All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Deepak Gupta <debug@rivosinc.com>
To: paul.walmsley@sifive.com, palmer@sifive.com, conor@kernel.org,
	linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, devicetree@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-mm@kvack.org,
	linux-arch@vger.kernel.org, linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org
Cc: corbet@lwn.net, palmer@dabbelt.com, aou@eecs.berkeley.edu,
	robh@kernel.org, krzk+dt@kernel.org, oleg@redhat.com,
	tglx@linutronix.de, mingo@redhat.com, bp@alien8.de,
	dave.hansen@linux.intel.com, x86@kernel.org, hpa@zytor.com,
	peterz@infradead.org, akpm@linux-foundation.org, arnd@arndb.de,
	ebiederm@xmission.com, kees@kernel.org, Liam.Howlett@oracle.com,
	vbabka@suse.cz, lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com, shuah@kernel.org,
	brauner@kernel.org, samuel.holland@sifive.com,
	debug@rivosinc.com, andy.chiu@sifive.com, jerry.shih@sifive.com,
	greentime.hu@sifive.com, charlie@rivosinc.com, evan@rivosinc.com,
	cleger@rivosinc.com, xiao.w.wang@intel.com,
	ajones@ventanamicro.com, anup@brainfault.org,
	mchitale@ventanamicro.com, atishp@rivosinc.com,
	sameo@rivosinc.com, bjorn@rivosinc.com, alexghiti@rivosinc.com,
	david@redhat.com, libang.li@antgroup.com, jszhang@kernel.org,
	leobras@redhat.com, guoren@kernel.org, samitolvanen@google.com,
	songshuaishuai@tinylab.org, costa.shul@redhat.com,
	bhe@redhat.com, zong.li@sifive.com, puranjay@kernel.org,
	namcaov@gmail.com, antonb@tenstorrent.com, sorear@fastmail.com,
	quic_bjorande@quicinc.com, ancientmodern4@gmail.com,
	ben.dooks@codethink.co.uk, quic_zhonhan@quicinc.com,
	cuiyunhui@bytedance.com, yang.lee@linux.alibaba.com,
	ke.zhao@shingroup.cn, sunilvl@ventanamicro.com,
	tanzhasanwork@gmail.com, schwab@suse.de, dawei.li@shingroup.cn,
	rppt@kernel.org, willy@infradead.org, usama.anjum@collabora.com,
	osalvador@suse.de, ryan.roberts@arm.com, andrii@kernel.org,
	alx@kernel.org, catalin.marinas@arm.com, broonie@kernel.org,
	revest@chromium.org, bgray@linux.ibm.com, deller@gmx.de,
	zev@bewilderbeest.net
Subject: [PATCH v4 02/30] mm: helper `is_shadow_stack_vma` to check shadow stack vma
Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 16:16:21 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20240912231650.3740732-3-debug@rivosinc.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20240912231650.3740732-1-debug@rivosinc.com>

VM_SHADOW_STACK (alias to VM_HIGH_ARCH_5) is used to encode shadow stack
VMA on three architectures (x86 shadow stack, arm GCS and RISC-V shadow
stack). In case architecture doesn't implement shadow stack, it's VM_NONE
Introducing a helper `is_shadow_stack_vma` to determine shadow stack vma
or not.

Signed-off-by: Deepak Gupta <debug@rivosinc.com>
---
 include/linux/mm.h | 7 ++++++-
 mm/gup.c           | 2 +-
 mm/internal.h      | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index e39796ea17db..f0dc94fb782a 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -361,6 +361,11 @@ extern unsigned int kobjsize(const void *objp);
 # define VM_SHADOW_STACK	VM_NONE
 #endif
 
+static inline bool is_shadow_stack_vma(vm_flags_t vm_flags)
+{
+	return !!(vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK);
+}
+
 #if defined(CONFIG_X86)
 # define VM_PAT		VM_ARCH_1	/* PAT reserves whole VMA at once (x86) */
 #elif defined(CONFIG_PPC)
@@ -3504,7 +3509,7 @@ static inline unsigned long stack_guard_start_gap(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 		return stack_guard_gap;
 
 	/* See reasoning around the VM_SHADOW_STACK definition */
-	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK)
+	if (is_shadow_stack_vma(vma->vm_flags))
 		return PAGE_SIZE;
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
index 54d0dc3831fb..2f84a0a80cfe 100644
--- a/mm/gup.c
+++ b/mm/gup.c
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ static int check_vma_flags(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long gup_flags)
 		    !writable_file_mapping_allowed(vma, gup_flags))
 			return -EFAULT;
 
