[PATCH 0/4] Harmony sound card driver for 32-bit PA-RISC machines

[PATCH 0/4] Harmony sound card driver for 32-bit PA-RISC machines

[Helge Deller]

From: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>

Implement the Harmony audio sound chip which is part of the LASI
controller. Used on 715 and B160L machines.

Patch set is on top of the previous series for which I just sent
a pull request.

Helge Deller (1):
  hw/misc: Harmony sound registers now handled by harmony driver

Keith Monahan (3):
  hw/audio: Add HP Harmony audio (LASI audio function, CS4215/AD1849
    codec)
  hw/audio: Wire up the harmony driver in meson and Kconfig
  hw/hppa: Add harmony sound card to HP 715 and B160L machines

 hw/audio/Kconfig           |   3 +
 hw/audio/harmony.c         | 892 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 hw/audio/meson.build       |   1 +
 hw/audio/trace-events      |  10 +
 hw/hppa/Kconfig            |   1 +
 hw/hppa/machine.c          |  24 +
 hw/misc/lasi.c             |  12 +-
 include/hw/audio/harmony.h |  76 ++++
 8 files changed, 1010 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 hw/audio/harmony.c
 create mode 100644 include/hw/audio/harmony.h

-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 1/4] hw/audio: Add HP Harmony audio (LASI audio function, CS4215/AD1849 codec)

[Helge Deller]

From: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org>

Found in the HP 712, HP 715/64-100, HP 725 and B132L-B180L workstations.
Register layout per the "712 I/O Subsystem ERS". Playback and record
each have a pair of 4 KiB page registers (next/current). While the codec
is out of reset a queued next page moves to current as soon as the
current one is done, leaving the "next empty" status bit (PN/RN) set;
DSTATUS.IE only gates that onto the interrupt line.  A direction with no
queued page idles.

Both directions run off the codec's single sample clock.

Signed-off-by: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
---
 hw/audio/harmony.c         | 892 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 hw/audio/trace-events      |  10 +
 include/hw/audio/harmony.h |  76 ++++
 3 files changed, 978 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 hw/audio/harmony.c
 create mode 100644 include/hw/audio/harmony.h

