* [PATCH v9 1/2] spi: add new_device/delete_device sysfs interface
2026-08-03 10:46 [PATCH v9 0/2] spi: add new_device/delete_device sysfs interface Vishwaroop A
@ 2026-08-03 10:46 ` Vishwaroop A
2026-08-03 10:46 ` [PATCH v9 2/2] docs: spi: add documentation for userspace device instantiation Vishwaroop A
2026-08-06 18:14 ` [PATCH v9 0/2] spi: add new_device/delete_device sysfs interface Mark Brown
2 siblings, 0 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Vishwaroop A @ 2026-08-03 10:46 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: broonie
Cc: linux-spi, jonathanh, thierry.reding, corbet, linux-doc,
smangipudi, va
Development boards such as the Jetson AGX Orin expose SPI buses
on expansion headers (e.g. the 40-pin header) so that users can
connect and interact with SPI peripherals from userspace. The
standard way to get /dev/spidevB.C character device nodes for
this purpose is to register spi_device instances backed by the
spidev driver.
Today there is no viable way to do this on upstream kernels:
- The spidev driver rejects the bare "spidev" compatible
string in DT, since spidev is a Linux software interface
and not a description of real hardware.
- Vendor-specific compatible strings (e.g. "nvidia,tegra-spidev")
have been rejected by DT maintainers for the same reason.
The I2C subsystem solved an analogous problem by exposing
new_device/delete_device sysfs attributes on each adapter. Add
the same interface to SPI host controllers, so that userspace
(e.g. a systemd unit at boot) can instantiate SPI devices at
runtime without needing anything in device-tree.
The new_device file accepts:
<modalias> <chip_select> [<max_speed_hz> [<mode>]]
where chip_select is required, while max_speed_hz and mode are
optional and default to 0 if omitted. max_speed_hz == 0 is
clamped to the controller's maximum by spi_setup(); mode == 0
selects SPI mode 0 (CPOL=0, CPHA=0).
The modalias is used both as the device identifier and as a
driver_override, so that the device binds to the named driver
directly. This is necessary because some drivers like spidev
deliberately exclude generic names from their id_table.
Devices created this way are limited compared to those declared
via DT or board files:
- No IRQ is assigned (the device gets IRQ 0 / no interrupt).
- No platform_data or device properties are attached.
- No OF node is associated with the device.
These limitations are acceptable for spidev, which only needs a
registered spi_device to expose a character device to userspace.
Only devices created via new_device can be removed through
delete_device; DT and platform devices are unaffected.
The sysfs attributes are gated behind CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC since
this feature adds a new way of dynamically instantiating and
removing SPI devices, and the add_lock locking in
spi_unregister_controller() is already conditional on
CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC.
The userspace sysfs group is created manually as the last step
of spi_register_controller() and removed as the first step of
spi_unregister_controller(). Removing the group before taking
add_lock means kernfs_drain() completes any in-flight
new_device_store()/delete_device_store() calls before
add_lock is acquired, so unregister never blocks on a store
that is itself waiting for add_lock and no store can be
touching an spi_device that is about to be torn down.
Non-sysfs callers of __spi_add_device() (DT/ACPI dynamic add,
ancillary registration) continue to be protected by the
pre-existing !device_is_registered(&ctlr->dev) check added in
commit ddf75be47ca7 ("spi: Prevent adding devices below an
unregistering controller"): device_del(&ctlr->dev) runs inside
add_lock in spi_unregister_controller() so state_in_sysfs flips
to 0 before add_lock is released.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-tegra/909f0c92-d110-4253-903e-5c81e21e12c9@nvidia.com/
Signed-off-by: Vishwaroop A <va@nvidia.com>
---
drivers/spi/spi.c | 246 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
include/linux/spi/spi.h | 18 +++
2 files changed, 264 insertions(+)
diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi.c b/drivers/spi/spi.c
index d9e6b4b87c89..07c572e1df5d 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL(spi_transfer_stop);
#include "internals.h"
static int __spi_setup(struct spi_device *spi, bool initial_setup);
+static int __spi_add_device(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_device *parent);
static DEFINE_IDR(spi_controller_idr);
@@ -297,6 +298,192 @@ static const struct attribute_group spi_controller_statistics_group = {
.attrs = spi_controller_statistics_attrs,
};
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+
+/*
+ * new_device_store - instantiate a new SPI device from userspace
+ *
+ * Takes parameters: <modalias> <chip_select> [<max_speed_hz> [<mode>]]
+ *
+ * Examples:
+ * echo spidev 0 > new_device
+ * echo spidev 0 10000000 > new_device
+ * echo spidev 0 10000000 3 > new_device
+ */
+static ssize_t
+new_device_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
+ const char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+ struct spi_controller *ctlr = container_of(dev, struct spi_controller,
+ dev);
+ struct spi_device *spi;
+ char modalias[SPI_NAME_SIZE];
+ unsigned int chip_select;
+ u32 max_speed_hz = 0;
+ u32 mode = 0;
+ char *blank;
+ int status;
+
+ blank = strchr(buf, ' ');
+ if (!blank) {
+ dev_err(dev, "new_device: Missing parameters\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ if (blank == buf || blank - buf > SPI_NAME_SIZE - 1) {
+ dev_err(dev, "new_device: Invalid device name\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ memset(modalias, 0, sizeof(modalias));
+ memcpy(modalias, buf, blank - buf);
+
+ /*
+ * sscanf fills only the fields it matches; unmatched optional
+ * fields (max_speed_hz, mode) stay zero from initialisation above.