-		if (!(vm_flags & VM_WRITE) || (vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK)) {
+		if (!(vm_flags & VM_WRITE) || is_shadow_stack_vma(vm_flags)) {
 			if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE))
 				return -EFAULT;
 			/* hugetlb does not support FOLL_FORCE|FOLL_WRITE. */
diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
index b4d86436565b..f7732c793f3f 100644
--- a/mm/internal.h
+++ b/mm/internal.h
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ static inline bool is_exec_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
  */
 static inline bool is_stack_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
 {
-	return ((flags & VM_STACK) == VM_STACK) || (flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK);
+	return ((flags & VM_STACK) == VM_STACK) || is_shadow_stack_vma(flags);
 }
 
 /*
-- 
2.45.0


WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Deepak Gupta <debug@rivosinc.com>
To: paul.walmsley@sifive.com, palmer@sifive.com, conor@kernel.org,
	linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, devicetree@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-mm@kvack.org,
	linux-arch@vger.kernel.org, linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org
Cc: quic_zhonhan@quicinc.com, zong.li@sifive.com,
	zev@bewilderbeest.net, david@redhat.com, peterz@infradead.org,
	catalin.marinas@arm.com, broonie@kernel.org,
	dave.hansen@linux.intel.com, atishp@rivosinc.com,
	bjorn@rivosinc.com, namcaov@gmail.com, usama.anjum@collabora.com,
	guoren@kernel.org, alx@kernel.org, jszhang@kernel.org,
	hpa@zytor.com, puranjay@kernel.org, shuah@kernel.org,
	sorear@fastmail.com, costa.shul@redhat.com, robh@kernel.org,
	antonb@tenstorrent.com, quic_bjorande@quicinc.com,
	lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com, corbet@lwn.net,
	dawei.li@shingroup.cn, anup@brainfault.org, deller@gmx.de,
	x86@kernel.org, andrii@kernel.org, willy@infradead.org,
	kees@kernel.org, mingo@redhat.com, libang.li@antgroup.com,
	samitolvanen@google.com, greentime.hu@sifive.com,
	osalvador@suse.de, ajones@ventanamicro.com, revest@chromium.org,
	ancientmodern4@gmail.com, aou@eecs.berkeley.edu,
	jerry.shih@sifive.com, alexghiti@rivosinc.com, arnd@arndb.de,
	yang.lee@linux.alibaba.com, charlie@rivosinc.com,
	bgray@linux.ibm.com, Liam.Howlett@oracle.com, leobras@redhat.com,
	songshuaishuai@tinylab.org, xiao.w.wang@intel.com, bp@alien8.de,
	cuiyunhui@bytedance.com, mchitale@ventanamicro.com,
	cleger@rivosinc.com, tglx@linutronix.de, krzk+dt@kernel.org,
	vbabka@suse.cz, debug@rivosinc.com, brauner@kernel.org,
	bhe@redhat.com, ke.zhao@shingroup.cn, oleg@redhat.com,
	samuel.holland@sifive.com, ben.dooks@codethink.co.uk,
	evan@rivosinc.com, palmer@dabbelt.com, ebiederm@xmission.com,
	andy.chiu@sifive.com, schwab@suse.de, akpm@linux-foundation.org,
	sameo@rivosinc.com, tanzhasanwork@gmail.com, rppt@kernel.org,
	ryan.roberts@arm.com
Subject: [PATCH v4 02/30] mm: helper `is_shadow_stack_vma` to check shadow stack vma
Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 16:16:21 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20240912231650.3740732-3-debug@rivosinc.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20240912231650.3740732-1-debug@rivosinc.com>

VM_SHADOW_STACK (alias to VM_HIGH_ARCH_5) is used to encode shadow stack
VMA on three architectures (x86 shadow stack, arm GCS and RISC-V shadow
stack). In case architecture doesn't implement shadow stack, it's VM_NONE
Introducing a helper `is_shadow_stack_vma` to determine shadow stack vma
or not.

