[parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Phillip D. Beal]

Hey,

I've been testing and building and following the newest developments
with the PARISC port of linux.  However, I've hit a small snag with my
NFS/rbootd/bootp/tftp server.  I have two machines, a 735 and a 755,
that both boot without problem from the linux server.  using the same
kernel, and same config, I can't get a 715/80 to boot from the server.
However, I have built a working CD image of the kernel and stuff, and
my cd boots just fine.  The CD is using the CVS kernel from 20010109,
and the last cd contents from the palinux-0.5.iso cd image, with updated
vmlinux and iplboot.  unfortunatly, I've not had any luck at making my
newly aquired 715/80 to boot from this machine.  I did add it to the
bootptab, rbootd.conf, /etc/hosts, /etc/exports, and others that I don't
remeber right this minute.  My problem is that on the 715, it either
fails to load IPL or something dies trying to load IPL.  For the 735 and
755 I've been using the lifimage created under the palo source, for the
kernel that the systems load and boot.  Is there any other files as such
that a 715 needs that a 735 doesn't?  I've also noticed that the 735 and
755 require rbootd for netowrk boot, but the 715 looked as though it
didn't.  Does a 715 need extra options for bootp to work?  does it need
to load iplboot instead of lifimage?

I looked through the faq, but didn' see this question.

Great Job so far though, the STI console works well on the 715/80
through my cd that I created with your instructions.  However, the STI
looks a little odd on the 735 and 755, ie: some characters are not
displayed right yet...

Thanks,
-- 
Phillip Beal                           ___           _               _   
Electrical and Computer Engineering   | _ ) ___ __ _| |___  _ _  ___| |_ 
pdbeal@louisville.edu                 | _ \/ -_) _` | |_ /_| ' \/ -_)  _|
http://www.bealz.net/                 |___/\___\__,_|_/__(_)_||_\___|\__|

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Alex deVries]

"Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> 
> Hey,
> 
> I've been testing and building and following the newest developments
> with the PARISC port of linux.  However, I've hit a small snag with my
> NFS/rbootd/bootp/tftp server.  I have two machines, a 735 and a 755,
> that both boot without problem from the linux server.  using the same
> kernel, and same config, I can't get a 715/80 to boot from the server.
> However, I have built a working CD image of the kernel and stuff, and
> my cd boots just fine.  The CD is using the CVS kernel from 20010109,
> and the last cd contents from the palinux-0.5.iso cd image, with updated
> vmlinux and iplboot.  unfortunatly, I've not had any luck at making my
> newly aquired 715/80 to boot from this machine.  

Okay... I *think* that 735 and 755 boot using rbootd.  The 715/new
(including 715/80) boot using bootp.

- Alex

-- 
Alex deVries, Principal Solutions Architect, The Puffins at Linuxcare
613.562.2759 tel
alex@linuxcare.com, http://www.linuxcare.com/
Linuxcare, Support for the revolution.

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Andrew Shugg]

Alex deVries said:
> Okay... I *think* that 735 and 755 boot using rbootd.

The 735 certainly does.

Andrew.

--
Andrew Shugg <andrew@neep.com.au>                   http://www.neep.com.au/

"Just remember, Mr Fawlty, there's always someone worse off than yourself."
"Is there?  Well I'd like to meet him.  I could do with a good laugh."

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Phillip D. Beal]

On Fri, Jan 12, 2001 at 06:20:15PM +0800, Andrew Shugg wrote:
> Alex deVries said:
> > Okay... I *think* that 735 and 755 boot using rbootd.
> 
> The 735 certainly does.

Right I know that, but what file is used from a kernel build to boot a
715?  iplboot? lifimage? vmlinux?  I've tried all three, and the boot
sequence from the netowrk fails.  It can't load iplboot for some reason.
my bootptab looks identical to the one from the nfsroot howto, otherthan
the ip I'm giving is different.  what does it require to get iplboot to
load on a network boot for a 715 using bootp?

-- 
Phillip Beal                           ___           _               _   
Electrical and Computer Engineering   | _ ) ___ __ _| |___  _ _  ___| |_ 
pdbeal@louisville.edu                 | _ \/ -_) _` | |_ /_| ' \/ -_)  _|
http://www.bealz.net/                 |___/\___\__,_|_/__(_)_||_\___|\__|

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Alex deVries]

"Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> 
> On Fri, Jan 12, 2001 at 06:20:15PM +0800, Andrew Shugg wrote:
> > Alex deVries said:
> > > Okay... I *think* that 735 and 755 boot using rbootd.
> >
> > The 735 certainly does.
> 
> Right I know that, but what file is used from a kernel build to boot a
> 715?  iplboot? lifimage? vmlinux?  

lifimage.  All parisc machines boot lifimage files.


> I've tried all three, and the boot
> sequence from the netowrk fails.  

I suspect there's a problem with your network boot server (ie. rbootd)
*not* the image you're booting.  Does the log output of rbootd indicated
a successful  transfer of the bootfile?  You can do this by running
'rbootd -d', which should spew debug info to the console.

- Alex


-- 
Alex deVries, Principal Solutions Architect, The Puffins at Linuxcare
613.562.2759 tel
alex@linuxcare.com, http://www.linuxcare.com/
Linuxcare, Support for the revolution.

