From: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
To: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org, bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org,
pstaszewski@artcom.pl, linux-mm@kvack.org,
Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Subject: Re: [Bugme-new] [Bug 10318] New: WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43 kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2008 19:44:59 +0100 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <47E9482B.7050005@cosmosbay.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20080325105750.ff913a83.akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton a ecrit :
> On Tue, 25 Mar 2008 02:50:54 -0700 (PDT) bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org wrote:
>
>
>> http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10318
>>
>> Summary: WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43
>> kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
>> Product: Networking
>> Version: 2.5
>> KernelVersion: 2.6.25-rc6-git7
>> Platform: All
>> OS/Version: Linux
>> Tree: Mainline
>> Status: NEW
>> Severity: normal
>> Priority: P1
>> Component: IPV4
>> AssignedTo: shemminger@linux-foundation.org
>> ReportedBy: pstaszewski@artcom.pl
>>
>>
>> Latest working kernel version: 2.6.24
>>
>
> This is a post-2.6.24 regression.
>
>
>> Software Environment: bgp/quagga
>>
>
> The app does a lot of route management stuff.
>
>
>> Problem Description:
>> Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.25-rc6-git7 #1
>> [<c021a0bf>] warn_on_slowpath+0x40/0x4f
>> [<c043c372>] fn_trie_lookup+0xe3/0x288
>> [<c043d61a>] fib4_rule_action+0x3d/0x4d
>> [<c03f6417>] fib_rules_lookup+0x71/0xb6
>> [<c043d652>] fib_lookup+0x28/0x36
>> [<c023f126>] __rmqueue_smallest+0x83/0xe1
>> [<c023f197>] __rmqueue+0x13/0x172
>> [<c0211806>] kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184
>> [<c023fe7c>] get_page_from_freelist+0x2c5/0x358
>> [<c023ff92>] __alloc_pages+0x71/0x2cf
>> [<c0240229>] __get_free_pages+0x39/0x47
>> [<c03f10d0>] neigh_create+0x2d8/0x40e
>> [<c045b85b>] _read_unlock_bh+0x5/0xd
>> [<c03f0539>] neigh_lookup+0x92/0x9b
>> [<c03f1241>] neigh_event_ns+0x3b/0x70
>> [<c0432523>] arp_process+0x1e5/0x534
>> [<c03edd5a>] dev_queue_xmit+0x279/0x29f
>> [<c0419415>] ip_finish_output+0x1c6/0x1fc
>> [<c03f81d5>] tc_classify+0x14/0x6b
>> [<c03eb578>] netif_receive_skb+0x29f/0x30e
>> [<c0357e63>] e1000_receive_skb+0x132/0x14c
>> [<c0359ecf>] e1000_clean_rx_irq+0x1fa/0x29c
>> [<c0356f82>] e1000_clean+0x29f/0x427
>> [<c03ed3ee>] net_rx_action+0x5c/0x14a
>> [<c021e25e>] __do_softirq+0x5d/0xc1
>> [<c021e2f4>] do_softirq+0x32/0x36
>> [<c021e585>] irq_exit+0x35/0x67
>> [<c0204f79>] do_IRQ+0x73/0x82
>> [<c020343b>] common_interrupt+0x23/0x28
>> [<c0201377>] mwait_idle_with_hints+0x36/0x39
>> [<c020137a>] mwait_idle+0x0/0xa
>> [<c0201817>] cpu_idle+0xa8/0xc8
>> =======================
>> ---[ end trace 6a93a9703f6a626e ]---
>> ------------[ cut here ]------------
>>
>
> This backtrace is a mess.
>
>
>> WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43 kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
>> Modules linked in:
>> Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.25-rc6-git7 #1
>> [<c021a0bf>] warn_on_slowpath+0x40/0x4f
>> [<c043c372>] fn_trie_lookup+0xe3/0x288
>> [<c043d61a>] fib4_rule_action+0x3d/0x4d
>> [<c03f6417>] fib_rules_lookup+0x71/0xb6
>> [<c043d652>] fib_lookup+0x28/0x36
>> [<c023f126>] __rmqueue_smallest+0x83/0xe1
>> [<c023f197>] __rmqueue+0x13/0x172
>> [<c0211806>] kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184
>> [<c023fe7c>] get_page_from_freelist+0x2c5/0x358
>> [<c023ff92>] __alloc_pages+0x71/0x2cf
>> [<c0240229>] __get_free_pages+0x39/0x47
>> [<c03f10d0>] neigh_create+0x2d8/0x40e
>> [<c045b85b>] _read_unlock_bh+0x5/0xd
>> [<c03f0539>] neigh_lookup+0x92/0x9b
>> [<c03f1241>] neigh_event_ns+0x3b/0x70
>> [<c0432523>] arp_process+0x1e5/0x534
>> [<c03edd5a>] dev_queue_xmit+0x279/0x29f
>> [<c0419415>] ip_finish_output+0x1c6/0x1fc
>> [<c03f81d5>] tc_classify+0x14/0x6b
>> [<c03eb578>] netif_receive_skb+0x29f/0x30e
>> [<c0357e63>] e1000_receive_skb+0x132/0x14c
>> [<c0359ecf>] e1000_clean_rx_irq+0x1fa/0x29c
>> [<c0356f82>] e1000_clean+0x29f/0x427
>> [<c03ed3ee>] net_rx_action+0x5c/0x14a
>> [<c021e25e>] __do_softirq+0x5d/0xc1
>> [<c021e2f4>] do_softirq+0x32/0x36
>> [<c021e585>] irq_exit+0x35/0x67
>> [<c0204f79>] do_IRQ+0x73/0x82
>> [<c020343b>] common_interrupt+0x23/0x28
>> [<c0201377>] mwait_idle_with_hints+0x36/0x39
>> [<c020137a>] mwait_idle+0x0/0xa
>> [<c0201817>] cpu_idle+0xa8/0xc8
>> =======================
>>
>
> They all are.
>
> afacit what's happened is that someone is running __alloc_pages(...,
> __GFP_ZERO) from softirq context. But the __GFP_ZERO implementation uses
> KM_USER0 which cannot be used from softirq context because non-interrupt
> code on this CPU might be using the same kmap slot.
>
> Can anyone thing of anything which recently changed in either networking
> core or e1000e which would have triggered this?
>
>
If kzalloc() or __get_free_pages(__GFP_ZERO) is not allowed from softirq
then many usages are illegal.
Only old stuff (commit 77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e, from
you Andrew)
Relevant part for this backtrace :
(Only triggers on i386 if we have more than 1024 neighbours (512 on
x86_64) (quite rare situation), so this could explain this was not
noticed until now ?
diff --git a/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>
b/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
index 0c86668
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>..2ec8693
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
100644 (file)
--- a/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>
+++ b/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
@@ -284,14
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6#l284>
+284,11
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e#l284>
@@ static struct neighbour **neigh_hash_alloc(unsigned int entries)
struct neighbour **ret;
if (size <= PAGE_SIZE) {
- ret = kmalloc(size, GFP_ATOMIC);
+ ret = kzalloc(size, GFP_ATOMIC);
} else {
ret = (struct neighbour **)
- __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC, get_order(size));
+ __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC|__GFP_ZERO, get_order(size));
}
- if (ret)
- memset(ret, 0, size);
-
return ret;
}
> I think the core MM code is being doubly dumb here.
>
> a) We should be able to use __GFP_ZERO from all copntexts.
>
> b) it's not a highmem page anyway, so we won't be using that kmap slot.
>
> Pawel, can you please confirm that this:
>
> --- a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c~a
> +++ a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c
> @@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ void *kmap_atomic_prot(struct page *page
> {
> enum fixed_addresses idx;
> unsigned long vaddr;
> - /* even !CONFIG_PREEMPT needs this, for in_atomic in do_page_fault */
> -
> - debug_kmap_atomic_prot(type);
>
> + /* even !CONFIG_PREEMPT needs this, for in_atomic in do_page_fault */
> pagefault_disable();
>
> if (!PageHighMem(page))
> return page_address(page);
>
> + debug_kmap_atomic_prot(type);
> +
> idx = type + KM_TYPE_NR*smp_processor_id();
> vaddr = __fix_to_virt(FIX_KMAP_BEGIN + idx);
> BUG_ON(!pte_none(*(kmap_pte-idx)));
> _
>
> fixes it?
>
> Thanks.
> --
> To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe netdev" in
> the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org
> More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
>
>
>
--
To unsubscribe, send a message with 'unsubscribe linux-mm' in
the body to majordomo@kvack.org. For more info on Linux MM,
see: http://www.linux-mm.org/ .
