[PATCH 0 of 5] Rombios PIO performance

[PATCH 0 of 5] Rombios PIO performance

[Andrew Cooper]

This patch series is the result of some analysis to improve the boot peformance
of HVM guests for XenServer.

Tests were performed with Win7 as the HVM guest, but the fixes apply to all HVM
guests.  All improvements are by reducing the number of PIO traps from rombios,
through Xen to Qemu; some completely needless and some by knowing how Qemu is
going to react.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

[PATCH 1 of 5] rombios/keyboard: Don't needlessly poll the status register

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: rombios-keyboard.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 693 bytes --]

Repeated polling of the status register is not going to change its value, so
don't needlessly take 8192 traps to Qemu when 1 will do.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r e6266fc76d08 -r 2c92985dc53f tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -1805,12 +1805,12 @@ keyboard_init()
     while ( (inb(0x64) & 0x02) && (--max>0)) outb(0x80, 0x00);
 
     /* flush incoming keys */
-    max=0x2000;
+    max=2;
     while (--max > 0) {
         outb(0x80, 0x00);
         if (inb(0x64) & 0x01) {
             inb(0x60);
-            max = 0x2000;
+            max = 2;
             }
         }
 

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

[PATCH 2 of 5] rombios/ata: Do not wait for BSY to be set

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: rombios-ata_reset.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 992 bytes --]

I can't find any guarantee in the ATA specification that this will happen, and it
certainly does not with Qemu.  SeaBIOS has replaced it with a call to udelay(5)
instead.

As rombios does not have an equivalent udelay(), so replace the wait with a write
to port 0x80 which is whilelisted by Xen for 'a small delay'.

This causes roughly 42k fewer traps to Qemu, which is very roughly 10% of the
number of traps during boot of a Win7 guest.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r 2c92985dc53f -r 59de21ca1546 tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -2914,8 +2914,8 @@ Bit16u device;
 // 8.2.1 (a) -- set SRST in DC
   outb(iobase2+ATA_CB_DC, ATA_CB_DC_HD15 | ATA_CB_DC_NIEN | ATA_CB_DC_SRST);
 
-// 8.2.1 (b) -- wait for BSY
-  await_ide(BSY, iobase1, 20);
+// 8.2.1 (b) -- wait
+  outb(0x80, 0x00);
 
 // 8.2.1 (f) -- clear SRST
   outb(iobase2+ATA_CB_DC, ATA_CB_DC_HD15 | ATA_CB_DC_NIEN);

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

Re: [PATCH 2 of 5] rombios/ata: Do not wait for BSY to be set

[Pasi Kärkkäinen]

On Mon, Jul 30, 2012 at 08:47:21PM +0100, Andrew Cooper wrote:
> I can't find any guarantee in the ATA specification that this will happen, and it
> certainly does not with Qemu.  SeaBIOS has replaced it with a call to udelay(5)
> instead.
> 
> As rombios does not have an equivalent udelay(), so replace the wait with a write
> to port 0x80 which is whilelisted by Xen for 'a small delay'.
>                          ^

a small typo probably.. I think it should say "whitelisted".

-- Pasi

Re: [PATCH 2 of 5] (V2) rombios/ata: Do not wait for BSY to be set

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 759 bytes --]


On 30/07/12 21:18, Pasi Kärkkäinen wrote:
> On Mon, Jul 30, 2012 at 08:47:21PM +0100, Andrew Cooper wrote:
>> I can't find any guarantee in the ATA specification that this will happen, and it
>> certainly does not with Qemu.  SeaBIOS has replaced it with a call to udelay(5)
>> instead.
>>
>> As rombios does not have an equivalent udelay(), so replace the wait with a write
>> to port 0x80 which is whilelisted by Xen for 'a small delay'.
>>                          ^
> a small typo probably.. I think it should say "whitelisted".
>
> -- Pasi
>
 D'oh - yes.  Attached is version 2 which corrects this, and another
grammatical error in the sentence.

-- 
Andrew Cooper - Dom0 Kernel Engineer, Citrix XenServer
T: +44 (0)1223 225 900, http://www.citrix.com


[-- Attachment #2: rombios-ata_reset.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 1088 bytes --]

# HG changeset patch
# Parent 2c92985dc53fbc62d1a2975aed968a8bb021c8ef
rombios/ata: Do not wait for BSY to be set

I can't find any guarantee in the ATA specification that this will happen, and it
certainly does not with Qemu.  SeaBIOS has replaced it with a call to udelay(5)
instead.

As rombios does not have an equivalent udelay(), replace the wait with a write
to port 0x80 which is whitelisted by Xen for 'a small delay'.