+ * max_speed_hz == 0 is clamped to the controller max by spi_setup().
+ * mode == 0 selects SPI mode 0 (CPOL=0, CPHA=0).
+ */
+ if (sscanf(++blank, "%u %u %u", &chip_select, &max_speed_hz, &mode) < 1) {
+ dev_err(dev, "new_device: Can't parse chip select\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * spi_device.chip_select[] is u8, so cap at U8_MAX independently of
+ * ctlr->num_chipselect (which is u16 and may exceed 255). Without
+ * this, values in (U8_MAX, num_chipselect) would silently truncate
+ * inside spi_set_chipselect() and select the wrong CS.
+ */
+ if (chip_select > U8_MAX || chip_select >= ctlr->num_chipselect) {
+ dev_err(dev, "new_device: Chip select %u out of range (num_chipselect=%u)\n",
+ chip_select, ctlr->num_chipselect);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Reject kernel-internal mode bits (SPI_NO_TX, SPI_NO_RX,
+ * SPI_TPM_HW_FLOW, ...). These are set only by in-kernel drivers
+ * that know they are safe on their controller/device pair and must
+ * not be settable through a userspace-writable sysfs. Matches
+ * spidev's SPI_IOC_WR_MODE32 handling (drivers/spi/spidev.c).
+ */
+ if (mode & ~(u32)SPI_MODE_USER_MASK) {
+ dev_err(dev, "new_device: Invalid mode bits 0x%x\n",
+ mode & ~(u32)SPI_MODE_USER_MASK);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ spi = spi_alloc_device(ctlr);
+ if (!spi)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ spi_set_chipselect(spi, 0, chip_select);
+ spi->max_speed_hz = max_speed_hz;
+ spi->mode = mode;
+ spi->cs_index_mask = BIT(0);
+ strscpy(spi->modalias, modalias, sizeof(spi->modalias));
+
+ /*
+ * Set driver_override so that the device binds to the driver
+ * named by modalias regardless of whether that driver's
+ * id_table contains a matching entry. This is needed because
+ * some drivers (e.g. spidev) deliberately omit generic names
+ * from their id_table.
+ */
+ status = device_set_driver_override(&spi->dev, modalias);
+ if (status) {
+ spi_dev_put(spi);
+ return status;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * spi_unregister_controller() removes the new_device/delete_device
+ * sysfs group before taking add_lock, so kernfs_drain() has already
+ * completed by the time we get here and we cannot be racing with
+ * teardown. Take add_lock to serialise the __spi_add_device() and
+ * list insertion with respect to non-sysfs callers of
+ * __spi_add_device() (DT/ACPI, ancillary), which check
+ * device_is_registered(&ctlr->dev) under the same lock.