Don't email: <a href=mailto:"dont@kvack.org"> email@kvack.org </a>
WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
To: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org, bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org,
pstaszewski@artcom.pl, linux-mm@kvack.org,
Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Subject: Re: [Bugme-new] [Bug 10318] New: WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43 kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2008 19:44:59 +0100 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <47E9482B.7050005@cosmosbay.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20080325105750.ff913a83.akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton a écrit :
> On Tue, 25 Mar 2008 02:50:54 -0700 (PDT) bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org wrote:
>
>
>> http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10318
>>
>> Summary: WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43
>> kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
>> Product: Networking
>> Version: 2.5
>> KernelVersion: 2.6.25-rc6-git7
>> Platform: All
>> OS/Version: Linux
>> Tree: Mainline
>> Status: NEW
>> Severity: normal
>> Priority: P1
>> Component: IPV4
>> AssignedTo: shemminger@linux-foundation.org
>> ReportedBy: pstaszewski@artcom.pl
>>
>>
>> Latest working kernel version: 2.6.24
>>
>
> This is a post-2.6.24 regression.
>
>
>> Software Environment: bgp/quagga
>>
>
> The app does a lot of route management stuff.
>
>
>> Problem Description:
>> Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.25-rc6-git7 #1
>> [<c021a0bf>] warn_on_slowpath+0x40/0x4f
>> [<c043c372>] fn_trie_lookup+0xe3/0x288
>> [<c043d61a>] fib4_rule_action+0x3d/0x4d
>> [<c03f6417>] fib_rules_lookup+0x71/0xb6
>> [<c043d652>] fib_lookup+0x28/0x36
>> [<c023f126>] __rmqueue_smallest+0x83/0xe1
>> [<c023f197>] __rmqueue+0x13/0x172
>> [<c0211806>] kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184
>> [<c023fe7c>] get_page_from_freelist+0x2c5/0x358
>> [<c023ff92>] __alloc_pages+0x71/0x2cf
>> [<c0240229>] __get_free_pages+0x39/0x47
>> [<c03f10d0>] neigh_create+0x2d8/0x40e
>> [<c045b85b>] _read_unlock_bh+0x5/0xd
>> [<c03f0539>] neigh_lookup+0x92/0x9b
>> [<c03f1241>] neigh_event_ns+0x3b/0x70
>> [<c0432523>] arp_process+0x1e5/0x534
>> [<c03edd5a>] dev_queue_xmit+0x279/0x29f
>> [<c0419415>] ip_finish_output+0x1c6/0x1fc
>> [<c03f81d5>] tc_classify+0x14/0x6b
>> [<c03eb578>] netif_receive_skb+0x29f/0x30e
>> [<c0357e63>] e1000_receive_skb+0x132/0x14c
>> [<c0359ecf>] e1000_clean_rx_irq+0x1fa/0x29c
>> [<c0356f82>] e1000_clean+0x29f/0x427
>> [<c03ed3ee>] net_rx_action+0x5c/0x14a
>> [<c021e25e>] __do_softirq+0x5d/0xc1
>> [<c021e2f4>] do_softirq+0x32/0x36
>> [<c021e585>] irq_exit+0x35/0x67
>> [<c0204f79>] do_IRQ+0x73/0x82
>> [<c020343b>] common_interrupt+0x23/0x28
>> [<c0201377>] mwait_idle_with_hints+0x36/0x39
>> [<c020137a>] mwait_idle+0x0/0xa
>> [<c0201817>] cpu_idle+0xa8/0xc8
>> =======================
>> ---[ end trace 6a93a9703f6a626e ]---
>> ------------[ cut here ]------------
>>
>
> This backtrace is a mess.