Signed-off-by: Deepak Gupta <debug@rivosinc.com>
---
 include/linux/mm.h | 7 ++++++-
 mm/gup.c           | 2 +-
 mm/internal.h      | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index e39796ea17db..f0dc94fb782a 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -361,6 +361,11 @@ extern unsigned int kobjsize(const void *objp);
 # define VM_SHADOW_STACK	VM_NONE
 #endif
 
+static inline bool is_shadow_stack_vma(vm_flags_t vm_flags)
+{
+	return !!(vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK);
+}
+
 #if defined(CONFIG_X86)
 # define VM_PAT		VM_ARCH_1	/* PAT reserves whole VMA at once (x86) */
 #elif defined(CONFIG_PPC)
@@ -3504,7 +3509,7 @@ static inline unsigned long stack_guard_start_gap(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 		return stack_guard_gap;
 
 	/* See reasoning around the VM_SHADOW_STACK definition */
-	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK)
+	if (is_shadow_stack_vma(vma->vm_flags))
 		return PAGE_SIZE;
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
index 54d0dc3831fb..2f84a0a80cfe 100644
--- a/mm/gup.c
+++ b/mm/gup.c
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ static int check_vma_flags(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long gup_flags)
 		    !writable_file_mapping_allowed(vma, gup_flags))
 			return -EFAULT;
 
-		if (!(vm_flags & VM_WRITE) || (vm_flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK)) {
+		if (!(vm_flags & VM_WRITE) || is_shadow_stack_vma(vm_flags)) {
 			if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE))
 				return -EFAULT;
 			/* hugetlb does not support FOLL_FORCE|FOLL_WRITE. */
diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
index b4d86436565b..f7732c793f3f 100644
--- a/mm/internal.h
+++ b/mm/internal.h
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ static inline bool is_exec_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
  */
 static inline bool is_stack_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
 {
-	return ((flags & VM_STACK) == VM_STACK) || (flags & VM_SHADOW_STACK);
+	return ((flags & VM_STACK) == VM_STACK) || is_shadow_stack_vma(flags);
 }
 
 /*
-- 
2.45.0


_______________________________________________
linux-riscv mailing list
linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-riscv

  parent reply	other threads:[~2024-09-12 23:17 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 92+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2024-09-12 23:16 [PATCH v4 00/30] riscv control-flow integrity for usermode Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 01/30] mm: Introduce ARCH_HAS_USER_SHADOW_STACK Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-13 15:51   ` Carlos Bilbao
2024-09-13 15:51     ` Carlos Bilbao
2024-09-12 23:16 ` Deepak Gupta [this message]
2024-09-12 23:16   ` [PATCH v4 02/30] mm: helper `is_shadow_stack_vma` to check shadow stack vma Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 03/30] riscv: Enable cbo.zero only when all harts support Zicboz Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 04/30] riscv: Add support for per-thread envcfg CSR values Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 05/30] riscv: Call riscv_user_isa_enable() only on the boot hart Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 06/30] riscv/Kconfig: enable HAVE_EXIT_THREAD for riscv Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 07/30] riscv: zicfilp / zicfiss in dt-bindings (extensions.yaml) Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-13  0:18   ` Rob Herring (Arm)
2024-09-13  0:18     ` Rob Herring (Arm)
2024-09-13 18:33   ` Conor Dooley
2024-09-13 18:33     ` Conor Dooley
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 08/30] riscv: zicfiss / zicfilp enumeration Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 09/30] riscv: zicfiss / zicfilp extension csr and bit definitions Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 10/30] riscv: usercfi state for task and save/restore of CSR_SSP on trap entry/exit Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 11/30] riscv/mm : ensure PROT_WRITE leads to VM_READ | VM_WRITE Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 12/30] riscv mm: manufacture shadow stack pte Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 13/30] riscv mmu: teach pte_mkwrite to manufacture shadow stack PTEs Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 14/30] riscv mmu: write protect and shadow stack Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 15/30] riscv/mm: Implement map_shadow_stack() syscall Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-13 15:26   ` Mark Brown
2024-09-13 15:26     ` Mark Brown
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 16/30] riscv/shstk: If needed allocate a new shadow stack on clone Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-14  1:54   ` kernel test robot
2024-09-14  1:54     ` kernel test robot
2024-09-14  3:06   ` kernel test robot
2024-09-14  3:06     ` kernel test robot
2024-09-14  3:26   ` kernel test robot
2024-09-14  3:26     ` kernel test robot
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 17/30] prctl: arch-agnostic prctl for shadow stack Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 18/30] prctl: arch-agnostic prctl for indirect branch tracking Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 19/30] riscv: Implements arch agnostic shadow stack prctls Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 20/30] riscv: Implements arch agnostic indirect branch tracking prctls Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 21/30] riscv/traps: Introduce software check exception Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-13 19:35   ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-13 19:35     ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-17  0:00     ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-17  0:00       ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 22/30] riscv sigcontext: cfi state struct definition for sigcontext Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 23/30] riscv signal: save and restore of shadow stack for signal Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-13 19:25   ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-13 19:25     ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-16 22:03     ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-16 22:03       ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-17 22:03       ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-17 22:03         ` Andy Chiu
2024-09-17 22:52         ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-17 22:52           ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 24/30] riscv/kernel: update __show_regs to print shadow stack register Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 25/30] riscv/ptrace: riscv cfi status and state via ptrace and in core files Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 26/30] riscv/hwprobe: zicfilp / zicfiss enumeration in hwprobe Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 27/30] riscv: create a config for shadow stack and landing pad instr support Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 28/30] riscv: Documentation for landing pad / indirect branch tracking Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-16  2:41   ` Bagas Sanjaya
2024-09-16  2:41     ` Bagas Sanjaya
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 29/30] riscv: Documentation for shadow stack on riscv Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta
2024-09-16  3:20   ` Bagas Sanjaya
2024-09-16  3:20     ` Bagas Sanjaya
2024-09-12 23:16 ` [PATCH v4 30/30] kselftest/riscv: kselftest for user mode cfi Deepak Gupta
2024-09-12 23:16   ` Deepak Gupta

