[RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[Aakarsh Jain]

CoCo guests (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX) require large swiotlb pools for
streaming DMA workloads such as high-speed NIC and AI accelerator
inference. The existing swiotlb pool allocator restricts placement to
low memory (below 4GB by default), capping usable pool size at ~1GB even
when a larger pool is requested via swiotlb=<nslabs>.

The SWIOTLB_ANY flag already exists to lift this restriction, and
swiotlb_init_remap() already handles it correctly via the flags
parameter (see CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC path: io_tlb_default_mem.phys_limit
is set to virt_to_phys(high_memory-1) when SWIOTLB_ANY is set).

However, there is no way to set SWIOTLB_ANY from the command line. The
only existing mechanism was via arch-specific code (e.g. powerpc SVM sets
SWIOTLB_ANY in pci_iommu_init). x86 CoCo guests have no such path.

After Aneesh  series ("dma-mapping: Track shared DMA state through
direct, pool and swiotlb paths", https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-arm-kernel/cover/20260701054926.825925-1-aneesh.kumar@kernel.org/)
removes SWIOTLB_FORCE, x86 pci_swiotlb_detect() leaves x86_swiotlb_flags = 0 for
CoCo guests. The pool falls back to low memory and caps at ~1GB:

  Without "any": pool at 0x35a9c000 (~900MB, below 4GB boundary)
  With    "any": pool at 0x1df9c00000 (~120GB, anywhere in RAM)
  [Tested on AMD SEV-SNP guest, swiotlb=4194304]

Add "any" as a new keyword to the swiotlb= kernel parameter. This is an
explicit, opt-in mechanism that sets SWIOTLB_ANY for the default pool at
boot time, without touching any arch-specific code.

Devices with 32-bit DMA masks are not affected, they still use the normal
low-memory bounce buffer path. The "any" option is only meaningful for
workloads where all active DMA devices have 64-bit masks.

Signed-off-by: Aakarsh Jain <aakarsh.jain@oss.qualcomm.com>
---
 Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 5 ++++-
 kernel/dma/swiotlb.c                            | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
index b5493a7f8f22..8a1fccbd9b25 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -7477,7 +7477,7 @@ Kernel parameters
 			Execution Facility on pSeries.
 
 	swiotlb=	[ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY]
-			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
+			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce | any}
 			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
 			<int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
 				 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
@@ -7485,6 +7485,9 @@ Kernel parameters
 			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
 			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
 			noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
+			any --  Allow the swiotlb pool to be placed anywhere in
+				system RAM, lifting the default low-memory (4GB)
+				restriction.
 
 	switches=	[HW,M68k,EARLY]
 
diff --git a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
index 1abd3e6146f4..34773ae7c770 100644
--- a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
+++ b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct io_tlb_slot {
 
 static bool swiotlb_force_bounce;
 static bool swiotlb_force_disable;
+static unsigned int swiotlb_param_flags __initdata;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
 
@@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ setup_io_tlb_npages(char *str)
 		swiotlb_force_bounce = true;
 	else if (!strcmp(str, "noforce"))
 		swiotlb_force_disable = true;
+	else if (!strcmp(str, "any"))
+		swiotlb_param_flags |= SWIOTLB_ANY;
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
 
 	io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
 
+	flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
 	if (!remap)
 		io_tlb_default_mem.can_grow = true;
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[Aakarsh Jain]