+ */
+ mutex_lock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+
+ status = __spi_add_device(spi, NULL);
+ if (status) {
+ mutex_unlock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+ spi_dev_put(spi);
+ return status;
+ }
+
+ list_add_tail(&spi->userspace_node, &ctlr->userspace_clients);
+ mutex_unlock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+
+ dev_info(dev, "new_device: Instantiated device %s at CS%u\n",
+ modalias, chip_select);
+ return count;
+}
+static DEVICE_ATTR_IGNORE_LOCKDEP(new_device, 0200, NULL, new_device_store);
+
+static ssize_t
+delete_device_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
+ const char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+ struct spi_controller *ctlr = container_of(dev, struct spi_controller,
+ dev);
+ struct spi_device *spi, *next;
+ unsigned short cs;
+ char end;
+ int res;
+
+ res = sscanf(buf, "%hu%c", &cs, &end);
+ if (res < 1) {
+ dev_err(dev, "delete_device: Can't parse chip select\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+ if (res > 1 && end != '\n') {
+ dev_err(dev, "delete_device: Unexpected parameters\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ res = -ENOENT;
+ mutex_lock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry_safe(spi, next, &ctlr->userspace_clients,
+ userspace_node) {
+ if (spi_get_chipselect(spi, 0) == cs) {
+ dev_info(dev, "delete_device: Deleting device %s at CS%u\n",
+ spi->modalias, cs);
+ list_del(&spi->userspace_node);
+ spi_unregister_device(spi);
+ res = count;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ mutex_unlock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+
+ if (res < 0)
+ dev_err(dev, "delete_device: Can't find device in list\n");
+ return res;
+}
+static DEVICE_ATTR_IGNORE_LOCKDEP(delete_device, 0200, NULL,
+ delete_device_store);
+
+static struct attribute *spi_controller_userspace_attrs[] = {
+ &dev_attr_new_device.attr,
+ &dev_attr_delete_device.attr,
+ NULL,
+};
+
+static const struct attribute_group spi_controller_userspace_group = {
+ .attrs = spi_controller_userspace_attrs,
+};
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC */
+
+/*
+ * spi_controller_userspace_group is registered manually for host controllers
+ * at the end of spi_register_controller() so new_device/delete_device only
+ * appear after DT/ACPI children and the queue are set up.
+ */
static const struct attribute_group *spi_controller_groups[] = {
&spi_controller_statistics_group,
NULL,
@@ -3259,6 +3446,9 @@ struct spi_controller *__spi_alloc_controller(struct device *dev,
mutex_init(&ctlr->bus_lock_mutex);
mutex_init(&ctlr->io_mutex);
mutex_init(&ctlr->add_lock);
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctlr->userspace_clients);
+#endif
ctlr->bus_num = -1;
ctlr->num_chipselect = 1;
ctlr->num_data_lanes = 1;
@@ -3552,6 +3742,29 @@ int spi_register_controller(struct spi_controller *ctlr)
of_register_spi_devices(ctlr);
acpi_register_spi_devices(ctlr);
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ /*
+ * Register the new_device/delete_device sysfs interface as the
+ * final step of host controller bringup, only after the queue,
+ * boardinfo matching and DT/ACPI enumeration have all completed.
+ * If this fails, the controller is otherwise usable, so log and
+ * carry on rather than tearing everything down.
+ */
+ if (!spi_controller_is_target(ctlr)) {
+ status = sysfs_create_group(&ctlr->dev.kobj,
+ &spi_controller_userspace_group);
+ if (status) {
+ dev_warn(&ctlr->dev,
+ "Failed to create userspace client interface: %d\n",
+ status);
+ } else {
+ ctlr->userspace_registered = true;
+ /* Notify userspace that the new attributes are available. */
+ kobject_uevent(&ctlr->dev.kobj, KOBJ_CHANGE);
+ }
+ }
+#endif
+
return 0;
del_ctrl:
@@ -3616,10 +3829,43 @@ void spi_unregister_controller(struct spi_controller *ctlr)
struct spi_controller *found;
int id = ctlr->bus_num;
+ /*
+ * Drain in-flight new_device/delete_device sysfs stores and
+ * prevent new ones from starting. Must happen before we take
+ * add_lock so kernfs_drain doesn't wait on a store that is
+ * itself blocked on add_lock.
+ */
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ if (ctlr->userspace_registered) {
+ sysfs_remove_group(&ctlr->dev.kobj,
+ &spi_controller_userspace_group);
+ ctlr->userspace_registered = false;
+ }
+#endif
+
/* Prevent addition of new devices, unregister existing ones */
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC))
mutex_lock(&ctlr->add_lock);
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ /*
+ * Drain userspace_clients before __unregister since
+ * spi_unregister_device() doesn't do list_del() itself. The
+ * userspace sysfs group has already been removed above and
+ * kernfs_drain() has completed, so no new entries can appear
+ * here.