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Phillip D. Beal]

On Sun, Jan 14, 2001 at 01:04:03AM -0500, Alex deVries wrote:
> "Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> > 
> > I've tried all three, and the boot
> > sequence from the netowrk fails.  
> 
> I suspect there's a problem with your network boot server (ie. rbootd)
> *not* the image you're booting.  Does the log output of rbootd indicated
> a successful  transfer of the bootfile?  You can do this by running
> 'rbootd -d', which should spew debug info to the console.

Well, the odd thing is that the network setup works fine for a 735 and
755, but not the 715.  But wait, you said a 715 uses bootp not rboot,
and I know the 735 and 755 use the rbootd and can boot from my network
setup.

-- 
Phillip Beal                           ___           _               _   
Electrical and Computer Engineering   | _ ) ___ __ _| |___  _ _  ___| |_ 
pdbeal@louisville.edu                 | _ \/ -_) _` | |_ /_| ' \/ -_)  _|
http://www.bealz.net/                 |___/\___\__,_|_/__(_)_||_\___|\__|

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Alex deVries]

"Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> Well, the odd thing is that the network setup works fine for a 735 and
> 755, but not the 715.  But wait, you said a 715 uses bootp not rboot,
> and I know the 735 and 755 use the rbootd and can boot from my network
> setup.

Wait!  I said that 715/new uses bootp, but 715/old uses rbootd.

And I don't believe you when you say that your 735 and 755 netboot
properly. I'd be convinced if you showed me both a) the output of
'rbootd -d' and b) console output.

- Alex

-- 
Alex deVries, Principal Solutions Architect, The Puffins at Linuxcare
613.562.2759 tel
alex@linuxcare.com, http://www.linuxcare.com/
Linuxcare, Support for the revolution.

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Matthew Wilcox]

On Sun, Jan 14, 2001 at 01:42:49PM -0500, Alex deVries wrote:
> "Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> > Well, the odd thing is that the network setup works fine for a 735 and
> > 755, but not the 715.  But wait, you said a 715 uses bootp not rboot,
> > and I know the 735 and 755 use the rbootd and can boot from my network
> > setup.
> 
> Wait!  I said that 715/new uses bootp, but 715/old uses rbootd.
> 
> And I don't believe you when you say that your 735 and 755 netboot
> properly. I'd be convinced if you showed me both a) the output of
> 'rbootd -d' and b) console output.

why's it so hard to believe he might have rbootd configured correctly,
but have made a typo in his tftpd / bootpd configuration?

Phillip, have you tried using tftp to fetch the image, for example?

-- 
Revolutions do not require corporate support.

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Phillip D. Beal]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1414 bytes --]

On Sun, Jan 14, 2001 at 08:13:56PM +0000, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> On Sun, Jan 14, 2001 at 01:42:49PM -0500, Alex deVries wrote:
> > Wait!  I said that 715/new uses bootp, but 715/old uses rbootd.
> > 
> > And I don't believe you when you say that your 735 and 755 netboot
> > properly. I'd be convinced if you showed me both a) the output of
> > 'rbootd -d' and b) console output.
> 
> why's it so hard to believe he might have rbootd configured correctly,
> but have made a typo in his tftpd / bootpd configuration?
> 
> Phillip, have you tried using tftp to fetch the image, for example?

Well, Tftp works because the same build system also boots four HP
Xterminals through tftp, and the Xterminals work and boot fine, and yes
I can get the vmlinux through tftp.  I have attached a copy of my config
files and I'll send the console output on tuesday, its the only time
I'll have a chance to get to reboot the machines and watch the console
output again.  The one thing I'm wondering though, the 715/25 seems to
think it has two mac addresses.  This is why you'll see two configs for
parisc in the bootp config.

-- 
Phillip Beal                           ___           _               _   
Electrical and Computer Engineering   | _ ) ___ __ _| |___  _ _  ___| |_ 
pdbeal@louisville.edu                 | _ \/ -_) _` | |_ /_| ' \/ -_)  _|
http://www.bealz.net/                 |___/\___\__,_|_/__(_)_||_\___|\__|

[-- Attachment #2: bootptab --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Size: 969 bytes --]

# bootptab
#
# Created on 10/29/2000 by SYSPDB
# Used for ramdisk boot for "goat"
goat:\
   :hd=/tftpboot:\
   :bf=vmlinux:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=080009323a5b:\
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.187:\
   :vm=rfc1048:

monkey:\
   :hd=/tftpboot:\
   :bf=vmlinux:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=080009832dd6:\
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.188:\
   :vm=rfc1048:

parisc:\
   :hd=/tftpboot:\
   :bf=iplboot:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=0800097b98b2:\
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.180:\
   :vm=rfc1048:

parisc:\
   :hd=/tftpboot:\
   :bf=iplboot:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=0800097b98b3:\
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.180:\
   :vm=rfc1048:

horse:\
   :hd=/tftpboot:\
   :bf=vmlinux:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=080009c4d28c:\
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.189:\
   :vm=rfc1048:

lab03:\
   :ht=ether:\
   :ha=00104B8FA495:\ 
   :sm=255.255.255.0:\
   :hn:\
   :ip=192.168.1.203:\
   :vm=rfc1048:




[-- Attachment #3: inetd.conf --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Size: 5073 bytes --]