On 7/8/2026 5:12 PM, Aakarsh Jain wrote:
> CoCo guests (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX) require large swiotlb pools for
> streaming DMA workloads such as high-speed NIC and AI accelerator
> inference. The existing swiotlb pool allocator restricts placement to
> low memory (below 4GB by default), capping usable pool size at ~1GB even
> when a larger pool is requested via swiotlb=<nslabs>.
> 
> The SWIOTLB_ANY flag already exists to lift this restriction, and
> swiotlb_init_remap() already handles it correctly via the flags
> parameter (see CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC path: io_tlb_default_mem.phys_limit
> is set to virt_to_phys(high_memory-1) when SWIOTLB_ANY is set).
> 
> However, there is no way to set SWIOTLB_ANY from the command line. The
> only existing mechanism was via arch-specific code (e.g. powerpc SVM sets
> SWIOTLB_ANY in pci_iommu_init). x86 CoCo guests have no such path.
> 
> After Aneesh  series ("dma-mapping: Track shared DMA state through
> direct, pool and swiotlb paths", https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-arm-kernel/cover/20260701054926.825925-1-aneesh.kumar@kernel.org/)
> removes SWIOTLB_FORCE, x86 pci_swiotlb_detect() leaves x86_swiotlb_flags = 0 for
> CoCo guests. The pool falls back to low memory and caps at ~1GB:
> 
>    Without "any": pool at 0x35a9c000 (~900MB, below 4GB boundary)
>    With    "any": pool at 0x1df9c00000 (~120GB, anywhere in RAM)
>    [Tested on AMD SEV-SNP guest, swiotlb=4194304]
> 
> Add "any" as a new keyword to the swiotlb= kernel parameter. This is an
> explicit, opt-in mechanism that sets SWIOTLB_ANY for the default pool at
> boot time, without touching any arch-specific code.
> 
> Devices with 32-bit DMA masks are not affected, they still use the normal
> low-memory bounce buffer path. The "any" option is only meaningful for
> workloads where all active DMA devices have 64-bit masks.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Aakarsh Jain <aakarsh.jain@oss.qualcomm.com>
> ---
>   Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 5 ++++-
>   kernel/dma/swiotlb.c                            | 5 +++++
>   2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> index b5493a7f8f22..8a1fccbd9b25 100644
> --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> @@ -7477,7 +7477,7 @@ Kernel parameters
>   			Execution Facility on pSeries.
>   
>   	swiotlb=	[ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY]
> -			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
> +			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce | any}
>   			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
>   			<int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
>   				 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
> @@ -7485,6 +7485,9 @@ Kernel parameters
>   			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
>   			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
>   			noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
> +			any --  Allow the swiotlb pool to be placed anywhere in
> +				system RAM, lifting the default low-memory (4GB)
> +				restriction.
>   
>   	switches=	[HW,M68k,EARLY]
>   
> diff --git a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> index 1abd3e6146f4..34773ae7c770 100644
> --- a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> +++ b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> @@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct io_tlb_slot {
>   
>   static bool swiotlb_force_bounce;
>   static bool swiotlb_force_disable;
> +static unsigned int swiotlb_param_flags __initdata;
>   
>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>   
> @@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ setup_io_tlb_npages(char *str)
>   		swiotlb_force_bounce = true;
>   	else if (!strcmp(str, "noforce"))
>   		swiotlb_force_disable = true;
> +	else if (!strcmp(str, "any"))
> +		swiotlb_param_flags |= SWIOTLB_ANY;
>   
>   	return 0;
>   }
> @@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
>   
>   	io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
>   
> +	flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
> +
>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>   	if (!remap)
>   		io_tlb_default_mem.can_grow = true;


One correction to the commit message:

The testing was performed with:

   swiotlb=4194304,any

and not:

   swiotlb=4194304

The larger swiotlb pool allocation above the 4GB boundary was observed
with the "any" option enabled.


 From kernel dmesg logs:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dmesg | grep -i sev
[   21.191917] Memory Encryption Features active: AMD SEV SEV-ES SEV-SNP
[   21.192883] SEV: Status: SEV SEV-ES SEV-SNP
[   21.401897] SEV: APIC: wakeup_secondary_cpu() replaced with 
wakeup_cpu_via_vmgexit()
[   22.117267] SEV: Using SNP CPUID table, 28 entries present.
[   22.117884] SEV: SNP running at VMPL0.
[   24.164260] SEV: SNP guest platform devices initialized.
[   28.815142] systemd[1]: Detected confidential virtualization sev-snp.
[   30.063831] sev-guest sev-guest: Initialized SEV guest driver (using 
VMPCK0 communication key)
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dmesg | grep -i "IO TLB"
[    6.743607] software IO TLB: area num 4.
[   24.164169] software IO TLB: mapped [mem 
0x0000001df9c00000-0x0000001ff9c00000] (8192MB)
[   24.331266] software IO TLB: Memory encryption is active and system 
is using DMA bounce buffers