+ */
+ while (!list_empty(&ctlr->userspace_clients)) {
+ struct spi_device *spi;
+
+ spi = list_first_entry(&ctlr->userspace_clients,
+ struct spi_device,
+ userspace_node);
+ list_del(&spi->userspace_node);
+ spi_unregister_device(spi);
+ }
+#endif
+
device_for_each_child(&ctlr->dev, NULL, __unregister);
/* First make sure that this controller was ever added */
diff --git a/include/linux/spi/spi.h b/include/linux/spi/spi.h
index 4c285d3ede1d..88d17fce02dc 100644
--- a/include/linux/spi/spi.h
+++ b/include/linux/spi/spi.h
@@ -179,6 +179,8 @@ extern void spi_transfer_cs_change_delay_exec(struct spi_message *msg,
* @num_tx_lanes: Number of transmit lanes wired up.
* @rx_lane_map: Map of peripheral lanes (index) to controller lanes (value).
* @num_rx_lanes: Number of receive lanes wired up.
+ * @userspace_node: entry on the parent controller's userspace_clients list
+ * when this device was instantiated via the sysfs new_device interface
*
* A @spi_device is used to interchange data between an SPI target device
* (usually a discrete chip) and CPU memory.
@@ -252,6 +254,10 @@ struct spi_device {
u8 rx_lane_map[SPI_DEVICE_DATA_LANE_CNT_MAX];
u8 num_rx_lanes;
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ struct list_head userspace_node;
+#endif
+
/*
* Likely need more hooks for more protocol options affecting how
* the controller talks to each chip, like:
@@ -555,6 +561,11 @@ extern struct spi_device *devm_spi_new_ancillary_device(struct spi_device *spi,
* @defer_optimize_message: set to true if controller cannot pre-optimize messages
* and needs to defer the optimization step until the message is actually
* being transferred
+ * @userspace_clients: list of SPI devices instantiated from userspace via
+ * the sysfs new_device interface; protected by @add_lock
+ * @userspace_registered: true once the new_device/delete_device sysfs
+ * group has been added by spi_register_controller(); used by
+ * spi_unregister_controller() to know whether to remove it
*
* Each SPI controller can communicate with one or more @spi_device
* children. These make a small bus, sharing MOSI, MISO and SCK signals
@@ -807,6 +818,13 @@ struct spi_controller {
bool queue_empty;
bool must_async;
bool defer_optimize_message;
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SPI_DYNAMIC)
+ /* List of userspace-instantiated devices; protected by @add_lock */
+ struct list_head userspace_clients;
+ /* True after new_device/delete_device sysfs group is created */
+ bool userspace_registered;
+#endif
};
static inline void *spi_controller_get_devdata(struct spi_controller *ctlr)
--
2.17.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread* [PATCH v9 2/2] docs: spi: add documentation for userspace device instantiation
2026-08-03 10:46 [PATCH v9 0/2] spi: add new_device/delete_device sysfs interface Vishwaroop A
2026-08-03 10:46 ` [PATCH v9 1/2] " Vishwaroop A
@ 2026-08-03 10:46 ` Vishwaroop A
2026-08-06 18:14 ` [PATCH v9 0/2] spi: add new_device/delete_device sysfs interface Mark Brown
2 siblings, 0 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Vishwaroop A @ 2026-08-03 10:46 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: broonie
Cc: linux-spi, jonathanh, thierry.reding, corbet, linux-doc,
smangipudi, va
Document the new_device and delete_device sysfs attributes on SPI
controllers:
- Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst: describes when and
why this interface is needed, accepted parameters, usage examples,
and limitations.
- Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master: formal ABI
entry for both attributes.
Signed-off-by: Vishwaroop A <va@nvidia.com>
---
.../ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master | 34 +++++++
Documentation/spi/index.rst | 1 +
Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst | 88 +++++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 123 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master
create mode 100644 Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0a524fcd96d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-spi-master
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+What: /sys/class/spi_master/spiB/new_device
+Date: July 2026
+KernelVersion: 7.3
+Contact: linux-spi@vger.kernel.org
+Description: (WO) Instantiate a new SPI device on bus B, where B
+ is the bus number (0, 1, 2, ...). Takes parameters
+ in the format:
+
+ <modalias> <chip_select> [<max_speed_hz> [<mode>]]
+
+ where modalias is the driver name, chip_select is the
+ CS line number, and max_speed_hz and mode are optional.
+
+ The device can later be removed with delete_device.