diff --git a/hw/audio/harmony.c b/hw/audio/harmony.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f25d7197d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/audio/harmony.c
@@ -0,0 +1,892 @@
+/*
+ * HP Harmony audio (LASI audio function, CS4215/AD1849 codec)
+ *
+ * Found in the 712, 715/64-100, 725 and B132L-B180L.  Register layout per
+ * the "712 I/O Subsystem ERS".  Playback and record each have a pair of
+ * 4 KiB page registers (next/current).  While the codec is out of reset a
+ * queued next page moves to current as soon as the current one is done,
+ * leaving the "next empty" status bit (PN/RN) set; DSTATUS.IE only gates
+ * that onto the interrupt line.  A direction with no queued page idles.
+ * Both directions run off the codec's single sample clock.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include <math.h>
+#include "qemu/bswap.h"
+#include "qemu/log.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "hw/core/irq.h"
+#include "hw/core/qdev-properties.h"
+#include "hw/audio/harmony.h"
+#include "migration/vmstate.h"
+#include "system/address-spaces.h"
+#include "system/dma.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+#define HARMONY_ID          0x00
+#define HARMONY_RESET       0x04
+#define HARMONY_CNTL        0x08
+#define HARMONY_GAINCTL     0x0c
+#define HARMONY_PNXTADD     0x10
+#define HARMONY_PCURADD     0x14
+#define HARMONY_RNXTADD     0x18
+#define HARMONY_RCURADD     0x1c
+#define HARMONY_DSTATUS     0x20
+#define HARMONY_OV          0x24
+#define HARMONY_PIO         0x28
+#define HARMONY_DIAG        0x3c
+
+#define RESET_RST           0x00000001
+
+#define CNTL_C              0x80000000
+#define CNTL_CODEC_REV_SHIFT 20
+#define CNTL_CODEC_REV_MASK 0x0ff00000
+#define CNTL_FORMAT_SHIFT   6
+#define CNTL_FORMAT_MASK    0x000000c0
+#define CNTL_STEREO         0x00000020
+#define CNTL_RATE_MASK      0x0000001f
+
+#define FMT_S16BE           0
+#define FMT_ULAW            1
+#define FMT_ALAW            2
+#define FMT_U8              3
+
+#define GAINCTL_HE          0x08000000
+#define GAINCTL_LE          0x04000000
+#define GAINCTL_SE          0x02000000
+#define GAINCTL_IS          0x01000000
+#define GAINCTL_IN_R_SHIFT  16
+#define GAINCTL_IN_L_SHIFT  12
+#define GAINCTL_OUT_L_SHIFT 6
+#define GAINCTL_OUT_R_SHIFT 0
+
+#define DSTATUS_IE          0x80000000
+#define DSTATUS_PN          0x00000200
+#define DSTATUS_PC          0x00000100
+#define DSTATUS_RN          0x00000002
+#define DSTATUS_RC          0x00000001
+
+#define OV_OV               0x00000001
+#define PIO_PO              0x00000002
+#define DIAG_CO             0x00000001
+
+/* audio ticks with nothing to transfer before the host voices are stopped */
+#define HARMONY_IDLE_TICKS  5
+
+/* CNTL rate field to sample rate; 0 = reserved encoding */
+static const int harmony_rates[32] = {
+    [0x08] = 8000,  [0x09] = 16000, [0x0a] = 27429, [0x0b] = 32000,
+    [0x0e] = 48000, [0x0f] = 9600,  [0x10] = 5513,  [0x11] = 11025,
+    [0x12] = 18900, [0x13] = 22050, [0x14] = 37800, [0x15] = 44100,
+    [0x16] = 33075, [0x17] = 6615,
+};
+
+/* Q12 input gain, 1.5 dB steps */
+static int32_t harmony_in_gain[16];
+
+static void harmony_init_tables(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+        harmony_in_gain[i] = lrint(4096.0 * pow(10.0, 1.5 * i / 20.0));
+    }
+}
+
+/* G.711 */
+static int16_t ulaw_to_s16(uint8_t u)
+{
+    int t;
+
+    u = ~u;
+    t = ((u & 0x0f) << 3) + 0x84;
+    t <<= (u & 0x70) >> 4;
+    return (u & 0x80) ? (0x84 - t) : (t - 0x84);
+}
+
+static int16_t alaw_to_s16(uint8_t a)
+{
+    int t, seg;
+
+    a ^= 0x55;
+    t = (a & 0x0f) << 4;
+    seg = (a & 0x70) >> 4;
+    if (seg == 0) {
+        t += 8;
+    } else {
+        t = (t + 0x108) << (seg - 1);
+    }
+    return (a & 0x80) ? t : -t;
+}
+
+/* smallest segment whose end ((base << seg) - 1) is >= val */
+static int g711_segment(int val, int base)
+{
+    int seg;
+
+    for (seg = 0; seg < 8; seg++) {
+        if (val < (base << seg)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return seg;
+}
+
+static uint8_t s16_to_ulaw(int16_t s)
+{
+    int val = s >> 2, mask, seg;
+
+    if (val < 0) {
+        val = -val;
+        mask = 0x7f;
+    } else {
+        mask = 0xff;
+    }
+    val = MIN(val, 8159) + 33;
+    seg = g711_segment(val, 0x40);
+    if (seg >= 8) {
+        return 0x7f ^ mask;
+    }
+    return ((seg << 4) | ((val >> (seg + 1)) & 0x0f)) ^ mask;
+}
+
+static uint8_t s16_to_alaw(int16_t s)
+{
+    int val = s >> 3, mask, seg;
+    uint8_t aval;
+
+    if (val >= 0) {
+        mask = 0xd5;
+    } else {
+        mask = 0x55;
+        val = -val - 1;
+    }
+    seg = g711_segment(val, 0x20);
+    if (seg >= 8) {
+        return 0x7f ^ mask;
+    }
+    aval = seg << 4;
+    aval |= (val >> (seg < 2 ? 1 : seg)) & 0x0f;
+    return aval ^ mask;
+}
+
+static int harmony_format(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    return (s->cntl & CNTL_FORMAT_MASK) >> CNTL_FORMAT_SHIFT;
+}
+
+static int harmony_channels(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    return (s->cntl & CNTL_STEREO) ? 2 : 1;
+}
+
+/* guest bytes per frame */
+static int harmony_bpf(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    return (harmony_format(s) == FMT_S16BE ? 2 : 1) * harmony_channels(s);
+}
+
+static int harmony_freq(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    int freq = harmony_rates[s->cntl & CNTL_RATE_MASK];
+
+    return freq ? freq : 8000;
+}
+
+/*
+ * DMA does not stop when IE is cleared: HP-UX stops a stream by leaving
+ * pages queued with IE clear, and on the next open expects to find both
+ * next registers drained (PN and RN set) again.
+ */
+static bool harmony_running(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    return !(s->reset & RESET_RST);
+}
+
+static void harmony_update_irq(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    int level = (s->dstatus & DSTATUS_IE) &&
+                (!s->pnxt_valid || !s->rnxt_valid);
+
+    if (level != s->irq_level) {
+        s->irq_level = level;
+        trace_harmony_irq(level);
+        qemu_set_irq(s->irq, level);
+    }
+}
+
+static void harmony_set_voices(HarmonyState *s, bool out, bool in)
+{
+    if (out != s->out_active) {
+        s->out_active = out;
+        s->starved = false;
+        if (s->voice_out) {
+            audio_be_set_active_out(s->audio_be, s->voice_out, out);
+        }
+    }
+    if (in != s->in_active) {
+        s->in_active = in;
+        s->in_rd = s->in_wr;
+        if (s->voice_in) {
+            audio_be_set_active_in(s->audio_be, s->voice_in, in);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static bool harmony_busy(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    return harmony_running(s) &&
+           (s->pcur_valid || s->pnxt_valid || s->rcur_valid || s->rnxt_valid);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Voices start as soon as there is a page to transfer.  They are stopped
+ * only by harmony_out_cb after a sustained idle spell: drivers leave both
+ * directions empty for a moment at every page boundary, and restarting a
+ * host capture stream that often loses its input.
+ */
+static void harmony_update_active(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    bool out;
+
+    if (!harmony_running(s)) {
+        s->rec_seen = false;
+        harmony_set_voices(s, false, false);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (s->rcur_valid || s->rnxt_valid) {
+        s->rec_seen = true;
+    }
+    out = s->out_active || harmony_busy(s);
+    harmony_set_voices(s, out, out && s->rec_seen);
+}
+
+/* Start the queued next page in any direction that has finished its last */
+static void harmony_load(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    if (!harmony_running(s)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!s->pcur_valid && s->pnxt_valid) {
+        s->pcuradd = s->pnxtadd;
+        s->poff = 0;
+        s->pcur_valid = true;
+        s->pnxt_valid = false;
+        trace_harmony_page("play", s->pcuradd);
+    }
+    if (!s->rcur_valid && s->rnxt_valid) {
+        s->rcuradd = s->rnxtadd;
+        s->roff = 0;
+        s->rcur_valid = true;
+        s->rnxt_valid = false;
+        trace_harmony_page("rec", s->rcuradd);
+    }
+    harmony_update_irq(s);
+}
+
+static int16_t harmony_get_sample(HarmonyState *s, const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    switch (harmony_format(s)) {
+    case FMT_S16BE:
+        return (int16_t)lduw_be_p(p);
+    case FMT_ULAW:
+        return ulaw_to_s16(*p);
+    case FMT_ALAW:
+        return alaw_to_s16(*p);
+    default:
+        return (int16_t)((*p - 0x80) << 8);
+    }
+}
+
+static void harmony_put_sample(HarmonyState *s, uint8_t *p, int16_t v)
+{
+    switch (harmony_format(s)) {
+    case FMT_S16BE:
+        stw_be_p(p, v);
+        break;
+    case FMT_ULAW:
+        *p = s16_to_ulaw(v);
+        break;
+    case FMT_ALAW:
+        *p = s16_to_alaw(v);
+        break;
+    default:
+        *p = (v >> 8) + 0x80;
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Fetch n playback frames from guest memory into out_buf as S16 stereo */
+static void harmony_play_fetch(HarmonyState *s, int n)
+{
+    int bpf = harmony_bpf(s);
+    int bps = harmony_format(s) == FMT_S16BE ? 2 : 1;
+    bool stereo = harmony_channels(s) == 2;
+    int32_t att_l = s->out_att[(s->gainctl >> GAINCTL_OUT_L_SHIFT) & 0x3f];
+    int32_t att_r = s->out_att[(s->gainctl >> GAINCTL_OUT_R_SHIFT) & 0x3f];
+    int i;
+
+    /*
+     * HE/LE/SE are not used to mute the host output: HP-UX 10.20 sets all
+     * three while idle and clears all three for playback, the opposite of
+     * the "enable" reading in the Linux and BSD drivers.  The host output
+     * stands for whichever jack is in use; attenuation still applies.
+     */
+    if (!s->pcur_valid) {
+        memset(s->out_buf, 0, n * 4);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    dma_memory_read(&address_space_memory, s->pcuradd + s->poff,
+                    s->dma_buf, n * bpf, MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        const uint8_t *p = s->dma_buf + i * bpf;
+        int16_t l = harmony_get_sample(s, p);
+        int16_t r = stereo ? harmony_get_sample(s, p + bps) : l;
+
+        s->out_buf[2 * i] = MIN(MAX((l * att_l) >> 15, INT16_MIN), INT16_MAX);
+        s->out_buf[2 * i + 1] = MIN(MAX((r * att_r) >> 15, INT16_MIN),
+                                    INT16_MAX);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Store n record frames (host input or silence) into guest memory */