Thanks,
Aakarsh

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[Marek Szyprowski]

On 08.07.2026 13:42, Aakarsh Jain wrote:
> CoCo guests (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX) require large swiotlb pools for
> streaming DMA workloads such as high-speed NIC and AI accelerator
> inference. The existing swiotlb pool allocator restricts placement to
> low memory (below 4GB by default), capping usable pool size at ~1GB even
> when a larger pool is requested via swiotlb=<nslabs>.
>
> The SWIOTLB_ANY flag already exists to lift this restriction, and
> swiotlb_init_remap() already handles it correctly via the flags
> parameter (see CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC path: io_tlb_default_mem.phys_limit
> is set to virt_to_phys(high_memory-1) when SWIOTLB_ANY is set).
>
> However, there is no way to set SWIOTLB_ANY from the command line. The
> only existing mechanism was via arch-specific code (e.g. powerpc SVM sets
> SWIOTLB_ANY in pci_iommu_init). x86 CoCo guests have no such path.
>
> After Aneesh  series ("dma-mapping: Track shared DMA state through
> direct, pool and swiotlb paths", https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-arm-kernel/cover/20260701054926.825925-1-aneesh.kumar@kernel.org/)
> removes SWIOTLB_FORCE, x86 pci_swiotlb_detect() leaves x86_swiotlb_flags = 0 for
> CoCo guests. The pool falls back to low memory and caps at ~1GB:
>
>   Without "any": pool at 0x35a9c000 (~900MB, below 4GB boundary)
>   With    "any": pool at 0x1df9c00000 (~120GB, anywhere in RAM)
>   [Tested on AMD SEV-SNP guest, swiotlb=4194304]


Do we really need a new option for that? Doesn't this simply mean that
x86_swiotlb_flags should be always set to "any" for CoCo guests?


> Add "any" as a new keyword to the swiotlb= kernel parameter. This is an
> explicit, opt-in mechanism that sets SWIOTLB_ANY for the default pool at
> boot time, without touching any arch-specific code.
>
> Devices with 32-bit DMA masks are not affected, they still use the normal
> low-memory bounce buffer path. The "any" option is only meaningful for
> workloads where all active DMA devices have 64-bit masks.
>
> Signed-off-by: Aakarsh Jain <aakarsh.jain@oss.qualcomm.com>
> ---
>  Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 5 ++++-
>  kernel/dma/swiotlb.c                            | 5 +++++
>  2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> index b5493a7f8f22..8a1fccbd9b25 100644
> --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> @@ -7477,7 +7477,7 @@ Kernel parameters
>  			Execution Facility on pSeries.
>  
>  	swiotlb=	[ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY]
> -			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
> +			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce | any}
>  			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
>  			<int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
>  				 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
> @@ -7485,6 +7485,9 @@ Kernel parameters
>  			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
>  			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
>  			noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
> +			any --  Allow the swiotlb pool to be placed anywhere in
> +				system RAM, lifting the default low-memory (4GB)
> +				restriction.
>  
>  	switches=	[HW,M68k,EARLY]
>  
> diff --git a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> index 1abd3e6146f4..34773ae7c770 100644
> --- a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> +++ b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> @@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct io_tlb_slot {
>  
>  static bool swiotlb_force_bounce;
>  static bool swiotlb_force_disable;
> +static unsigned int swiotlb_param_flags __initdata;
>  
>  #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>  
> @@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ setup_io_tlb_npages(char *str)
>  		swiotlb_force_bounce = true;
>  	else if (!strcmp(str, "noforce"))
>  		swiotlb_force_disable = true;
> +	else if (!strcmp(str, "any"))
> +		swiotlb_param_flags |= SWIOTLB_ANY;
>  
>  	return 0;
>  }
> @@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
>  
>  	io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
>  
> +	flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
> +
>  #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>  	if (!remap)
>  		io_tlb_default_mem.can_grow = true;

Best regards
-- 
Marek Szyprowski, PhD
Samsung R&D Institute Poland

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[Robin Murphy]