# See "man 8 inetd" for more information.
#
# If you make changes to this file, either reboot your machine or send the
# inetd a HUP signal with "/sbin/init.d/inetd reload" or by hand:
# Do a "ps x" as root and look up the pid of inetd. Then do a
# "kill -HUP <pid of inetd>".
# The inetd will re-read this file whenever it gets that signal.
#
# <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>
#
# echo	stream	tcp	nowait	root	internal
# echo	dgram	udp	wait	root	internal
# discard	stream	tcp	nowait	root	internal
# discard	dgram	udp	wait	root	internal
# daytime	stream	tcp	nowait	root	internal
# daytime	dgram	udp	wait	root	internal
# chargen	stream	tcp	nowait	root	internal
# chargen	dgram	udp	wait	root	internal
time	stream	tcp	nowait	root	internal
time	dgram	udp	wait	root	internal
#
# These are standard services.
#
# ftp	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	wu.ftpd -a
# ftp	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	proftpd
ftp	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.ftpd
#
# If you want telnetd not to "keep-alives" (e.g. if it runs over a ISDN
# uplink), add "-n".  See 'man telnetd' for more details.
telnet	stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd	in.telnetd
# nntp	stream	tcp	nowait	news	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/leafnode
# smtp	stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/sendmail    sendmail -bs
# printer	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/bin/lpd -i
#
# Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
#  The option "-h" permits ``.rhosts'' files for the superuser. Please look at
#  man-page of rlogind and rshd to see more configuration possibilities about
#  .rhosts files.
shell	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.rshd -L
# shell	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.rshd -aL
#
# If you want rlogind not to "keep-alives" (e.g. if it runs over a ISDN
# uplink), add "-n".  See 'man rlogind' for more details.
login	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.rlogind
# login	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.rlogind -a
# exec	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.rexecd
talk	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.talkd
ntalk	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.talkd
#
#
# Pop et al
#
# pop2	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.pop2d
pop3	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/popper -s
#
# Imapd - Interactive Mail Access Protocol server
# Attention:  This service is very insecure
# imap	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	imapd
#
# Comsat - has to do with mail.
#
# comsat	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.comsat
#
# The Internet UUCP service.
#
# uucp	stream	tcp	nowait	uucp	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/lib/uucp/uucico	-l
#
# Tftp service is provided primarily for booting.  Most sites
# run this only on machines acting as "boot servers." 
#
tftp          dgram   udp     wait    root	/usr/sbin/tcpd  in.tftpd -s /tftpboot
#bootps	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/bootpd	bootpd -c /tftpboot
bootps	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/bootpd	bootpd -i -t 120
#
# Finger, systat and netstat give out user information which may be
# valuable to potential "system crackers."  Many sites choose to disable 
# some or all of these services to improve security.
# Try "telnet localhost systat" and "telnet localhost netstat" to see that
# information yourself!
#
finger	stream	tcp	nowait	nobody	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.fingerd -w
# systat	stream	tcp	nowait	nobody	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/bin/ps	-auwwx
# netstat	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/bin/netstat	-a
#
# For man on the fly and ht://dig (full text search)
#
http-rman	stream	tcp	nowait.10000	nobody	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/http-rman
#
# For XCept4
#
# btx	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/lib/xcept4/bin/ceptd -i/usr/lib/xcept4/etc/init.ceptd -u/usr/lib/xcept4/etc/users.ceptd -l/var/log/log.ceptd
#
# For rplay daemon
#
# Old versions of rplay:
# rplay	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	rplayd -b 8192 -c 60 -s 8192
# New Versions of rplay (>=3.3.0)
# rplay	dgram	udp	wait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	rplayd -t 30 -c 60 -s 16384 -F0 --inetd
#
# vbox (Voice Box)
# vboxd	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/vboxd
#
# For midinetd
# midinet	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	in.midinetd
#
# swat is the Samba Web Administration Tool
swat	stream	tcp	nowait.400	root	/usr/sbin/swat	swat
#
#
# amanda backup server with indexing capabilities
# amandaidx	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/lib/amanda/amindexd amindexd
# amidxtape	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/lib/amanda/amidxtaped amidxtaped
#
# amanda backup client
# amanda	dgram	udp	wait	amanda	/usr/lib/amanda/amandad amandad
#
# the rsync daemon
# rsync	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/rsyncd --daemon
#
#
# Mimer database
# mimer	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/opt/mimer/bin/mimtcp mimtcp -l
#
# CVS pserver (remote acces to your CVS repositories)
# Please read the section on security and passwords in the CVS manual,
# before you enable this.
# cvspserver stream tcp	nowait	root	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/bin/cvs --allow-root=/home/cvsroot pserver
#
# procstatd deamon (cluster software)
# procstatd stream tcp	nowait	nobody	/usr/sbin/tcpd	/usr/sbin/procstatd -i 7885
#
# End.

[-- Attachment #4: rbootd.conf --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Size: 308 bytes --]

#
# ethernet addr     boot file(s)        comments
#
08:00:09:32:3a:5b      vmlinux             # Linux
08:00:09:83:2d:d6      vmlinux             # Linux
08:00:09:c4:d2:8c      vmlinux             # Linux
08:00:09:7b:98:b2      iplboot             # Linux
08:00:09:7b:98:b3      iplboot             # Linux

Re: [parisc-linux] 715/80 problem

[Grant Grundler]

Alex deVries wrote:
> "Phillip D. Beal" wrote:
> > Well, the odd thing is that the network setup works fine for a 735 and
> > 755, but not the 715.  But wait, you said a 715 uses bootp not rboot,
> > and I know the 735 and 755 use the rbootd and can boot from my network
> > setup.
> 
> Wait!  I said that 715/new uses bootp, but 715/old uses rbootd.

715/80 == 715/new

new == 64, 80, 100. old == 33, 50, 75.

grant

Grant Grundler
Unix Systems Enablement Lab
+1.408.447.7253

[parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Greg Ingram]

I seem to be getting close.  I'm using dhcpd (since I already run it on my
network) which receives a BOOTREQUEST and returns a BOOTREPLY.  Then the
C100 pulls an image via TFTP but I get this error:

	IPL error: bad LIF magic.

	Error reading IPL

I was trying vmlinux-20001018 from the FTP site.  Are there any other
precompiled kernels I should try?

- Greg

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Grant Grundler]

Greg Ingram wrote:
> I was trying vmlinux-20001018 from the FTP site.

Did you read the FAQ? (Hint: question 5)

Step 2 says: Use a lifimage (not vmlinux)


Unfortunately, mkp's answer is now horribly stale.
Claims which are no longer accurate include:
o HPUX is required to build a lifimage (XC and native builds work on occasion)
o mongoose (HPUX) boot loader is an option (PALO required)
o Serial console required (can use STI now)
o mkp is working on superio ;^)

Any volunteers to write up a new version? 
(ESIEE team?)

grant

Grant Grundler
Unix Systems Enablement Lab
+1.408.447.7253

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Greg Ingram]

On Mon, 15 Jan 2001, Grant Grundler wrote:

> Greg Ingram wrote:
> > I was trying vmlinux-20001018 from the FTP site.
> 
> Did you read the FAQ? (Hint: question 5)

Yes, but...

> Step 2 says: Use a lifimage (not vmlinux)

Anybody got one?  
 
> Unfortunately, mkp's answer is now horribly stale.
> Claims which are no longer accurate include:
> o HPUX is required to build a lifimage (XC and native builds work on occasion)
> o mongoose (HPUX) boot loader is an option (PALO required)
> o Serial console required (can use STI now)
> o mkp is working on superio ;^)

I don't have an environment to build my own kernel image yet. Obviously I
can't do a native build.  And I've got almost a week of HP/UX experience
now.  :)  What does it take to build a kernel under HP/UX?  I'm guessing
GCC+Binutils+Make as a minimum.  What are my chances with the
cross-compiler?

- Greg

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Grant Grundler]

Greg Ingram wrote:
> > Step 2 says: Use a lifimage (not vmlinux)
> 
> Anybody got one?  

I've placed today's 32-bit on
  puffin.external.hp.com:~ftp/pub/parisc/binaries/lifimages/lifimage-20010115

and the matching vmlinux/System.map under .../binaries/kernels/ .


> What does it take to build a kernel under HP/UX?

I think I was the last person to be doing that as of around Feb 2000.
So it's not clear the tool chain will even properly compile under HPUX.
And CVS build-tools/recipe.hpux is probably broken - recipe.linux is.
Any volunteer to fix recipe.hpux?

AFAIK, the NFSROOT and XC toolchain has only been used under x86-linux.
Try on any other host at your own risk.

grant

Grant Grundler
Unix Systems Enablement Lab
+1.408.447.7253

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Greg Ingram]

Okay, I grabbed the cross-compiler and various sources and managed to
build a booting image.  Woohoo!  I also tried the lifimage you just posted
to the FTP site.  Both kernels died at GSC detection because it didn't
know the address f5fbf000.  I made this little change to ccio-dma.c:

--- arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c.orig  Mon Jan 15 12:40:05 2001
+++ arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c       Mon Jan 15 13:05:01 2001
@@ -1174,6 +1174,7 @@
 ** that can't be detected by PA/EISA/PCI bus walks.
 */
        switch((long) d->hpa) {
+       case 0xf5fbf000L:       /* C1O0 (wild guess!) */
        case 0xf7fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
        case 0xf3fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
                /* ccio_hpa same as C200 IOA0 */                                

It got past that point but crashed later.  Full boot log follows. I'm
looking at excluding the GSC stuff to see if the problem goes
away.  Updates at 11.

- Greg


Firmware Version  1.2

Duplex Console IO Dependent Code (IODC) revision 0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (c) Copyright 1990-1996, Hewlett-Packard Company, All rights reserved
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Processor   Speed            State           CoProcessor State  Cache Size
  ---------  --------   ---------------------  -----------------  ----------

      0      100  Mhz   Active                 Functional          256 KB

  Central Bus Speed (in mhz)  :        100  
  Available Memory (bytes)    :  134217728  
  Good Memory Required (bytes):   26447872  


   Primary boot path:    core.FWSCSI.6.0
   Alternate boot path:  core.SCSI.2.0
   Console path:         GRAPHICS3
   Keyboard path:        core.PS2


Processor is booting from first available device.

To discontinue, press any key within 10 seconds.

\aBoot terminated.


------- Main Menu -------------------------------------------------------------

        Command                         Description
        -------                         -----------

        BOot [PRI|ALT|<path>]           Boot from specified path
        PAth [PRI|ALT|CON|KEY] [<path>] Display or modify a path
        SEArch [DIsplay|IPL] [<path>]   Search for boot devices

        COnfiguration menu              Displays or sets boot values
        INformation menu                Displays hardware information
        SERvice menu                    Displays service commands

        DIsplay                         Redisplay the current menu
        HElp [<menu>|<command>]         Display help for menu or command
        RESET                           Restart the system
-------
Main Menu: Enter command or menu > boot lan
Interact with IPL (Y or N)?> n

Booting... 
Network Station Address 080009-e8832b

Boot IO Dependent Code (IODC) revision 0


HARD Booted.
palo ipl root@ingram Mon Jan 15 12:24:52 CST 2001
0/vmlinux 2138962 bytes @ 0x6800
0/palo-cmdline '0/vmlinux HOME=/ TERM=linux root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.10.10.2 console=ttyS0'
Kernel: partition 0 file /vmlinux
ELF32 executable

Entry 00100160 first 00100000 n 5
Segment 0 load 00100000 size 1431536 mediaptr 0x1000
Segment 1 load 0025e000 size 173080 mediaptr 0x15f000
Segment 2 load 0028c000 size 117492 mediaptr 0x18a000
Segment 3 load 002ac000 size 8192 mediaptr 0x1a7000
Segment 4 load 002d7144 size 496 mediaptr 0x1a9144
branching to kernel entry point 0x00100160
Set default PSW W bit to 0
PDC Console Initialized
The 32-bit Kernel has started...
Enabled FP coprocessor
Free memory starts at: 0xc02d8000
start_parisc(0x504d70,0x504d70,0x0,0x0)
PALO command line: 'HOME=/ TERM=linux root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.10.10.2 console=ttyS0'
PALO initrd 0-0
model   00005920 00000481 00000000 00000002 782482ee 100000f0 00000004 0000008a 0000008a
vers    0000000d
cpuid   0000016d
CPUID   vers 11 rev 13
model   9000/777/C100
led_init: CPU_HVERSION 592
led_init: chassis info: model 2, lcd_width=0, cmd_delay=40, ret0=8, ret1=8
LED display at f0190000 registered
Searching for devices in PDC firmware... processor hpa 0xfffa0000
a newer box...
Found devices:
1. Coral SGC Graphics (10) at 0xf6000000, versions 0x4, 0x0, 0x77, 0x0, 0x0
2. SkyHawk 100/120 FW-SCSI (4) at 0xf5f8c000, versions 0x1f, 0x0, 0x89, 0x0, 0x80
3. U2-IOA BC GSC+ Port (7) at 0xf5fbf000, versions 0x501, 0x1, 0xc, 0x0, 0x0
4. Raven T' Core BA (11) at 0xffd00000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x81, 0x0, 0x0
5. Raven T' Lasi Core RS-232 (10) at 0xffd05000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x8c, 0x0, 0x0
6. Raven T' Core SCSI (10) at 0xffd06000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x82, 0x0, 0x0
7. Raven T' Core LAN (802.3) (10) at 0xffd07000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x8a, 0x0, 0x0
8. Raven T' Core Centronics (10) at 0xffd02000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x74, 0x0, 0x0
9. Raven T' Core PC Floppy (10) at 0xffd0a000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x83, 0x0, 0x0
10. Raven T' Audio (10) at 0xffd04000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x7b, 0x0, 0x0
11. Raven T' Core PC Keyboard (10) at 0xffd08000, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x84, 0x0, 0x0
12. Raven T' Core PC Keyboard (10) at 0xffd08100, versions 0x32, 0x0, 0x84, 0x0, 0x0
13. Raven T' Wax BA (11) at 0xffe00000, versions 0x1e, 0x0, 0x8e, 0x0, 0x0
14. Raven T' Wax EISA BA (11) at 0xfc000000, versions 0x1e, 0x0, 0x90, 0x0, 0x0
15. Raven T' Wax RS-232 (10) at 0xffe02000, versions 0x1e, 0x0, 0x8c, 0x0, 0x80
16. Raven T' Wax HIL (10) at 0xffe01000, versions 0x1e, 0x0, 0x73, 0x0, 0x0
That's a total of 16 devices.
No CPUs reported by firmware - probing...
Found CPU at fffa0000
CPU(s): 1 x PA7200 (PCX-T') at 100.000000 MHz
Linux version 2.4.0-test10 (root@ingram) (gcc version 2.96 20000925 (experimental)) #15 Mon Jan 15 12:40:31 CST 2001
free_bootmem(0x2d9000, 0x7d27000)
initrd: 00000000-00000000
pagetable_init
On node 0 totalpages: 32768
zone(0): 16384 pages.
zone(1): 16384 pages.
zone(2): 0 pages.
Kernel command line: HOME=/ TERM=linux root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.10.10.2 console=ttyS0
trap_init
Calibrating delay loop... 99.74 BogoMIPS
Memory: 125840k available
Dentry-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Buffer-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Page-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
Lasi version 0 at 0xffd00000 found.
parport_init_chip: initialize bidirectional-mode.
parport0: PC-style at 0xffd02800, irq 88 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
Found i82596 at 0xffd07000, IRQ 87
early initialization of device eth0 is deferred
Initializing Lasi PS/2-keyboard port at 0xffd08000...
Support for Lasi PS/2-psaux not yet available !
ccio found U2 GSC+ BC at 0xf5fbf000
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
Starting kswapd v1.8
pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
Lasi PS/2 transmit buffer timeout
Lasi PS/2 transmit buffer timeout
lp0: using parport0 (interrupt-driven).
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
eth0: 82596 at 0xffd07000, 08 00 09 E8 83 2B IRQ 87.
82596.c $Revision: 1.14 $
Serial driver version 5.02 (2000-08-09) with MANY_PORTS SHARE_IRQ SERIAL_PCI enabled