+static void harmony_rec_store(HarmonyState *s, int n)
+{
+    int bpf = harmony_bpf(s);
+    int bps = harmony_format(s) == FMT_S16BE ? 2 : 1;
+    bool stereo = harmony_channels(s) == 2;
+    int32_t g_l = harmony_in_gain[(s->gainctl >> GAINCTL_IN_L_SHIFT) & 0xf];
+    int32_t g_r = harmony_in_gain[(s->gainctl >> GAINCTL_IN_R_SHIFT) & 0xf];
+    uint32_t got = MIN(s->in_wr - s->in_rd, (uint32_t)n);
+    uint32_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < got; i++) {
+        uint32_t j = (s->in_rd + i) & (HARMONY_IN_RING - 1);
+
+        s->in_buf[2 * i] = s->in_ring[2 * j];
+        s->in_buf[2 * i + 1] = s->in_ring[2 * j + 1];
+    }
+    s->in_rd += got;
+    trace_harmony_rec_read(n, got, s->in_wr - s->in_rd);
+    memset(s->in_buf + 2 * got, 0, (n - got) * 4);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        int32_t l = (s->in_buf[2 * i] * g_l) >> 12;
+        int32_t r = (s->in_buf[2 * i + 1] * g_r) >> 12;
+        uint8_t *p = s->dma_buf + i * bpf;
+
+        if (l != (int16_t)l || r != (int16_t)r) {
+            s->ov |= OV_OV;
+            l = MIN(MAX(l, INT16_MIN), INT16_MAX);
+            r = MIN(MAX(r, INT16_MIN), INT16_MAX);
+        }
+        if (stereo) {
+            harmony_put_sample(s, p, l);
+            harmony_put_sample(s, p + bps, r);
+        } else {
+            harmony_put_sample(s, p, (l + r) / 2);
+        }
+    }
+    dma_memory_write(&address_space_memory, s->rcuradd + s->roff,
+                     s->dma_buf, n * bpf, MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retire finished pages and start queued ones.  Returns true if a direction
+ * ran out with nothing queued: the transfer then waits for the driver to
+ * service the interrupt rather than consuming more of this audio tick.
+ */
+static bool harmony_page_end(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    /* a format change mid-page can leave less than a frame; drop it */
+    int bpf = harmony_bpf(s);
+    bool p_end = s->pcur_valid && s->poff + bpf > HARMONY_PAGE_SIZE;
+    bool r_end = s->rcur_valid && s->roff + bpf > HARMONY_PAGE_SIZE;
+
+    if (p_end) {
+        s->pcur_valid = false;
+    }
+    if (r_end) {
+        s->rcur_valid = false;
+    }
+    harmony_load(s);
+    if ((p_end && !s->pcur_valid) || (r_end && !s->rcur_valid)) {
+        trace_harmony_starved(!s->pcur_valid, !s->rcur_valid);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Transfer up to the given number of frames, as far as the output voice
+ * accepts them.  Stops early, marking the stream starved, when a direction
+ * runs out with nothing queued.
+ */
+static void harmony_fill(HarmonyState *s, int frames)
+{
+    while (frames > 0) {
+        int bpf, n;
+        size_t written;
+
+        if (harmony_page_end(s)) {
+            s->starved = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!(s->pcur_valid || s->rcur_valid)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        s->starved = false;
+
+        bpf = harmony_bpf(s);
+        n = MIN(frames, HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES);
+        if (s->pcur_valid) {
+            n = MIN(n, (HARMONY_PAGE_SIZE - s->poff) / bpf);
+        }
+        if (s->rcur_valid) {
+            n = MIN(n, (HARMONY_PAGE_SIZE - s->roff) / bpf);
+        }
+
+        harmony_play_fetch(s, n);
+        written = audio_be_write(s->audio_be, s->voice_out, s->out_buf, n * 4);
+        n = written / 4;
+        if (n == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (s->pcur_valid) {
+            s->poff += n * bpf;
+        }
+        if (s->rcur_valid) {
+            harmony_rec_store(s, n);
+            s->roff += n * bpf;
+        }
+        frames -= n;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * A page queued while the stream is starved is picked up at once instead
+ * of at the next audio tick.  Backends that call back rarely (PulseAudio
+ * after an underrun raises its latency) would otherwise hold the stream to
+ * one page per tick.  The voice only accepts what it has room for, so this
+ * cannot run ahead of the host clock.  While record is in use, wait for
+ * its page too so the two directions stay in step.
+ */
+static void harmony_resume(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    if (!s->starved || !s->out_active || !s->voice_out) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (s->rec_seen && !s->rcur_valid) {
+        return;
+    }
+    harmony_fill(s, INT_MAX / 4);
+}
+
+static void harmony_out_cb(void *opaque, int avail)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = opaque;
+
+    harmony_fill(s, avail / 4);
+
+    if (harmony_busy(s)) {
+        s->idle_ticks = 0;
+    } else if (++s->idle_ticks >= HARMONY_IDLE_TICKS) {
+        s->idle_ticks = 0;
+        s->rec_seen = false;
+        harmony_set_voices(s, false, false);
+        return;
+    }
+    harmony_update_active(s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Drain the input voice into the ring.  Keep at most a quarter second of
+ * backlog so a host input running faster than the codec clock doesn't
+ * build up latency.
+ */
+static void harmony_in_cb(void *opaque, int avail)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = opaque;