On 08/07/2026 12:42 pm, Aakarsh Jain wrote:
> CoCo guests (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX) require large swiotlb pools for
> streaming DMA workloads such as high-speed NIC and AI accelerator
> inference. The existing swiotlb pool allocator restricts placement to
> low memory (below 4GB by default), capping usable pool size at ~1GB even
> when a larger pool is requested via swiotlb=<nslabs>.
> 
> The SWIOTLB_ANY flag already exists to lift this restriction, and
> swiotlb_init_remap() already handles it correctly via the flags
> parameter (see CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC path: io_tlb_default_mem.phys_limit
> is set to virt_to_phys(high_memory-1) when SWIOTLB_ANY is set).
> 
> However, there is no way to set SWIOTLB_ANY from the command line. The
> only existing mechanism was via arch-specific code (e.g. powerpc SVM sets
> SWIOTLB_ANY in pci_iommu_init). x86 CoCo guests have no such path.
> 
> After Aneesh  series ("dma-mapping: Track shared DMA state through
> direct, pool and swiotlb paths", https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-arm-kernel/cover/20260701054926.825925-1-aneesh.kumar@kernel.org/)
> removes SWIOTLB_FORCE, x86 pci_swiotlb_detect() leaves x86_swiotlb_flags = 0 for
> CoCo guests. The pool falls back to low memory and caps at ~1GB:

This is entirely irrelevant; SWIOTLB_FORCE has no impact on allocation 
behaviour anyway. x86 wasn't passing SWIOTLB_ANY before and it still 
isn't, although there doesn't seem to be any particular reason why the 
well-reviewed patch for that hasn't been picked up:

https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20260625012616.2992535-1-jun.miao@intel.com/

>    Without "any": pool at 0x35a9c000 (~900MB, below 4GB boundary)
>    With    "any": pool at 0x1df9c00000 (~120GB, anywhere in RAM)
>    [Tested on AMD SEV-SNP guest, swiotlb=4194304]
> 
> Add "any" as a new keyword to the swiotlb= kernel parameter. This is an
> explicit, opt-in mechanism that sets SWIOTLB_ANY for the default pool at
> boot time, without touching any arch-specific code.
> 
> Devices with 32-bit DMA masks are not affected, they still use the normal
> low-memory bounce buffer path. The "any" option is only meaningful for
> workloads where all active DMA devices have 64-bit masks.

That doesn't make any sense - if a user passes this option then any 
devices with DMA addressing limitations definitely *are* going to be 
affected, and quite likely broken altogether. If anything, the 
documentation should be even more explicit that this should only be used 
if you do know for sure that no devices have DMA addressing limitations.

As a general SWIOTLB-behaviour-debugging option for orthogonality with 
force/noforce I'm not opposed to the idea, but it is definitely not 
something that real CoCo use-cases should rely on - if the general 
consensus if that CoCo environments want a different setup by default 
then the arch/CoCo code should be taking care of that.

Thanks,
Robin.

> Signed-off-by: Aakarsh Jain <aakarsh.jain@oss.qualcomm.com>
> ---
>   Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 5 ++++-
>   kernel/dma/swiotlb.c                            | 5 +++++
>   2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> index b5493a7f8f22..8a1fccbd9b25 100644
> --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> @@ -7477,7 +7477,7 @@ Kernel parameters
>   			Execution Facility on pSeries.
>   
>   	swiotlb=	[ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY]
> -			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
> +			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce | any}
>   			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
>   			<int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
>   				 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
> @@ -7485,6 +7485,9 @@ Kernel parameters
>   			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
>   			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
>   			noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
> +			any --  Allow the swiotlb pool to be placed anywhere in
> +				system RAM, lifting the default low-memory (4GB)
> +				restriction.
>   
>   	switches=	[HW,M68k,EARLY]
>   
> diff --git a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> index 1abd3e6146f4..34773ae7c770 100644
> --- a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> +++ b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
> @@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct io_tlb_slot {
>   
>   static bool swiotlb_force_bounce;
>   static bool swiotlb_force_disable;
> +static unsigned int swiotlb_param_flags __initdata;
>   
>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>   
> @@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ setup_io_tlb_npages(char *str)
>   		swiotlb_force_bounce = true;
>   	else if (!strcmp(str, "noforce"))
>   		swiotlb_force_disable = true;
> +	else if (!strcmp(str, "any"))
> +		swiotlb_param_flags |= SWIOTLB_ANY;
>   
>   	return 0;
>   }
> @@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
>   
>   	io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
>   
> +	flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
> +
>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>   	if (!remap)
>   		io_tlb_default_mem.can_grow = true;

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[Aakarsh Jain]

Thanks Robin, Marek for the review.

