From: Oak Zeng <ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
To: "amd-gfx-PD4FTy7X32lNgt0PjOBp9y5qC8QIuHrW@public.gmane.org"
<amd-gfx-PD4FTy7X32lNgt0PjOBp9y5qC8QIuHrW@public.gmane.org>
Cc: "Zeng, Oak" <Oak.Zeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
Subject: [PATCH 6/7] drm/amdgpu: Use asic specific doorbell index instead of macro definition
Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2018 22:00:35 +0000 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <1542837620-13571-6-git-send-email-ozeng@amd.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <1542837620-13571-1-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
Change-Id: Iffff84475efcfb482c474fccb133010abb5df5f4
Signed-off-by: Oak Zeng <ozeng@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Felix Kuehling <Felix.Kuehling@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
---
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c | 27 ++++++++-------------------
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_device.c | 2 +-
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_gfx.c | 2 +-
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v7_0.c | 2 +-
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v8_0.c | 10 +++++-----
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v9_0.c | 8 ++++----
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v3_0.c | 2 +-
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v4_0.c | 25 +++++++++----------------
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/tonga_ih.c | 2 +-
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/uvd_v7_0.c | 4 ++--
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vce_v4_0.c | 4 ++--
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vega10_ih.c | 2 +-
12 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c
index 1c1fed6..d693b804 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c
@@ -181,25 +181,14 @@ void amdgpu_amdkfd_device_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
* process in case of 64-bit doorbells so we
* can use each doorbell assignment twice.
*/
- if (adev->asic_type == CHIP_VEGA10) {
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i] =
- AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i+1] =
- AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i] =
- AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i+1] =
- AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
- } else {
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i] =
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i+1] =
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i] =
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 + (i >> 1);
- gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i+1] =
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
- }
+ gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i] =
+ adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine0 + (i >> 1);
+ gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[0][i+1] =
+ adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine0 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
+ gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i] =
+ adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine1 + (i >> 1);
+ gpu_resources.sdma_doorbell[1][i+1] =
+ adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine1 + 0x200 + (i >> 1);
}
/* Doorbells 0x0e0-0ff and 0x2e0-2ff are reserved for
* SDMA, IH and VCN. So don't use them for the CP.
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_device.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_device.c
index a942a88..3ffd8f5 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_device.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_device.c
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ static int amdgpu_device_doorbell_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
adev->doorbell.size = pci_resource_len(adev->pdev, 2);
adev->doorbell.num_doorbells = min_t(u32, adev->doorbell.size / sizeof(u32),
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL_MAX_ASSIGNMENT+1);
+ adev->doorbell_index.max_assignment+1);
if (adev->doorbell.num_doorbells == 0)
return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_gfx.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_gfx.c
index 6a70c0b..97a60da 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_gfx.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_gfx.c
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ int amdgpu_gfx_kiq_init_ring(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
ring->adev = NULL;
ring->ring_obj = NULL;
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL_KIQ;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.kiq;
r = amdgpu_gfx_kiq_acquire(adev, ring);
if (r)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v7_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v7_0.c
index f467b9b..3a9fb60 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v7_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v7_0.c
@@ -4363,7 +4363,7 @@ static int gfx_v7_0_compute_ring_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, int ring_id,
ring->ring_obj = NULL;
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL_MEC_RING0 + ring_id;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.mec_ring0 + ring_id;
sprintf(ring->name, "comp_%d.%d.%d", ring->me, ring->pipe, ring->queue);
irq_type = AMDGPU_CP_IRQ_COMPUTE_MEC1_PIPE0_EOP
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v8_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v8_0.c
index 77cac0e..1454fc3 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v8_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v8_0.c
@@ -1890,7 +1890,7 @@ static int gfx_v8_0_compute_ring_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, int ring_id,
ring->ring_obj = NULL;
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL_MEC_RING0 + ring_id;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.mec_ring0 + ring_id;