+    uint32_t max_backlog = MIN(harmony_freq(s) / 4, HARMONY_IN_RING - 1);
+    int frames = avail / 4;
+
+    trace_harmony_in_cb(avail);
+    while (frames > 0) {
+        int n = MIN(frames, HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES);
+        size_t got = audio_be_read(s->audio_be, s->voice_in, s->in_buf, n * 4);
+        int i;
+
+        n = got / 4;
+        if (n == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            uint32_t j = (s->in_wr + i) & (HARMONY_IN_RING - 1);
+
+            s->in_ring[2 * j] = s->in_buf[2 * i];
+            s->in_ring[2 * j + 1] = s->in_buf[2 * i + 1];
+        }
+        s->in_wr += n;
+        frames -= n;
+    }
+    if (s->in_wr - s->in_rd > max_backlog) {
+        s->in_rd = s->in_wr - max_backlog;
+    }
+}
+
+static void harmony_open_voices(HarmonyState *s)
+{
+    struct audsettings as = {
+        .freq = harmony_freq(s),
+        .nchannels = 2,
+        .fmt = AUDIO_FORMAT_S16,
+        .big_endian = HOST_BIG_ENDIAN,
+    };
+
+    if (s->voice_out && as.freq == s->freq) {
+        return;
+    }
+    s->freq = as.freq;
+    trace_harmony_config(as.freq, harmony_format(s), harmony_channels(s));
+
+    s->voice_out = audio_be_open_out(s->audio_be, s->voice_out, "harmony.out",
+                                     s, harmony_out_cb, &as);
+    s->voice_in = audio_be_open_in(s->audio_be, s->voice_in, "harmony.in",
+                                   s, harmony_in_cb, &as);
+
+    /* reopening leaves the voices inactive; restore their state */
+    if (s->voice_out) {
+        audio_be_set_active_out(s->audio_be, s->voice_out, s->out_active);
+    }
+    if (s->voice_in) {
+        audio_be_set_active_in(s->audio_be, s->voice_in, s->in_active);
+    }
+    harmony_update_active(s);
+}
+
+static const char *harmony_reg_name(hwaddr addr)
+{
+    switch (addr) {
+    case HARMONY_ID:        return "ID";
+    case HARMONY_RESET:     return "RESET";
+    case HARMONY_CNTL:      return "CNTL";
+    case HARMONY_GAINCTL:   return "GAINCTL";
+    case HARMONY_PNXTADD:   return "PNXTADD";
+    case HARMONY_PCURADD:   return "PCURADD";
+    case HARMONY_RNXTADD:   return "RNXTADD";
+    case HARMONY_RCURADD:   return "RCURADD";
+    case HARMONY_DSTATUS:   return "DSTATUS";
+    case HARMONY_OV:        return "OV";
+    case HARMONY_PIO:       return "PIO";
+    case HARMONY_DIAG:      return "DIAG";
+    default:                return "?";
+    }
+}
+
+static uint64_t harmony_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = opaque;
+    uint32_t val = 0;
+
+    switch (addr) {
+    case HARMONY_ID:
+        val = s->id;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_RESET:
+        val = s->reset;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_CNTL:
+        /* control writes complete at once, so C never reads back set */
+        val = (s->cntl & ~(CNTL_C | CNTL_CODEC_REV_MASK)) |
+              (s->codec_rev << CNTL_CODEC_REV_SHIFT);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_GAINCTL:
+        val = s->gainctl;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_PNXTADD:
+        val = s->pnxtadd;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_PCURADD:
+        val = s->pcuradd + s->poff;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_RNXTADD:
+        val = s->rnxtadd;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_RCURADD:
+        val = s->rcuradd + s->roff;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_DSTATUS:
+        val = s->dstatus & DSTATUS_IE;
+        val |= s->pnxt_valid ? 0 : DSTATUS_PN;
+        val |= s->rnxt_valid ? 0 : DSTATUS_RN;
+        if (harmony_running(s)) {
+            val |= s->pcur_valid ? DSTATUS_PC : 0;
+            val |= s->rcur_valid ? DSTATUS_RC : 0;
+        }
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_OV:
+        val = s->ov;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_PIO:
+        val = s->pio & PIO_PO;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_DIAG:
+        val = (s->reset & RESET_RST) ? 0 : DIAG_CO;
+        break;
+    default:
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_UNIMP, "harmony: read from unknown register "
+                      "0x%" HWADDR_PRIx "\n", addr);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    trace_harmony_reg_read(addr, harmony_reg_name(addr), val);
+    return val;
+}
+
+static void harmony_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, uint64_t val64,
+                          unsigned size)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = opaque;
+    uint32_t val = val64;
+
+    trace_harmony_reg_write(addr, harmony_reg_name(addr), val);
+
+    switch (addr) {
+    case HARMONY_RESET:
+        s->reset = val & RESET_RST;
+        harmony_load(s);
+        harmony_update_active(s);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_CNTL:
+        s->cntl = val & ~CNTL_C;
+        harmony_open_voices(s);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_GAINCTL:
+        s->gainctl = val;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_PNXTADD:
+        s->pnxtadd = val;
+        s->pnxt_valid = true;
+        harmony_load(s);
+        harmony_update_active(s);