This causes roughly 42k fewer traps to Qemu, which is very roughly 10% of the
number of traps during boot of a Win7 guest.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r 2c92985dc53f tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -2914,8 +2914,8 @@ Bit16u device;
 // 8.2.1 (a) -- set SRST in DC
   outb(iobase2+ATA_CB_DC, ATA_CB_DC_HD15 | ATA_CB_DC_NIEN | ATA_CB_DC_SRST);
 
-// 8.2.1 (b) -- wait for BSY
-  await_ide(BSY, iobase1, 20);
+// 8.2.1 (b) -- wait
+  outb(0x80, 0x00);
 
 // 8.2.1 (f) -- clear SRST
   outb(iobase2+ATA_CB_DC, ATA_CB_DC_HD15 | ATA_CB_DC_NIEN);

[-- Attachment #3: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

[PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: rombios-await_ide.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 667 bytes --]

So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
to Qemu during Win7 boot.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r 59de21ca1546 -r 5e8fbfea2229 tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -2540,7 +2540,6 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
   Bit32u time=0,last=0;
   Bit16u status;
   Bit8u result;
-  status = inb(base + ATA_CB_STAT); // for the times you're supposed to throw one away
   for(;;) {
     status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
     time++;

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Alan Cox]

On Mon, 30 Jul 2012 20:47:22 +0100
Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com> wrote:

> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
> to Qemu during Win7 boot.

You can't read the status for 400nS after a command issue, so throwing
one away is a typical way to handle that.

All of this is optimising the wrong thing.

The problem is that neither kvm not xen have the most basic prediction
handlers in the kernel side exception code so keep hitting qemu.

For a 99% of the ATA transfers you can predict the next few in and outs
and pre-load them into your trap handler avoiding bouncing into qemu, on
a miss you go back into qemu and load the next prediction block (or tree
even)

That's the kind of optimisation that will really make it fly.

Alan

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[David Vrabel]

On 30/07/12 22:57, Alan Cox wrote:
> On Mon, 30 Jul 2012 20:47:22 +0100
> Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com> wrote:
> 
>> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
>> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
>> to Qemu during Win7 boot.
> 
> You can't read the status for 400nS after a command issue, so throwing
> one away is a typical way to handle that.

This is only relevant when talking to real hardware, the qemu model has
no such requirement.

Also, I think you mean 400 ns not 400 nanosiemens.

> All of this is optimising the wrong thing.
> 
> The problem is that neither kvm not xen have the most basic prediction
> handlers in the kernel side exception code so keep hitting qemu.

I'd be interested in seeing how you think this will work without
knowledge of the emulated device in the hypervisor.  How does the
predictor know whether accesses have side effects?

A better solution would be to avoid most I/O accesses by the BIOS by
using PV drivers instead.

David

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Andrew Cooper]

On 30/07/12 22:57, Alan Cox wrote:
> On Mon, 30 Jul 2012 20:47:22 +0100
> Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com> wrote:
>
>> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
>> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
>> to Qemu during Win7 boot.
> You can't read the status for 400nS after a command issue, so throwing
> one away is a typical way to handle that.

On real hardware, but virtual hardware has no such restriction.  This
version of rombios is never going to be running on real hardware.

>
> All of this is optimising the wrong thing.
>
> The problem is that neither kvm not xen have the most basic prediction
> handlers in the kernel side exception code so keep hitting qemu.
>
> For a 99% of the ATA transfers you can predict the next few in and outs
> and pre-load them into your trap handler avoiding bouncing into qemu, on
> a miss you go back into qemu and load the next prediction block (or tree
> even)
>
> That's the kind of optimisation that will really make it fly.

Quite likely, but that is a substantial architectural change, whereas
these patches are the result of a few hours of work and many hours of
testing.

>
> Alan
>

-- 
Andrew Cooper - Dom0 Kernel Engineer, Citrix XenServer
T: +44 (0)1223 225 900, http://www.citrix.com

[PATCH 4 of 5] rombios/ata Remove more needless traps from the int 0x13 path

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: rombios-await_ide-more.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 4130 bytes --]

The return value from await_ide() is always ignored, and most calls to await_ide()
immediately reread the status register.