ring->eop_gpu_addr = adev->gfx.mec.hpd_eop_gpu_addr
+ (ring_id * GFX8_MEC_HPD_SIZE);
sprintf(ring->name, "comp_%d.%d.%d", ring->me, ring->pipe, ring->queue);
@@ -2001,7 +2001,7 @@ static int gfx_v8_0_sw_init(void *handle)
/* no gfx doorbells on iceland */
if (adev->asic_type != CHIP_TOPAZ) {
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL_GFX_RING0;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.gfx_ring0;
}
r = amdgpu_ring_init(adev, ring, 1024, &adev->gfx.eop_irq,
@@ -4215,7 +4215,7 @@ static void gfx_v8_0_set_cpg_door_bell(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu
tmp = REG_SET_FIELD(0, CP_RB_DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER,
DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER,
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL_GFX_RING0);
+ adev->doorbell_index.gfx_ring0);
WREG32(mmCP_RB_DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER, tmp);
WREG32(mmCP_RB_DOORBELL_RANGE_UPPER,
@@ -4644,8 +4644,8 @@ static int gfx_v8_0_kcq_init_queue(struct amdgpu_ring *ring)
static void gfx_v8_0_set_mec_doorbell_range(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
{
if (adev->asic_type > CHIP_TONGA) {
- WREG32(mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER, AMDGPU_DOORBELL_KIQ << 2);
- WREG32(mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_UPPER, AMDGPU_DOORBELL_MEC_RING7 << 2);
+ WREG32(mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER, adev->doorbell_index.kiq << 2);
+ WREG32(mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_UPPER, adev->doorbell_index.mec_ring7 << 2);
}
/* enable doorbells */
WREG32_FIELD(CP_PQ_STATUS, DOORBELL_ENABLE, 1);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v9_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v9_0.c
index e409fbf..af8ccb0 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v9_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/gfx_v9_0.c
@@ -1566,7 +1566,7 @@ static int gfx_v9_0_compute_ring_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, int ring_id,
ring->ring_obj = NULL;
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_MEC_RING0 + ring_id) << 1;
+ ring->doorbell_index = (adev->doorbell_index.mec_ring0 + ring_id) << 1;
ring->eop_gpu_addr = adev->gfx.mec.hpd_eop_gpu_addr
+ (ring_id * GFX9_MEC_HPD_SIZE);
sprintf(ring->name, "comp_%d.%d.%d", ring->me, ring->pipe, ring->queue);
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ static int gfx_v9_0_sw_init(void *handle)
else
sprintf(ring->name, "gfx_%d", i);
ring->use_doorbell = true;
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_GFX_RING0 << 1;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.gfx_ring0 << 1;
r = amdgpu_ring_init(adev, ring, 1024,
&adev->gfx.eop_irq, AMDGPU_CP_IRQ_GFX_EOP);
if (r)
@@ -2981,9 +2981,9 @@ static int gfx_v9_0_kiq_init_register(struct amdgpu_ring *ring)
/* enable the doorbell if requested */
if (ring->use_doorbell) {
WREG32_SOC15(GC, 0, mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_LOWER,
- (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_KIQ *2) << 2);
+ (adev->doorbell_index.kiq * 2) << 2);
WREG32_SOC15(GC, 0, mmCP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_UPPER,
- (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_USERQUEUE_END * 2) << 2);
+ (adev->doorbell_index.userqueue_end * 2) << 2);
}
WREG32_SOC15(GC, 0, mmCP_HQD_PQ_DOORBELL_CONTROL,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v3_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v3_0.c
index b6a25f9..1bccc5f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v3_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v3_0.c
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ static int sdma_v3_0_sw_init(void *handle)
if (!amdgpu_sriov_vf(adev)) {
ring->use_doorbell = true;
ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
- AMDGPU_DOORBELL_sDMA_ENGINE0 : AMDGPU_DOORBELL_sDMA_ENGINE1;
+ adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine0 : adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine1;
} else {
ring->use_pollmem = true;
}
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v4_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v4_0.c
index e6cb2c3..61507ad 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v4_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/sdma_v4_0.c
@@ -1517,15 +1517,13 @@ static int sdma_v4_0_sw_init(void *handle)
ring->ring_obj = NULL;
ring->use_doorbell = true;
+ DRM_INFO("use_doorbell being set to: [%s]\n",
+ ring->use_doorbell?"true":"false");
+
/* doorbell size is 2 dwords, get DWORD offset */
- if (adev->asic_type == CHIP_VEGA10)
- ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
- (AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 << 1)
- : (AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 << 1);
- else
- ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
- (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 << 1)
- : (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 << 1);
+ ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
+ (adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine0 << 1)
+ : (adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine1 << 1);
sprintf(ring->name, "sdma%d", i);
r = amdgpu_ring_init(adev, ring, 1024,
@@ -1544,14 +1542,9 @@ static int sdma_v4_0_sw_init(void *handle)
/* paging queue use same doorbell index/routing as gfx queue
* with 0x400 (4096 dwords) offset on second doorbell page
*/
- if (adev->asic_type == CHIP_VEGA10)
- ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
- (AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 << 1)
- : (AMDGPU_VEGA10_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 << 1);
- else
- ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
- (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE0 << 1)
- : (AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_sDMA_ENGINE1 << 1);
+ ring->doorbell_index = (i == 0) ?