Dumping Stack from c7f9c000 to c7f9ca80:
c000 00000000 00000040 00000000 00000000 c027346c 00000001 00000000 ffffffff
c020 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ffffffff c0273384
c040 c0273384 00000034 c7f7c000 c02ac000 c027860c 00000000 00000000 00000000
c060 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c080 00000000 c02ac000 c02ac000 c7f70000 00000000 00000000 c7f70098 c02ac098
c0a0 00000000 c02c7978 00000000 c7f9c0ac c7f9c0ac c7f9c908 00000000 00000000
c0c0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c0e0 c7f9c000 c011c0fc 00000000 00000019 00000000 00000000 00000025 00000000
c100 0000003e 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 80000000
c120 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c140 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c160 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c180 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c1a0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c1c0 00000000 fffffeff 00000000 ffffffff 00000000 c027401c ffffffff ffffffff
c1e0 ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff 00800000 05000000 00000000 ffffffff
c200 ffffffff ffffffff 00000800 00000800 00000400 00000400 ffffffff ffffffff
c220 ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff 00007377 61707065 72000000 00000000
c240 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00008000 21998304
c260 21998304 c013e478 00010000 c7ffeba0 c0225e0c c0236370 000000f0 00504d70
c280 00000000 c011a85c c02c6000 00008000 21998304 c02c6000 00000000 0004000a
c2a0 c02734a0 0000000b 00000024 0000003c 0000003e c0273000 00000001 00000000
c2c0 c01002a0 c02b2b4b 00000000 c02b2b6f 0000000b c02734a0 c0273000 f00000ac
c2e0 f00000a4 000000ff ffd05800 ffd05800 ffd05800 00000060 ffffffff ffd05800
c300 002b2540 c025e000 00000000 00000000 c02ac8c0 00000000 000b0800 00000000
c320 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000 00000000 00000000
c340 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 00000020
c360 7f7fffff ffffffff 43ebebeb e0000000 00000000 00000000 45e69c6a 25b7ea20
c380 41800000 00000000 00000010 00000010 00000000 00000000 00000040 00000080
c3a0 00000100 00000200 00000400 00000800 7fffffff 7fffffff 41000000 00000000
c3c0 7fffffff 7fffffff 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000 40300000 00000000
c3e0 40200000 00000000 40200000 00000000 41800000 7fffffff 40000000 00000000
c400 40000000 00000000 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c420 c7f9c800 c0105cf4 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c440 c011a84c c011a850 40800000 00000000 00279000 00000000 c0278040 c0278064
c460 00000000 c0278204 00000000 00000000 00000000 c7f9c470 00000000 00000000
c480 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c4a0 cf7928b3 9ef25167 3de4a2cf 7bbff0cc f70954ca ee12a995 dc25532b b84aa657
c4c0 70954caf e15c2c0c c2b85819 8570b033 0ae16067 15b4759c 2b1e5e6a 564a0986
c4e0 ace2a65e 59c54cbd b3fc2c28 c0105c48 cf8605f0 9f0c0be1 3e1817c3 7c469ad4
c500 c02ac000 00000000 c02ac640 c7dc07d7 8fb80faf 1f701f5f 3e968bec 7d5ba28a
c520 fac1f046 f583e08d eb07c11b c01002b4 ac1f046f 583e08df b00aa4ec 601549d9
c540 c05c26e0 80b84dc1 01709b83 02978254 c7f9c000 c027860c c02ac000 00000000
c560 c02ac640 aea9ca4e 5d53949d bad19c68 75a338d1 eb30c4f0 d66189e1 acc313c3
c580 59862787 b37afa5c 66f5f4b9 cd9d5c20 9b3ab841 36757083 6c9c5454 d94e1dfa
c5a0 b29c3bf5 653877eb ca065a84 c028d128 28196a13 50446174 a0fe77ba 41fcef75
c5c0 c027c000 00000001 0e4b1bb0 1ce08232 00000060 ffffffff 00000021 c0252c78
c5e0 99146cbb 3228d977 642707bc c028d06c 90717455 20e2e8ab 41b36404 83107d5a
c600 f00000a4 f00000ac f00010f4 00000000 00000001 0000004d 00000000 000000c5
c620 c028d8e0 000000f0 c02c7800 c02ca000 c025e000 c02c6000 c02a8af4 c02a8ab4
c640 c02a8af4 c02a8ab0 00000000 00000000 0000004d 00000000 000000c5 c028d8e0
c660 000000f0 c02c7800 c02ca000 c0294b6c c02c6000 c02a8af4 c02a8a94 c02c6000
c680 c02c2c8c c02c2d48 c027f4d0 00000040 c02421d8 c0241dcc c0241e80 c02421dc
c6a0 00000000 00000000 c02ca000 c0294ec8 c02c6000 00010800 c7f9c608 c02734a0
c6c0 c02c2d48 c02c2c8c 00005000 c027c6d0 00000001 c7ffeea0 c0242000 c0242000
c6e0 fffffffc c02c2d48 c0191ab0 c0190558 c027c61c 10000080 c02c2c8c c02c2d48
c700 c027f4d0 00000040 c0241f38 c0281c94 c0242000 00000000 c02c2c8c c02c2c8c
c720 c02c6000 c02c1fc4 c01e3e7c c011ace4 c0281dc0 c0281c64 c7f9c900 00000000
c740 c02c7844 00000000 c027f5a0 c02c7840 00000000 0000003c 0000003e c0273000
c760 00000001 c02b2ba3 00000004 c0155604 00000054 c02b2ba3 0000000b c02734a0
c780 c7f97eec 00008124 f00000a4 000000ff ffd05800 ffd05800 ffd05800 00000060
c7a0 ffffffff ffd05800 002b2540 c0294dc8 00000000 00000000 c7f9c980 00000000
c7c0 000b0800 00000000 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000
c7e0 00000000 00000000 00000000 c018e784 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c800 00000010 00000020 7f7fffff ffffffff 43ebebeb e0000000 00000000 00000000
c820 45e69c6a 25b7ea20 41800000 00000000 00000010 00000010 00000000 00000000
c840 0006000b c02b2580 c018e784 c02c2c88 00000013 0000002f c02c3a6c c027f5a0
c860 ffffffff c0273000 c0191ab0 c02c2d48 fffffffc c0242000 c0242000 c02d49e8
c880 c0242000 c0242000 c02c2ccc 00000000 c02c3a6c c02c7000 ffffffff 00000040
c8a0 00000093 00000002 00000000 c025e000 00002580 0000002f c7f9ca80 c0294d90
c8c0 000b0800 00000000 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000 0000001f 00000000
c8e0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c900 00000010 00000020 7f7fffff ffffffff 43ebebeb e0000000 00000000 00000000
c920 45e69c6a 25b7ea20 41800000 00000000 00000010 00000010 00000000 00000000
c940 00000040 00000080 00000100 00000200 00000400 00000800 7fffffff 7fffffff
c960 41000000 00000000 7fffffff 7fffffff 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000
c980 40300000 00000000 40200000 00000000 40200000 00000000 41800000 7fffffff
c9a0 40000000 00000000 40000000 00000000 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000
c9c0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
c9e0 00000000 00000000 c010c8fc c010c900 00000010 00000010 00000000 00000000
ca00 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000020 00000017 0e781096 00000000 0000000c
ca20 00000000 00000000 7fffffff c0103504 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000
ca40 80000000 c02c7800 c7f9c740 00000020 00000000 00000000 41800000 7fffffff
ca60 40000000 00000000 40000000 c0106704 40800000 00000000 41000000 00000000