+
+ Only devices created via this interface can be removed
+ with delete_device; platform and DT devices are not
+ affected.
+
+ Example:
+ # echo spidev 0 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/new_device
+ # echo spidev 0 10000000 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/new_device
+ # echo spidev 0 10000000 3 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/new_device
+
+What: /sys/class/spi_master/spiB/delete_device
+Date: July 2026
+KernelVersion: 7.3
+Contact: linux-spi@vger.kernel.org
+Description: (WO) Remove a SPI device previously created via
+ new_device. Takes a single parameter: the chip select
+ number of the device to remove.
+
+ Example:
+ # echo 0 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/delete_device
diff --git a/Documentation/spi/index.rst b/Documentation/spi/index.rst
index ac0c2233ce48..3f723e2c07da 100644
--- a/Documentation/spi/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/spi/index.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
:maxdepth: 1
spi-summary
+ instantiating-devices
spidev
multiple-data-lanes
butterfly
diff --git a/Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst b/Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ec07353b425d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/spi/instantiating-devices.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==============================
+How to instantiate SPI devices
+==============================
+
+SPI devices are normally declared statically via device-tree, ACPI, or
+board files. When the SPI controller is registered, these devices are
+instantiated automatically by the SPI core. This is the preferred method
+for any device with a proper kernel driver.
+
+Instantiate from user-space
+---------------------------
+
+In certain cases a SPI device cannot be declared statically:
+
+* The ``spidev`` driver, which provides raw userspace access to SPI
+ buses, explicitly rejects the bare ``"spidev"`` compatible string in
+ device-tree because spidev is a Linux implementation detail, not a
+ hardware description. Vendor-specific compatible strings for spidev
+ (e.g. ``"vendor,board-spidev"``) are also generally not accepted
+ upstream. Device-tree overlays do not help here either, since the
+ spidev driver performs the same compatible check regardless of how
+ the DT node was loaded.
+
+* You are developing or testing a SPI device on a development board
+ where the SPI bus is exposed on expansion headers, and the connected
+ device may change frequently.
+
+For these cases, a sysfs interface is provided on each SPI host controller
+(similar to the I2C ``new_device``/``delete_device`` interface described
+in Documentation/i2c/instantiating-devices.rst). Two write-only
+attribute files are created in every SPI host controller directory:
+``new_device`` and ``delete_device``.
+
+File ``new_device`` takes 2 to 4 parameters: the name of the SPI
+device (a string), the chip select number, and optionally
+``max_speed_hz`` and ``mode``::
+
+ <modalias> <chip_select> [<max_speed_hz> [<mode>]]
+
+The modalias is set both as the device's ``modalias`` field and as its
+``driver_override``. This ensures that the device binds to the named
+driver directly, bypassing the normal bus matching logic (OF, ACPI,
+and ``id_table``). This is necessary because drivers like ``spidev``
+deliberately exclude generic names from their ``id_table``.
+
+If ``max_speed_hz`` is omitted or 0, ``spi_setup()`` clamps it to
+the controller's maximum speed. If ``mode`` is omitted, SPI mode 0
+(CPOL=0, CPHA=0) is used.
+
+File ``delete_device`` takes a single parameter: the chip select
+number. As no two devices can share a chip select on a given SPI bus,
+the chip select is sufficient to uniquely identify the device.
+
+Examples::
+
+ # Create a spidev device on SPI bus 0, chip select 0
+ echo spidev 0 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/new_device
+
+ # Create with explicit clock rate and SPI mode
+ echo spidev 0 10000000 3 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/new_device
+
+ # Remove the device
+ echo 0 > /sys/class/spi_master/spi0/delete_device
+
+The attributes are added after the host controller and its firmware-described
+devices have been registered. Their addition emits a ``change`` uevent,
+allowing a udev rule to write to ``new_device`` when the interface is ready.
+
+Limitations
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Devices created through this interface have the following limitations
+compared to devices declared via device-tree:
+
+* No interrupt (IRQ) support.
+* No additional properties such as ``spi-max-frequency`` DT bindings
+ or controller-specific configuration.
+* No platform data or software nodes.
+
+For ``spidev`` usage these limitations are not relevant, since spidev
+provides a raw byte-level interface that does not require any of these
+features.
+
+Only devices created via ``new_device`` can be removed through
+``delete_device``. Devices declared via device-tree, ACPI, or board
+files are not affected by this interface.
--
2.17.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread