currently supported.
+
+Pantelis Antoniou
+pantelis.antoniou at konsulko.com
+12/6/2017
diff --git a/doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt b/doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt
index afff301..966b244 100644
--- a/doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt
+++ b/doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ o config at 1
|- description = "configuration description"
|- kernel = "kernel sub-node unit name"
|- ramdisk = "ramdisk sub-node unit name"
- |- fdt = "fdt sub-node unit-name"
+ |- fdt = "fdt sub-node unit-name" [, "fdt overlay sub-node unit-name", ...]
|- fpga = "fpga sub-node unit-name"
|- loadables = "loadables sub-node unit-name"

@@ -249,7 +249,9 @@ o config at 1
- ramdisk : Unit name of the corresponding ramdisk image (component image
node of a "ramdisk" type).
- fdt : Unit name of the corresponding fdt blob (component image node of a
- "fdt type").
+ "fdt type"). Additional fdt overlay nodes can be supplied which signify
+ that the resulting device tree blob is generated by the first base fdt
+ blob with all subsequent overlays applied.
- setup : Unit name of the corresponding setup binary (used for booting
an x86 kernel). This contains the setup.bin file built by the kernel.
- fpga : Unit name of the corresponding fpga bitstream blob
diff --git a/include/image.h b/include/image.h
index fcfe730..bf35197 100644
--- a/include/image.h
+++ b/include/image.h
@@ -592,6 +592,10 @@ int boot_get_loadable(int argc, char * const argv[], bootm_headers_t *images,
int boot_get_setup_fit(bootm_headers_t *images, uint8_t arch,
ulong *setup_start, ulong *setup_len);

+int boot_get_fdt_fit(bootm_headers_t *images, ulong addr,
+ const char **fit_unamep, const char **fit_uname_configp,
+ int arch, ulong *datap, ulong *lenp);
+
/**
* fit_image_load() - load an image from a FIT
*
@@ -657,6 +661,8 @@ int fit_image_load(bootm_headers_t *images, ulong addr,
*/
int fit_get_node_from_config(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
ulong addr);
+int fit_get_node_from_config_index(bootm_headers_t *images, const char *prop_name,
+ ulong addr, int index);

int boot_get_fdt(int flag, int argc, char * const argv[], uint8_t arch,
bootm_headers_t *images,
@@ -986,6 +992,10 @@ int fit_check_format(const void *fit);
int fit_conf_find_compat(const void *fit, const void *fdt);
int fit_conf_get_node(const void *fit, const char *conf_uname);

+int fit_conf_get_prop_node_count(const void *fit, int noffset,
+ const char *prop_name);
+int fit_conf_get_prop_node_index(const void *fit, int noffset,
+ const char *prop_name, int index);
/**
* fit_conf_get_prop_node() - Get node refered to by a configuration
* @fit: FIT to check
--
2.1.4