+ (adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine0 << 1)
+ : (adev->doorbell_index.sdma_engine1 << 1);
ring->doorbell_index += 0x400;
sprintf(ring->name, "page%d", i);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/tonga_ih.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/tonga_ih.c
index 3abffd0..dcdbb4d 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/tonga_ih.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/tonga_ih.c
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ static int tonga_ih_sw_init(void *handle)
return r;
adev->irq.ih.use_doorbell = true;
- adev->irq.ih.doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL_IH;
+ adev->irq.ih.doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.ih;
r = amdgpu_irq_init(adev);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/uvd_v7_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/uvd_v7_0.c
index 8a45959..3680a01 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/uvd_v7_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/uvd_v7_0.c
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ static int uvd_v7_0_sw_init(void *handle)
* sriov, so set unused location for other unused rings.
*/
if (i == 0)
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_UVD_RING0_1 * 2;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.uvd_vce.uvd_ring0_1 * 2;
else
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_UVD_RING2_3 * 2 + 1;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.uvd_vce.uvd_ring2_3 * 2 + 1;
}
r = amdgpu_ring_init(adev, ring, 512, &adev->uvd.inst[j].irq, 0);
if (r)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vce_v4_0.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vce_v4_0.c
index 0054ba1..9fb34b7 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vce_v4_0.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vce_v4_0.c
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ static int vce_v4_0_sw_init(void *handle)
* so set unused location for other unused rings.
*/
if (i == 0)
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_VCE_RING0_1 * 2;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.uvd_vce.vce_ring0_1 * 2;
else
- ring->doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_VCE_RING2_3 * 2 + 1;
+ ring->doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.uvd_vce.vce_ring2_3 * 2 + 1;
}
r = amdgpu_ring_init(adev, ring, 512, &adev->vce.irq, 0);
if (r)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vega10_ih.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vega10_ih.c
index a0fda6f..d84b687 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vega10_ih.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/vega10_ih.c
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ static int vega10_ih_sw_init(void *handle)
return r;
adev->irq.ih.use_doorbell = true;
- adev->irq.ih.doorbell_index = AMDGPU_DOORBELL64_IH << 1;
+ adev->irq.ih.doorbell_index = adev->doorbell_index.ih << 1;
r = amdgpu_irq_init(adev);
--
2.7.4
_______________________________________________
amd-gfx mailing list
amd-gfx@lists.freedesktop.org
https://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/amd-gfx
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2018-11-21 22:00 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 18+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2018-11-21 22:00 [PATCH 1/7] drm/amdgpu: Add field in amdgpu_dev to hold reserved doorbell index Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-1-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:00 ` [PATCH 2/7] drm/amdgpu: Vega10 doorbell index initialization Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-2-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:29 ` Alex Deucher
2018-11-21 22:00 ` [PATCH 3/7] drm/amdgpu: Vega12 " Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-3-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:30 ` Alex Deucher
2018-11-21 22:00 ` [PATCH 4/7] drm/amdgpu: Doorbell index initialization for ASICs before vega10 Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-4-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:40 ` Alex Deucher
[not found] ` <CADnq5_OUGOecJAvQiCEcdBsk9DmjZkd-yd6aEyGvPMc1+4MsXg@mail.gmail.com>
[not found] ` <CADnq5_OUGOecJAvQiCEcdBsk9DmjZkd-yd6aEyGvPMc1+4MsXg-JsoAwUIsXosN+BqQ9rBEUg@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-26 17:20 ` Zeng, Oak
[not found] ` <BN6PR12MB165126A9513105183F63194880D70-/b2+HYfkarRSqX7PDniLCgdYzm3356FpvxpqHgZTriW3zl9H0oFU5g@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-26 18:05 ` Deucher, Alexander
2018-11-21 22:00 ` [PATCH 5/7] drm/amdgpu: Call doorbell index init on device initialization Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-5-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:38 ` Alex Deucher
2018-11-21 22:00 ` Oak Zeng [this message]
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-6-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:35 ` [PATCH 6/7] drm/amdgpu: Use asic specific doorbell index instead of macro definition Alex Deucher
2018-11-21 22:00 ` [PATCH 7/7] drm/amdgpu: Use new doorbell layout for vega20 and future asic Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542837620-13571-7-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 22:34 ` Alex Deucher
2018-11-22 19:19 ` Zeng, Oak
2018-11-21 22:28 ` [PATCH 1/7] drm/amdgpu: Add field in amdgpu_dev to hold reserved doorbell index Alex Deucher
-- strict thread matches above, loose matches on Subject: below --
2018-11-21 15:52 Oak Zeng
[not found] ` <1542815518-8124-1-git-send-email-ozeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org>
2018-11-21 15:52 ` [PATCH 6/7] drm/amdgpu: Use asic specific doorbell index instead of macro definition Oak Zeng
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=1542837620-13571-6-git-send-email-ozeng@amd.com \
--to=ozeng-5c7gfcevmho@public.gmane.org \
--cc=Oak.Zeng-5C7GfCeVMHo@public.gmane.org \
--cc=amd-gfx-PD4FTy7X32lNgt0PjOBp9y5qC8QIuHrW@public.gmane.org \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.