+        harmony_resume(s);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_RNXTADD:
+        s->rnxtadd = val;
+        s->rnxt_valid = true;
+        harmony_load(s);
+        harmony_update_active(s);
+        harmony_resume(s);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_DSTATUS:
+        s->dstatus = val & DSTATUS_IE;
+        harmony_load(s);
+        harmony_update_irq(s);
+        harmony_update_active(s);
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_OV:
+        s->ov = val & OV_OV;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_PIO:
+        s->pio = val & PIO_PO;
+        break;
+    case HARMONY_ID:
+    case HARMONY_PCURADD:
+    case HARMONY_RCURADD:
+    case HARMONY_DIAG:
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "harmony: write to read-only register "
+                      "%s\n", harmony_reg_name(addr));
+        break;
+    default:
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_UNIMP, "harmony: write to unknown register "
+                      "0x%" HWADDR_PRIx "\n", addr);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps harmony_ops = {
+    .read = harmony_read,
+    .write = harmony_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_BIG_ENDIAN,
+    .valid = {
+        .min_access_size = 1,
+        .max_access_size = 4,
+    },
+    .impl = {
+        .min_access_size = 4,
+        .max_access_size = 4,
+    },
+};
+
+static void harmony_reset_hold(Object *obj, ResetType type)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = HARMONY(obj);
+
+    s->reset = 0;
+    s->cntl = 0x08;     /* 8 kHz, S16BE, mono */
+    s->gainctl = 0;
+    s->pnxtadd = 0;
+    s->rnxtadd = 0;
+    s->dstatus = 0;
+    s->ov = 0;
+    s->pio = 0;
+    s->pcuradd = 0;
+    s->poff = 0;
+    s->rcuradd = 0;
+    s->roff = 0;
+    s->pcur_valid = false;
+    s->pnxt_valid = false;
+    s->rcur_valid = false;
+    s->rnxt_valid = false;
+
+    harmony_update_irq(s);
+    harmony_open_voices(s);
+    harmony_set_voices(s, false, false);
+    s->rec_seen = false;
+    s->starved = false;
+    s->idle_ticks = 0;
+}
+
+static int harmony_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = opaque;
+
+    s->freq = 0;
+    harmony_open_voices(s);
+    if (s->voice_out) {
+        audio_be_set_active_out(s->audio_be, s->voice_out, false);
+    }
+    if (s->voice_in) {
+        audio_be_set_active_in(s->audio_be, s->voice_in, false);
+    }
+    s->out_active = false;
+    s->in_active = false;
+    s->rec_seen = false;
+    s->starved = false;
+    s->idle_ticks = 0;
+    harmony_update_active(s);
+    qemu_set_irq(s->irq, s->irq_level);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static const VMStateDescription vmstate_harmony = {
+    .name = "harmony",
+    .version_id = 1,
+    .minimum_version_id = 1,
+    .post_load = harmony_post_load,
+    .fields = (const VMStateField[]) {
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(reset, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(cntl, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(gainctl, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(pnxtadd, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(rnxtadd, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(dstatus, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(ov, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(pio, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(pcuradd, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(poff, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(rcuradd, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(roff, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_BOOL(pcur_valid, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_BOOL(pnxt_valid, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_BOOL(rcur_valid, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_BOOL(rnxt_valid, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_INT32(irq_level, HarmonyState),
+        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
+    }
+};
+
+static void harmony_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = HARMONY(dev);
+    int i;
+
+    /*
+     * Output attenuation is 1.5 dB per step.  HP-UX puts its 0 dB play gain
+     * at attenuation 6 (range -84..+9 dB), so that step is unity here and
+     * the steps below it amplify, saturating at full scale.
+     */
+    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
+        s->out_att[i] = lrint(32768.0 *
+                              pow(10.0, -1.5 * (i - s->out_unity_att) / 20.0));
+    }
+
+    if (!audio_be_check(&s->audio_be, errp)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    harmony_open_voices(s);
+    if (!s->voice_out) {
+        error_setg(errp, "harmony: initializing audio output failed");
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+static void harmony_unrealize(DeviceState *dev)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = HARMONY(dev);
+
+    if (s->voice_in) {
+        audio_be_close_in(s->audio_be, s->voice_in);
+        s->voice_in = NULL;
+    }
+    if (s->voice_out) {
+        audio_be_close_out(s->audio_be, s->voice_out);
+        s->voice_out = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static void harmony_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    HarmonyState *s = HARMONY(obj);
+    SysBusDevice *sbd = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(obj);
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&s->mmio, obj, &harmony_ops, s, "harmony",
+                          HARMONY_MMIO_SIZE);
+    sysbus_init_mmio(sbd, &s->mmio);
+    sysbus_init_irq(sbd, &s->irq);
+}
+
+static const Property harmony_properties[] = {
+    DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(HarmonyState, audio_be),
+    /* revision 0x14 = no teleshare, 0x15 = teleshare */
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("id", HarmonyState, id, 0x00140000),
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("codec-rev", HarmonyState, codec_rev, 0x02),
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("out-unity-att", HarmonyState, out_unity_att, 6),
+};
+
+static void harmony_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, const void *data)
+{
+    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(oc);
+    ResettableClass *rc = RESETTABLE_CLASS(oc);
+
+    harmony_init_tables();
+
+    dc->realize = harmony_realize;
+    dc->unrealize = harmony_unrealize;
+    dc->vmsd = &vmstate_harmony;
+    dc->desc = "HP Harmony audio";
+    set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_SOUND, dc->categories);
+    device_class_set_props(dc, harmony_properties);
+    rc->phases.hold = harmony_reset_hold;
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo harmony_info = {
+    .name          = TYPE_HARMONY,
+    .parent        = TYPE_SYS_BUS_DEVICE,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(HarmonyState),
+    .instance_init = harmony_init,
+    .class_init    = harmony_class_init,
+};
+
+static void harmony_register_types(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&harmony_info);
+}
+
+type_init(harmony_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/trace-events b/hw/audio/trace-events
index 30f5921545..99d39075c2 100644
--- a/hw/audio/trace-events
+++ b/hw/audio/trace-events
@@ -61,3 +61,13 @@ virtio_snd_handle_event(void) "event queue callback called"
 virtio_snd_pcm_stream_flush(uint32_t stream) "flushing stream %"PRIu32
 virtio_snd_handle_tx_xfer(void) "tx queue callback called"
 virtio_snd_handle_rx_xfer(void) "rx queue callback called"
+
+# harmony.c
+harmony_reg_read(uint64_t addr, const char *name, uint32_t val) "0x%02"PRIx64" %s -> 0x%08x"
+harmony_reg_write(uint64_t addr, const char *name, uint32_t val) "0x%02"PRIx64" %s <- 0x%08x"
+harmony_irq(int level) "irq %d"
+harmony_page(const char *dir, uint32_t addr) "%s page 0x%08x"
+harmony_starved(int play, int rec) "no next page queued (play %d rec %d)"
+harmony_rec_read(int want, int got, int backlog) "want %d got %d frames, backlog %d"
+harmony_in_cb(int avail) "input voice has %d bytes"
+harmony_config(int freq, int fmt, int channels) "%d Hz format %d channels %d"
diff --git a/include/hw/audio/harmony.h b/include/hw/audio/harmony.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a0f6c4dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/hw/audio/harmony.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * HP Harmony audio (LASI audio function, CS4215/AD1849 codec)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#ifndef HW_AUDIO_HARMONY_H
+#define HW_AUDIO_HARMONY_H
+
+#include "hw/core/sysbus.h"
+#include "qemu/audio.h"
+#include "qom/object.h"
+
+#define TYPE_HARMONY "harmony"
+OBJECT_DECLARE_SIMPLE_TYPE(HarmonyState, HARMONY)
+
+#define HARMONY_MMIO_SIZE       0x1000
+#define HARMONY_PAGE_SIZE       4096
+#define HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES      1024
+#define HARMONY_IN_RING         8192    /* frames, power of 2 */
+
+struct HarmonyState {
+    SysBusDevice parent_obj;
+
+    MemoryRegion mmio;
+    qemu_irq irq;
+    AudioBackend *audio_be;
+    SWVoiceOut *voice_out;
+    SWVoiceIn *voice_in;
+
+    /* properties */
+    uint32_t id;
+    uint8_t codec_rev;
+    uint8_t out_unity_att;
+
+    /* registers */
+    uint32_t reset;
+    uint32_t cntl;
+    uint32_t gainctl;
+    uint32_t pnxtadd;
+    uint32_t rnxtadd;
+    uint32_t dstatus;       /* IE only, PN/RN are below */
+    uint32_t ov;
+    uint32_t pio;
+
+    /* DMA engine, playback and record share the codec sample clock */
+    uint32_t pcuradd;
+    uint32_t poff;
+    uint32_t rcuradd;
+    uint32_t roff;
+    bool pcur_valid;
+    bool pnxt_valid;        /* PN = !pnxt_valid */
+    bool rcur_valid;
+    bool rnxt_valid;        /* RN = !rnxt_valid */
+
+    int irq_level;
+    int freq;
+    int32_t out_att[64];    /* Q15 per attenuation step */
+
+    int16_t out_buf[HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES * 2];
+    int16_t in_buf[HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES * 2];
+    /* host input captured by the input voice, consumed at the codec clock */
+    int16_t in_ring[HARMONY_IN_RING * 2];
+    uint32_t in_rd;
+    uint32_t in_wr;
+    bool out_active;
+    bool in_active;
+    bool rec_seen;
+    bool starved;
+    int idle_ticks;
+    uint8_t dma_buf[HARMONY_MIX_FRAMES * 4];
+};
+
+#endif
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 2/4] hw/audio: Wire up the harmony driver in meson and Kconfig