Data access rights fault in kernel: Code=26 regs=c7f9c840 (Addr=0000000c)

     YZrvWESTHLNXBCVMcbcbcbcbOGFRQPDI
PSW: 00000000000001100000000000001011
r0-3     00000000 c02b2580 c018e784 c02c2c88
r4-7     00000013 0000002f c02c3a6c c027f5a0
r8-11    ffffffff c0273000 c0191ab0 c02c2d48
r12-15   fffffffc c0242000 c0242000 c02d49e8
r16-19   c0242000 c0242000 c02c2ccc 00000000
r20-23   c02c3a6c c02c7000 ffffffff 00000040
r24-27   00000093 00000002 00000000 c025e000
r28-31   00002580 0000002f c7f9ca80 c0294d90
sr0-3    00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
sr4-7    00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

IASQ: 00000000 00000000 IAOQ: c010c8fc c010c900
 IIR: 0e781096    ISR: 00000000  IOR: 0000000c
ORIG_R28: 00000000

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Ryan Bradetich]

Greg,

The ccio detection via GSC port is really a hack.   I will commit your patch
since we do not have a better way to detect the driver atm :)  Hopefully my
local tree will shape up today, and I can commit a new and improved ccio
driver.  Than I will start working on the I/O tree to eliminate this hack.

Thanks for the patch!

- Ryan



Greg Ingram wrote:

> Okay, I grabbed the cross-compiler and various sources and managed to
> build a booting image.  Woohoo!  I also tried the lifimage you just posted
> to the FTP site.  Both kernels died at GSC detection because it didn't
> know the address f5fbf000.  I made this little change to ccio-dma.c:
>
> --- arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c.orig  Mon Jan 15 12:40:05 2001
> +++ arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c       Mon Jan 15 13:05:01 2001
> @@ -1174,6 +1174,7 @@
>  ** that can't be detected by PA/EISA/PCI bus walks.
>  */
>         switch((long) d->hpa) {
> +       case 0xf5fbf000L:       /* C1O0 (wild guess!) */
>         case 0xf7fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
>         case 0xf3fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
>                 /* ccio_hpa same as C200 IOA0 */
>
> It got past that point but crashed later.  Full boot log follows. I'm
> looking at excluding the GSC stuff to see if the problem goes
> away.  Updates at 11.
>
> - Greg
>

[bootlog snipped]

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Grant Grundler]

Greg Ingram wrote:
> Okay, I grabbed the cross-compiler and various sources and managed to
> build a booting image.  Woohoo!

Good work!

> I also tried the lifimage you just posted
> to the FTP site.  Both kernels died at GSC detection because it didn't
> know the address f5fbf000.  I made this little change to ccio-dma.c:
> 
> --- arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c.orig  Mon Jan 15 12:40:05 2001
> +++ arch/parisc/kernel/ccio-dma.c       Mon Jan 15 13:05:01 2001
> @@ -1174,6 +1174,7 @@
>  ** that can't be detected by PA/EISA/PCI bus walks.
>  */
>         switch((long) d->hpa) {
> +       case 0xf5fbf000L:       /* C1O0 (wild guess!) */
>         case 0xf7fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
>         case 0xf3fbf000L:       /* C110 IOA0 LBC (aka GSC port) */
>                 /* ccio_hpa same as C200 IOA0 */                             

As Ryan noted, this is a hack. We need a real PA bus walk - not
just depending on the devices PDC tells us about.
     