On 7/9/2026 5:58 PM, Robin Murphy wrote:
> On 08/07/2026 12:42 pm, Aakarsh Jain wrote:
>> CoCo guests (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX) require large swiotlb pools for
>> streaming DMA workloads such as high-speed NIC and AI accelerator
>> inference. The existing swiotlb pool allocator restricts placement to
>> low memory (below 4GB by default), capping usable pool size at ~1GB even
>> when a larger pool is requested via swiotlb=<nslabs>.
>>
>> The SWIOTLB_ANY flag already exists to lift this restriction, and
>> swiotlb_init_remap() already handles it correctly via the flags
>> parameter (see CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC path: io_tlb_default_mem.phys_limit
>> is set to virt_to_phys(high_memory-1) when SWIOTLB_ANY is set).
>>
>> However, there is no way to set SWIOTLB_ANY from the command line. The
>> only existing mechanism was via arch-specific code (e.g. powerpc SVM sets
>> SWIOTLB_ANY in pci_iommu_init). x86 CoCo guests have no such path.
>>
>> After Aneesh  series ("dma-mapping: Track shared DMA state through
>> direct, pool and swiotlb paths", https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/ 
>> linux-arm-kernel/cover/20260701054926.825925-1-aneesh.kumar@kernel.org/)
>> removes SWIOTLB_FORCE, x86 pci_swiotlb_detect() leaves 
>> x86_swiotlb_flags = 0 for
>> CoCo guests. The pool falls back to low memory and caps at ~1GB:
> 
> This is entirely irrelevant; SWIOTLB_FORCE has no impact on allocation 
> behaviour anyway. x86 wasn't passing SWIOTLB_ANY before and it still 
> isn't, although there doesn't seem to be any particular reason why the 
> well-reviewed patch for that hasn't been picked up:
> 
> https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20260625012616.2992535-1-jun.miao@intel.com/
> 
You are right my commit message incorrectly tied SWIOTLB_FORCE removal 
to pool placement. SWIOTLB_FORCE only controls whether bounce buffering 
is forced at runtime, it has no bearing on where the pool is allocated. 
Placement is governed solely by SWIOTLB_ANY. I'll drop that paragraph 
entirely.
I see both you and Marek are pointing to this patch, which fixes the 
issue architecturally. I'm happy to help get that landed instead of 
adding a user facing knob. My only hesitation is the 32-bit concern below:
auto-enabling SWIOTLB_ANY for *all* CoCo guests carries the same 
breakage risk for limited-mask devices, which was flagged here:
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/0a08cea7-62a2-4b33-8d8b-dd14b3c74235@amd.com/

>>    Without "any": pool at 0x35a9c000 (~900MB, below 4GB boundary)
>>    With    "any": pool at 0x1df9c00000 (~120GB, anywhere in RAM)
>>    [Tested on AMD SEV-SNP guest, swiotlb=4194304]
>>
>> Add "any" as a new keyword to the swiotlb= kernel parameter. This is an
>> explicit, opt-in mechanism that sets SWIOTLB_ANY for the default pool at
>> boot time, without touching any arch-specific code.
>>
>> Devices with 32-bit DMA masks are not affected, they still use the normal
>> low-memory bounce buffer path. The "any" option is only meaningful for
>> workloads where all active DMA devices have 64-bit masks.
> 
> That doesn't make any sense - if a user passes this option then any 
> devices with DMA addressing limitations definitely *are* going to be 
> affected, and quite likely broken altogether. If anything, the 
> documentation should be even more explicit that this should only be used 
> if you do know for sure that no devices have DMA addressing limitations.
> 
You are correct here too. My statement that "32-bit devices are not 
affected" is wrong. There is a single default pool, once it moves above 
4GB via "any", a device with a <64-bit DMA mask has no reachable bounce 
buffer and will break.
The opt-in nature only means the admin accepted that risk, it does not 
make the risk go away. If this option survives at all, the documentation 
must state the opposite of what I wrote: use it ONLY when you are 
certain no device in the system has DMA addressing limitations.

> As a general SWIOTLB-behaviour-debugging option for orthogonality with 
> force/noforce I'm not opposed to the idea, but it is definitely not 
> something that real CoCo use-cases should rely on - if the general 
> consensus if that CoCo environments want a different setup by default 
> then the arch/CoCo code should be taking care of that.
> 

So my takeaway, this patch, if kept, is at best a debugging knob for 
orthogonality with force/noforce, and not something real CoCo 
deployments should rely on. I'm fine positioning it that way, or 
dropping it.
Which brings me to the actual motivation behind posting this patch.
what should be recommended approach for large streaming DMA workloads in 
CoCo guests(high-speed NIC / AI accelerator inference)?
Is the intended direction to move such drivers to the coherent DMA path 
rather than growing or relocating the SWIOTLB pool?

Thanks,
Aakarsh


> Thanks,
> Robin.
> 
>> Signed-off-by: Aakarsh Jain <aakarsh.jain@oss.qualcomm.com>
>> ---
>>   Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 5 ++++-
>>   kernel/dma/swiotlb.c                            | 5 +++++
>>   2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/ 
>> Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
>> index b5493a7f8f22..8a1fccbd9b25 100644
>> --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
>> +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
>> @@ -7477,7 +7477,7 @@ Kernel parameters
>>               Execution Facility on pSeries.
>>       swiotlb=    [ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY]
>> -            Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
>> +            Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce | any}
>>               <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
>>               <int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
>>                    areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
>> @@ -7485,6 +7485,9 @@ Kernel parameters
>>               force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
>>                        wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
>>               noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
>> +            any --  Allow the swiotlb pool to be placed anywhere in
>> +                system RAM, lifting the default low-memory (4GB)
>> +                restriction.
>>       switches=    [HW,M68k,EARLY]
>> diff --git a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
>> index 1abd3e6146f4..34773ae7c770 100644
>> --- a/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
>> +++ b/kernel/dma/swiotlb.c
>> @@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct io_tlb_slot {
>>   static bool swiotlb_force_bounce;
>>   static bool swiotlb_force_disable;
>> +static unsigned int swiotlb_param_flags __initdata;
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>> @@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ setup_io_tlb_npages(char *str)
>>           swiotlb_force_bounce = true;
>>       else if (!strcmp(str, "noforce"))
>>           swiotlb_force_disable = true;
>> +    else if (!strcmp(str, "any"))
>> +        swiotlb_param_flags |= SWIOTLB_ANY;
>>       return 0;
>>   }
>> @@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
>>       io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
>> +    flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
>> +
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_SWIOTLB_DYNAMIC
>>       if (!remap)
>>           io_tlb_default_mem.can_grow = true;
> 

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[kernel test robot]

Hi Aakarsh,

[This is a private test report for your RFC patch.]
kernel test robot noticed the following build errors:

[auto build test ERROR on akpm-mm/mm-everything]
[also build test ERROR on linus/master v7.2-rc6 next-20260804]
[If your patch is applied to the wrong git tree, kindly drop us a note.
And when submitting patch, we suggest to use '--base' as documented in
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch#_base_tree_information]

url:    https://github.com/intel-lab-lkp/linux/commits/Aakarsh-Jain/x86-pci-dma-add-any-keyword-to-swiotlb-kernel-parameter/20260805-183105
base:   https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm.git mm-everything
patch link:    https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260708114244.246176-1-aakarsh.jain%40oss.qualcomm.com
patch subject: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter
config: powerpc-allmodconfig (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20260805/202608052041.5WmVL4Kf-lkp@intel.com/config)
compiler: powerpc64-linux-gcc (GCC) 16.1.0
reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20260805/202608052041.5WmVL4Kf-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)

If you fix the issue in a separate patch/commit (i.e. not just a new version of
the same patch/commit), kindly add following tags
| Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
| Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202608052041.5WmVL4Kf-lkp@intel.com/