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=20240912231650.3740732-3-debug@rivosinc.com \
    --to=debug@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=Liam.Howlett@oracle.com \
    --cc=ajones@ventanamicro.com \
    --cc=akpm@linux-foundation.org \
    --cc=alexghiti@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=alx@kernel.org \
    --cc=ancientmodern4@gmail.com \
    --cc=andrii@kernel.org \
    --cc=andy.chiu@sifive.com \
    --cc=antonb@tenstorrent.com \
    --cc=anup@brainfault.org \
    --cc=aou@eecs.berkeley.edu \
    --cc=arnd@arndb.de \
    --cc=atishp@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=ben.dooks@codethink.co.uk \
    --cc=bgray@linux.ibm.com \
    --cc=bhe@redhat.com \
    --cc=bjorn@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=bp@alien8.de \
    --cc=brauner@kernel.org \
    --cc=broonie@kernel.org \
    --cc=catalin.marinas@arm.com \
    --cc=charlie@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=cleger@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=conor@kernel.org \
    --cc=corbet@lwn.net \
    --cc=costa.shul@redhat.com \
    --cc=cuiyunhui@bytedance.com \
    --cc=dave.hansen@linux.intel.com \
    --cc=david@redhat.com \
    --cc=dawei.li@shingroup.cn \
    --cc=deller@gmx.de \
    --cc=devicetree@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=ebiederm@xmission.com \
    --cc=evan@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=greentime.hu@sifive.com \
    --cc=guoren@kernel.org \
    --cc=hpa@zytor.com \
    --cc=jerry.shih@sifive.com \
    --cc=jszhang@kernel.org \
    --cc=ke.zhao@shingroup.cn \
    --cc=kees@kernel.org \
    --cc=krzk+dt@kernel.org \
    --cc=leobras@redhat.com \
    --cc=libang.li@antgroup.com \
    --cc=linux-arch@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-doc@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-mm@kvack.org \
    --cc=linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org \
    --cc=lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com \
    --cc=mchitale@ventanamicro.com \
    --cc=mingo@redhat.com \
    --cc=namcaov@gmail.com \
    --cc=oleg@redhat.com \
    --cc=osalvador@suse.de \
    --cc=palmer@dabbelt.com \
    --cc=palmer@sifive.com \
    --cc=paul.walmsley@sifive.com \
    --cc=peterz@infradead.org \
    --cc=puranjay@kernel.org \
    --cc=quic_bjorande@quicinc.com \
    --cc=quic_zhonhan@quicinc.com \
    --cc=revest@chromium.org \
    --cc=robh@kernel.org \
    --cc=rppt@kernel.org \
    --cc=ryan.roberts@arm.com \
    --cc=sameo@rivosinc.com \
    --cc=samitolvanen@google.com \
    --cc=samuel.holland@sifive.com \
    --cc=schwab@suse.de \
    --cc=shuah@kernel.org \
    --cc=songshuaishuai@tinylab.org \
    --cc=sorear@fastmail.com \
    --cc=sunilvl@ventanamicro.com \
    --cc=tanzhasanwork@gmail.com \
    --cc=tglx@linutronix.de \
    --cc=usama.anjum@collabora.com \
    --cc=vbabka@suse.cz \
    --cc=willy@infradead.org \
    --cc=x86@kernel.org \
    --cc=xiao.w.wang@intel.com \
    --cc=yang.lee@linux.alibaba.com \
    --cc=zev@bewilderbeest.net \
    --cc=zong.li@sifive.com \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.