> Data access rights fault in kernel: Code=26 regs=c7f9c840 (Addr=0000000c)

Looks like a null ptr dereference.

>      YZrvWESTHLNXBCVMcbcbcbcbOGFRQPDI
> PSW: 00000000000001100000000000001011
> r0-3     00000000 c02b2580 c018e784 c02c2c88
...
> IASQ: 00000000 00000000 IAOQ: c010c8fc c010c900

IOAQ is the current PC
GR02 is the return ptr - ie caller address + 8

See build-tools/a.c
If you look up the symbols of those, very likely you'll
find the code that doesn't like your C100.

grant

Grant Grundler
Unix Systems Enablement Lab
+1.408.447.7253

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Aleksandr Konstantinov]

> Anybody got one?

Yes. Want one ?

>> o HPUX is required to build a lifimage (XC and native builds work on
occasion)
>> o mongoose (HPUX) boot loader is an option (PALO required)
>> o Serial console required (can use STI now)

Can anybody explain me how to get console NOT on serial link ?

>> o mkp is working on superio ;^)


> I don't have an environment to build my own kernel image yet.
Obviously I
> can't do a native build.  And I've got almost a week of HP/UX
experience
> now.  :)  What does it take to build a kernel under HP/UX?  I'm
guessing
> GCC+Binutils+Make as a minimum.  What are my chances with the
> cross-compiler?

I used xc tools from palinux-0.5 on x86 linux (Slackware 3.6 + glibc).
Kernel was built satisfactory (despite a lot of warnings about
incompatible
argument types (as far as i remember)). Booting went ok.



A.K.

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Matthew Wilcox]

On Mon, Jan 15, 2001 at 10:30:09PM +0100, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> Can anybody explain me how to get console NOT on serial link ?

activate CONFIG_STI and use `console=tty0' instead of `console=ttyS0'.
this should be done for you automatically by palo when you set CONFIG_STI.

-- 
Revolutions do not require corporate support.

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Aleksandr Konstantinov]

Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> 
> On Mon, Jan 15, 2001 at 10:30:09PM +0100, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> > Can anybody explain me how to get console NOT on serial link ?
> 
> activate CONFIG_STI and use `console=tty0' instead of `console=ttyS0'.
Do You mean CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE ? I have it, and CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
too.
Palo also sets console=tty0 .  Booting goes till "Switching from PDC
console"
and then welcome message from palinux cdrom appears on serial link.




A.K.

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Matthew Wilcox]

On Tue, Jan 16, 2001 at 03:56:29PM +0200, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> > 
> > On Mon, Jan 15, 2001 at 10:30:09PM +0100, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> > > Can anybody explain me how to get console NOT on serial link ?
> > 
> > activate CONFIG_STI and use `console=tty0' instead of `console=ttyS0'.
> Do You mean CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE ? I have it, and CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
> too.
> Palo also sets console=tty0 .  Booting goes till "Switching from PDC
> console"
> and then welcome message from palinux cdrom appears on serial link.

then that's a bug.  i shan't be able to fix it until i have access to an
STI-capable machine, which is a few weeks away yet.

-- 
Revolutions do not require corporate support.

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Helge Deller]

On Tuesday 16 January 2001 14:56, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> > On Mon, Jan 15, 2001 at 10:30:09PM +0100, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> > > Can anybody explain me how to get console NOT on serial link ?
> >
> > activate CONFIG_STI and use `console=tty0' instead of `console=ttyS0'.
>
> Do You mean CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE ? I have it, and CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
> too.
> Palo also sets console=tty0 .  Booting goes till "Switching from PDC
> console"
> and then welcome message from palinux cdrom appears on serial link.

Try to enable just one of both: CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE _or_ CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE

Greetings,
         Helge

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Aleksandr Konstantinov]

> > Do You mean CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE ? I have it, and CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
> > too.
> > Palo also sets console=tty0 .  Booting goes till "Switching from PDC
> > console"
> > and then welcome message from palinux cdrom appears on serial link.
>
> Try to enable just one of both: CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE _or_ CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE

 I tried it and got following behavior:

  While kernel starts/initializes screen stays black. When it suddenly fills with
scattered characters (I could
read few words on screen: TCP, UDP RARP, Init and even something, that looks like
Welcome).



A.K.

Re: [parisc-linux] Booting C100

[Phillip D. Beal]

On Wed, Jan 17, 2001 at 05:40:57AM +0100, Aleksandr Konstantinov wrote:
> > > Do You mean CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE ? I have it, and CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
> > > too.
> > > Palo also sets console=tty0 .  Booting goes till "Switching from PDC
> > > console"
> > > and then welcome message from palinux cdrom appears on serial link.
> >
> > Try to enable just one of both: CONFIG_STI_CONSOLE _or_ CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE
> 
>  I tried it and got following behavior:
> 
>   While kernel starts/initializes screen stays black. When it suddenly fills with
> scattered characters (I could
> read few words on screen: TCP, UDP RARP, Init and even something, that looks like
> Welcome).
On the 735 and 755 that I've been wrking with, it appears to be all the
Capitol letters come through and the numbers, but the lower case letters
either don't show up or show up as weird ascii charcters...

-- 
Phillip Beal                           ___           _               _   
Electrical and Computer Engineering   | _ ) ___ __ _| |___  _ _  ___| |_ 
pdbeal@louisville.edu                 | _ \/ -_) _` | |_ /_| ' \/ -_)  _|
http://www.bealz.net/                 |___/\___\__,_|_/__(_)_||_\___|\__|