Therefore, making await_ide() return the last value of the status register removes
a further two traps on the int 0x13 path, with a similar reduction in the total
number of traps during Win7 boot.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r 5e8fbfea2229 -r ba71221a69d0 tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -2531,14 +2531,14 @@ void ata_init( )
 
 #define IDE_TIMEOUT 32000u //32 seconds max for IDE ops
 
-int await_ide();
-static int await_ide(when_done,base,timeout)
+Bit8u await_ide();
+static Bit8u await_ide(when_done,base,timeout)
   Bit8u when_done;
   Bit16u base;
   Bit16u timeout;
 {
   Bit32u time=0,last=0;
-  Bit16u status;
+  Bit8u status;
   Bit8u result;
   for(;;) {
     status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
@@ -2556,7 +2556,7 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
     else if (when_done == TIMEOUT)
       result = 0;
 
-    if (result) return 0;
+    if (result) return status;
     if (time>>16 != last) // mod 2048 each 16 ms
     {
       last = time >>16;
@@ -2565,12 +2565,12 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
     if (status & ATA_CB_STAT_ERR)
     {
       BX_DEBUG_ATA("await_ide: ERROR (TIMEOUT,BSY,!BSY,!BSY_DRQ,!BSY_!DRQ,!BSY_RDY) %d time= %ld timeout= %d\n",when_done,time>>11, timeout);
-      return -1;
+      return status;
     }
     if ((timeout == 0) || ((time>>11) > timeout)) break;
   }
   BX_INFO("IDE time out\n");
-  return -1;
+  return status;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3016,8 +3016,7 @@ Bit32u lba_low, lba_high;
   outb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_DH, (slave ? ATA_CB_DH_DEV1 : ATA_CB_DH_DEV0) | (Bit8u) head );
   outb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_CMD, command);
 
-  await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
-  status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
+  status = await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
 
   if (status & ATA_CB_STAT_ERR) {
     BX_DEBUG_ATA("ata_cmd_data_in : read error\n");
@@ -3077,8 +3076,7 @@ ASM_END
     current++;
     write_word(ebda_seg, &EbdaData->ata.trsfsectors,current);
     count--;
-    await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
-    status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
+    status = await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
     if (count == 0) {
       if ( (status & (ATA_CB_STAT_BSY | ATA_CB_STAT_RDY | ATA_CB_STAT_DRQ | ATA_CB_STAT_ERR) )
           != ATA_CB_STAT_RDY ) {
@@ -3167,8 +3165,7 @@ Bit32u lba_low, lba_high;
   outb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_DH, (slave ? ATA_CB_DH_DEV1 : ATA_CB_DH_DEV0) | (Bit8u) head );
   outb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_CMD, command);
 
-  await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
-  status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
+  status = await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
 
   if (status & ATA_CB_STAT_ERR) {
     BX_DEBUG_ATA("ata_cmd_data_out : read error\n");
@@ -3316,8 +3313,7 @@ Bit32u length;
   outb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_CMD, ATA_CMD_PACKET);
 
   // Device should ok to receive command
-  await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
-  status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
+  status = await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
 
   if (status & ATA_CB_STAT_ERR) {
     BX_DEBUG_ATA("ata_cmd_packet : error, status is %02x\n",status);
@@ -3353,8 +3349,7 @@ ASM_START
 ASM_END
 
   if (inout == ATA_DATA_NO) {
-    await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
-    status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
+    status = await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
     }
   else {
         Bit16u loops = 0;
@@ -3363,13 +3358,12 @@ ASM_END
 
       if (loops == 0) {//first time through
         status = inb(iobase2 + ATA_CB_ASTAT);
-        await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
+        status = await_ide(NOT_BSY_DRQ, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
       }
       else
-        await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
+        status = await_ide(NOT_BSY, iobase1, IDE_TIMEOUT);
       loops++;
 
-      status = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_STAT);
       sc = inb(iobase1 + ATA_CB_SC);
 
       // Check if command completed

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

[PATCH 5 of 5] rombios/debug: Reduce verbosity of rombios

[Andrew Cooper]

[-- Attachment #1: rombios-quiet.patch --]
[-- Type: text/x-patch, Size: 864 bytes --]

Default builds of Qemu appear not to log the Bochs debug port, so having rombios
write to the port causes pointless traps.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r ba71221a69d0 -r 47b563da50f7 tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.h
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.h
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.h
@@ -48,10 +48,11 @@
 // per-device basis. Debug info are sent only in debug mode
 #if DEBUG_ROMBIOS
 #  define BX_DEBUG(format, p...)  bios_printf(BIOS_PRINTF_INFO, format, ##p)
+#  define BX_INFO(format, p...)   bios_printf(BIOS_PRINTF_INFO, format, ##p)
 #else
 #  define BX_DEBUG(format, p...)
+#  define BX_INFO(format, p...)
 #endif
-#define BX_INFO(format, p...)   bios_printf(BIOS_PRINTF_INFO, format, ##p)
 #define BX_PANIC(format, p...)  bios_printf(BIOS_PRINTF_DEBHALT, format, ##p)
 
 #define ACPI_DATA_SIZE    0x00010000L

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 126 bytes --]

_______________________________________________
Xen-devel mailing list
Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

[PATCH 0 of 5] HVM performance improvements

[Andrew Cooper]

This patch series contains the results of an investigation by XenServer
to try and reduce dom0 load during a VDI bootstorm.