All errors (new ones prefixed by >>):

   kernel/dma/swiotlb.c: In function 'swiotlb_init_late':
>> kernel/dma/swiotlb.c:451:9: error: 'flags' undeclared (first use in this function)
     451 |         flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
         |         ^~~~~
   kernel/dma/swiotlb.c:451:9: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in


vim +/flags +451 kernel/dma/swiotlb.c

   426	
   427	/*
   428	 * Systems with larger DMA zones (those that don't support ISA) can
   429	 * initialize the swiotlb later using the slab allocator if needed.
   430	 * This should be just like above, but with some error catching.
   431	 */
   432	int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
   433			int (*remap)(void *tlb, unsigned long nslabs))
   434	{
   435		struct io_tlb_pool *mem = &io_tlb_default_mem.defpool;
   436		unsigned long nslabs = ALIGN(size >> IO_TLB_SHIFT, IO_TLB_SEGSIZE);
   437		unsigned int nareas;
   438		unsigned char *vstart = NULL;
   439		unsigned int order, area_order;
   440		bool retried = false;
   441		int rc = 0;
   442	
   443		if (io_tlb_default_mem.nslabs)
   444			return 0;
   445	
   446		if (swiotlb_force_disable)
   447			return 0;
   448	
   449		io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
   450	
 > 451		flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
   452	

--
0-DAY CI Kernel Test Service
https://github.com/intel/lkp-tests/wiki

Re: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter

[kernel test robot]

Hi Aakarsh,

[This is a private test report for your RFC patch.]
kernel test robot noticed the following build errors:

[auto build test ERROR on akpm-mm/mm-everything]
[also build test ERROR on linus/master v7.2-rc6 next-20260805]
[If your patch is applied to the wrong git tree, kindly drop us a note.
And when submitting patch, we suggest to use '--base' as documented in
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch#_base_tree_information]

url:    https://github.com/intel-lab-lkp/linux/commits/Aakarsh-Jain/x86-pci-dma-add-any-keyword-to-swiotlb-kernel-parameter/20260805-183105
base:   https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm.git mm-everything
patch link:    https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260708114244.246176-1-aakarsh.jain%40oss.qualcomm.com
patch subject: [RFC PATCH] x86/pci-dma: add "any" keyword to swiotlb= kernel parameter
config: loongarch-defconfig (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20260806/202608061320.CdWO5wPP-lkp@intel.com/config)
compiler: clang version 24.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project 12df34b8469b8095359de8c249cb1b2753fadeea)
reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20260806/202608061320.CdWO5wPP-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)

If you fix the issue in a separate patch/commit (i.e. not just a new version of
the same patch/commit), kindly add following tags
| Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
| Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202608061320.CdWO5wPP-lkp@intel.com/

All errors (new ones prefixed by >>):

>> kernel/dma/swiotlb.c:451:2: error: use of undeclared identifier 'flags'
     451 |         flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
         |         ^~~~~
   1 error generated.


vim +/flags +451 kernel/dma/swiotlb.c

   426	
   427	/*
   428	 * Systems with larger DMA zones (those that don't support ISA) can
   429	 * initialize the swiotlb later using the slab allocator if needed.
   430	 * This should be just like above, but with some error catching.
   431	 */
   432	int swiotlb_init_late(size_t size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
   433			int (*remap)(void *tlb, unsigned long nslabs))
   434	{
   435		struct io_tlb_pool *mem = &io_tlb_default_mem.defpool;
   436		unsigned long nslabs = ALIGN(size >> IO_TLB_SHIFT, IO_TLB_SEGSIZE);
   437		unsigned int nareas;
   438		unsigned char *vstart = NULL;
   439		unsigned int order, area_order;
   440		bool retried = false;
   441		int rc = 0;
   442	
   443		if (io_tlb_default_mem.nslabs)
   444			return 0;
   445	
   446		if (swiotlb_force_disable)
   447			return 0;
   448	
   449		io_tlb_default_mem.force_bounce = swiotlb_force_bounce;
   450	
 > 451		flags |= swiotlb_param_flags;
   452	

--
0-DAY CI Kernel Test Service
https://github.com/intel/lkp-tests/wiki