[Helge Deller]

From: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org>

Signed-off-by: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
---
 hw/audio/Kconfig     | 3 +++
 hw/audio/meson.build | 1 +
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/hw/audio/Kconfig b/hw/audio/Kconfig
index ed93fa2698..ba6f66342e 100644
--- a/hw/audio/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/audio/Kconfig
@@ -51,3 +51,6 @@ config VIRTIO_SND
     bool
     default y
     depends on VIRTIO
+
+config HARMONY
+    bool
diff --git a/hw/audio/meson.build b/hw/audio/meson.build
index 3312bcec10..f440324cdf 100644
--- a/hw/audio/meson.build
+++ b/hw/audio/meson.build
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_CS4231', if_true: files('cs4231.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_CS4231A', if_true: files('cs4231a.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_ES1370', if_true: files('es1370.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_GUS', if_true: files('gus.c', 'gusemu_hal.c', 'gusemu_mixer.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_HARMONY', if_true: files('harmony.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_HDA', if_true: files('intel-hda.c', 'hda-codec.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PCSPK', if_true: files('pcspk.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PL041', if_true: files('pl041.c', 'lm4549.c'))
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 3/4] hw/hppa: Add harmony sound card to HP 715 and B160L machines

[Helge Deller]

From: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org>

Signed-off-by: Keith Monahan <keith@techtravels.org
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
---
 hw/hppa/Kconfig   |  1 +
 hw/hppa/machine.c | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/hw/hppa/Kconfig b/hw/hppa/Kconfig
index 9ede4d1140..d00d7ca040 100644
--- a/hw/hppa/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/hppa/Kconfig
@@ -19,3 +19,4 @@ config HPPA_B160L
     select LSI_SCSI_PCI
     select PARALLEL
     select ARTIST
+    select HARMONY
diff --git a/hw/hppa/machine.c b/hw/hppa/machine.c
index f23936fc5b..940bf2c72e 100644
--- a/hw/hppa/machine.c
+++ b/hw/hppa/machine.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "hw/misc/lasi.h"
 #include "hw/scsi/ncr53c710.h"
 #include "hw/scsi/lasi_ncr710.h"
+#include "hw/audio/harmony.h"
 #include "hppa_hardware.h"
 #include "qemu/units.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
@@ -271,6 +272,21 @@ static LasiState *lasi_init(void)
     return LASI_CHIP(dev);
 }
 
+/* Harmony audio, inside the LASI register block at LASI + 0x4000 */
+static void harmony_create(MachineState *machine, hwaddr addr, qemu_irq irq)
+{
+    DeviceState *dev = qdev_new(TYPE_HARMONY);
+
+    if (machine->audiodev) {
+        qdev_prop_set_string(dev, "audiodev", machine->audiodev);
+    }
+    sysbus_realize_and_unref(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), &error_fatal);
+    sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), 0, irq);
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(get_system_memory(), addr,
+                                        sysbus_mmio_get_region(
+                                            SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), 0), 1);
+}
+
 static DinoState *dino_init(MemoryRegion *addr_space)
 {
     DeviceState *dev;
@@ -699,6 +715,9 @@ static void machine_HP_715_init(MachineState *machine)
                                     sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev), 0));
     }
 
+    harmony_create(machine, translate(NULL, LASI_HPA_715 + LASI_AUDIO),
+                   qdev_get_gpio_in(lasi_dev, LASI_IRQ_AUDIO_HPA));
+
     /* Add NICs, graphics & load firmware */
     machine_HP_common_init_tail(machine, NULL, translate, false);
 }
@@ -778,6 +797,9 @@ static void machine_HP_B160L_init(MachineState *machine)
         lsi53c8xx_handle_legacy_cmdline(dev);
     }
 
+    harmony_create(machine, translate(NULL, LASI_HPA + LASI_AUDIO),
+                   qdev_get_gpio_in(lasi_dev, LASI_IRQ_AUDIO_HPA));
+
     /* Add NICs, graphics & load firmware */
     machine_HP_common_init_tail(machine, pci_bus, translate, false);
 }
@@ -985,6 +1007,7 @@ static void HP_B160L_machine_init_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, const void *data)
     mc->init = machine_HP_B160L_init;
     mc->is_default = true;
     mc->default_ram_size = 512 * MiB;
+    machine_add_audiodev_property(mc);
 }
 
 static void HP_C3700_machine_init_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, const void *data)
@@ -1036,6 +1059,7 @@ static void HP_715_machine_init_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, const void *data)
     mc->default_cpu_type = TYPE_HPPA_CPU_PA_7300LC;
     mc->valid_cpu_types = valid_cpu_types;
     mc->init = machine_HP_715_init;
+    machine_add_audiodev_property(mc);
     /* can only support up to max. 8 CPUs due inventory major numbers */
     mc->max_cpus = MIN_CONST(HPPA_MAX_CPUS, 8);
     mc->default_ram_size = 256 * MiB;
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 4/4] hw/misc: Harmony sound registers now handled by harmony driver

[Helge Deller]

From: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>

No need to handle the LASI AUDIO registers here.

Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
---
 hw/misc/lasi.c | 12 +++---------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/hw/misc/lasi.c b/hw/misc/lasi.c
index 76029804e1..d4ef832af1 100644
--- a/hw/misc/lasi.c
+++ b/hw/misc/lasi.c
@@ -86,13 +86,7 @@ static MemTxResult lasi_chip_read_with_attrs(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
         val = s->iar;
         break;
 
-    case LASI_AUDIO ... LASI_AUDIO + 0xFF:
-        /*
-         * Harmony audio not yet emulated.  DIAG (0x3c) reports a running
-         * sample clock, which HP-UX 9 checks before using the beeper.
-         */
-        val = (addr == LASI_AUDIO + 0x3c);
-        break;
+    case LASI_AUDIO:    /* handled by harmony audio driver */
     case LASI_LPT:
     case LASI_UART:
     case LASI_LAN:
@@ -164,8 +158,8 @@ static MemTxResult lasi_chip_write_with_attrs(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
     case LASI_LPT:
         /* XXX: reset parallel port */
         break;
-    case LASI_AUDIO ... LASI_AUDIO + 0xFF:
-        /* XXX: Harmony audio is not emulated */
+    case LASI_AUDIO:
+        /* handled by harmony audio driver */
         break;
     case LASI_UART:
         /* XXX: reset serial port */
-- 
2.54.0