All patches reduce the number of polled IO traps to qemu that a booting
HVM domain uses.

The patches are unmodified from the last time I posted them to the list,
but are presented now outside of a feature freeze.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

[PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Andrew Cooper]

So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
to Qemu during Win7 boot.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>

diff -r c223c044afbf -r a8645d836a0e tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
--- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
+++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
@@ -2540,7 +2540,6 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
   Bit32u time=0,last=0;
   Bit16u status;
   Bit8u result;
-  status = inb(base + ATA_CB_STAT); // for the times you're supposed to throw one away
   for(;;) {
     status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
     time++;

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Ian Campbell]

No relevant side effects according to some spec or according to the
current qemu implementation?

Does it have any "irrelevant" side effects?

On Mon, 2012-11-26 at 16:41 +0000, Andrew Cooper wrote:
> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
> to Qemu during Win7 boot.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
> 
> diff -r c223c044afbf -r a8645d836a0e tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> --- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> +++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> @@ -2540,7 +2540,6 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
>    Bit32u time=0,last=0;
>    Bit16u status;
>    Bit8u result;
> -  status = inb(base + ATA_CB_STAT); // for the times you're supposed to throw one away
>    for(;;) {
>      status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
>      time++;
> 
> _______________________________________________
> Xen-devel mailing list
> Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
> http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Andrew Cooper]

On 26/11/12 16:51, Ian Campbell wrote:
> No relevant side effects according to some spec or according to the
> current qemu implementation?
>
> Does it have any "irrelevant" side effects?

I am not sure whether the spec gurarentees no side effects, but this is
according to the qemu implementation.  The codepath has no side effects
we could determine.

~Andrew

>
> On Mon, 2012-11-26 at 16:41 +0000, Andrew Cooper wrote:
>> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
>> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
>> to Qemu during Win7 boot.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
>>
>> diff -r c223c044afbf -r a8645d836a0e tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
>> --- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
>> +++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
>> @@ -2540,7 +2540,6 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
>>    Bit32u time=0,last=0;
>>    Bit16u status;
>>    Bit8u result;
>> -  status = inb(base + ATA_CB_STAT); // for the times you're supposed to throw one away
>>    for(;;) {
>>      status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
>>      time++;
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> Xen-devel mailing list
>> Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
>> http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel
>

-- 
Andrew Cooper - Dom0 Kernel Engineer, Citrix XenServer
T: +44 (0)1223 225 900, http://www.citrix.com

Re: [PATCH 3 of 5] rombios/ata: Reading this status register has no relevant side effects

[Ian Campbell]

On Mon, 2012-11-26 at 16:56 +0000, Andrew Cooper wrote:
> On 26/11/12 16:51, Ian Campbell wrote:
> > No relevant side effects according to some spec or according to the
> > current qemu implementation?
> >
> > Does it have any "irrelevant" side effects?
> 
> I am not sure whether the spec gurarentees no side effects, but this is
> according to the qemu implementation.

This sort of thing is a critical part of the commit message, for the
benefit of some future bug hunter if qemu ever changes this. Although to
be honest this possibility makes me rather sceptical of this sort of
change in the first place.

>   The codepath has no side effects
> we could determine.
> 
> ~Andrew
> 
> >
> > On Mon, 2012-11-26 at 16:41 +0000, Andrew Cooper wrote:
> >> So taking two traps when one will do is pointless.  This codepath is on the int
> >> 0x13 hot path, and removing it has about a 30% reduction in the number of traps
> >> to Qemu during Win7 boot.
> >>
> >> Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
> >>
> >> diff -r c223c044afbf -r a8645d836a0e tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> >> --- a/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> >> +++ b/tools/firmware/rombios/rombios.c
> >> @@ -2540,7 +2540,6 @@ static int await_ide(when_done,base,time
> >>    Bit32u time=0,last=0;
> >>    Bit16u status;
> >>    Bit8u result;
> >> -  status = inb(base + ATA_CB_STAT); // for the times you're supposed to throw one away
> >>    for(;;) {
> >>      status = inb(base+ATA_CB_STAT);
> >>      time++;
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> Xen-devel mailing list
> >> Xen-devel@lists.xen.org
> >> http://lists.xen.org/xen-devel
> >
>