>
>
>> WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43 kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184()
>> Modules linked in:
>> Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.25-rc6-git7 #1
>> [<c021a0bf>] warn_on_slowpath+0x40/0x4f
>> [<c043c372>] fn_trie_lookup+0xe3/0x288
>> [<c043d61a>] fib4_rule_action+0x3d/0x4d
>> [<c03f6417>] fib_rules_lookup+0x71/0xb6
>> [<c043d652>] fib_lookup+0x28/0x36
>> [<c023f126>] __rmqueue_smallest+0x83/0xe1
>> [<c023f197>] __rmqueue+0x13/0x172
>> [<c0211806>] kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184
>> [<c023fe7c>] get_page_from_freelist+0x2c5/0x358
>> [<c023ff92>] __alloc_pages+0x71/0x2cf
>> [<c0240229>] __get_free_pages+0x39/0x47
>> [<c03f10d0>] neigh_create+0x2d8/0x40e
>> [<c045b85b>] _read_unlock_bh+0x5/0xd
>> [<c03f0539>] neigh_lookup+0x92/0x9b
>> [<c03f1241>] neigh_event_ns+0x3b/0x70
>> [<c0432523>] arp_process+0x1e5/0x534
>> [<c03edd5a>] dev_queue_xmit+0x279/0x29f
>> [<c0419415>] ip_finish_output+0x1c6/0x1fc
>> [<c03f81d5>] tc_classify+0x14/0x6b
>> [<c03eb578>] netif_receive_skb+0x29f/0x30e
>> [<c0357e63>] e1000_receive_skb+0x132/0x14c
>> [<c0359ecf>] e1000_clean_rx_irq+0x1fa/0x29c
>> [<c0356f82>] e1000_clean+0x29f/0x427
>> [<c03ed3ee>] net_rx_action+0x5c/0x14a
>> [<c021e25e>] __do_softirq+0x5d/0xc1
>> [<c021e2f4>] do_softirq+0x32/0x36
>> [<c021e585>] irq_exit+0x35/0x67
>> [<c0204f79>] do_IRQ+0x73/0x82
>> [<c020343b>] common_interrupt+0x23/0x28
>> [<c0201377>] mwait_idle_with_hints+0x36/0x39
>> [<c020137a>] mwait_idle+0x0/0xa
>> [<c0201817>] cpu_idle+0xa8/0xc8
>> =======================
>>
>
> They all are.
>
> afacit what's happened is that someone is running __alloc_pages(...,
> __GFP_ZERO) from softirq context. But the __GFP_ZERO implementation uses
> KM_USER0 which cannot be used from softirq context because non-interrupt
> code on this CPU might be using the same kmap slot.
>
> Can anyone thing of anything which recently changed in either networking
> core or e1000e which would have triggered this?
>
>
If kzalloc() or __get_free_pages(__GFP_ZERO) is not allowed from softirq
then many usages are illegal.
Only old stuff (commit 77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e, from
you Andrew)
Relevant part for this backtrace :
(Only triggers on i386 if we have more than 1024 neighbours (512 on
x86_64) (quite rare situation), so this could explain this was not
noticed until now ?
diff --git a/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>
b/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
index 0c86668
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>..2ec8693
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
100644 (file)
--- a/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6>
+++ b/net/core/neighbour.c
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e>
@@ -284,14
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=0c8666872d10fdf0d90fea6b327952c6f6493051;hb=31380de95cc3183bbb379339e67f83d69e56fbd6#l284>
+284,11
<http://git2.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6.26.git;a=blob;f=net/core/neighbour.c;h=2ec8693fb778f581dd114838700131d810016e3d;hb=77d04bd957ddca9d48a664e28b40f33993f4550e#l284>
@@ static struct neighbour **neigh_hash_alloc(unsigned int entries)
struct neighbour **ret;
if (size <= PAGE_SIZE) {
- ret = kmalloc(size, GFP_ATOMIC);
+ ret = kzalloc(size, GFP_ATOMIC);
} else {
ret = (struct neighbour **)
- __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC, get_order(size));
+ __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC|__GFP_ZERO, get_order(size));
}
- if (ret)
- memset(ret, 0, size);
-
return ret;
}
> I think the core MM code is being doubly dumb here.
>
> a) We should be able to use __GFP_ZERO from all copntexts.
>
> b) it's not a highmem page anyway, so we won't be using that kmap slot.
>
> Pawel, can you please confirm that this:
>
> --- a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c~a
> +++ a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c
> @@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ void *kmap_atomic_prot(struct page *page
> {
> enum fixed_addresses idx;
> unsigned long vaddr;
> - /* even !CONFIG_PREEMPT needs this, for in_atomic in do_page_fault */
> -
> - debug_kmap_atomic_prot(type);
>
> + /* even !CONFIG_PREEMPT needs this, for in_atomic in do_page_fault */
> pagefault_disable();
>
> if (!PageHighMem(page))
> return page_address(page);
>
> + debug_kmap_atomic_prot(type);
> +
> idx = type + KM_TYPE_NR*smp_processor_id();
> vaddr = __fix_to_virt(FIX_KMAP_BEGIN + idx);
> BUG_ON(!pte_none(*(kmap_pte-idx)));
> _
>
> fixes it?
>
> Thanks.
> --
> To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe netdev" in
> the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org
> More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
>
>
>
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2008-03-25 18:44 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 8+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
[not found] <bug-10318-10286@http.bugzilla.kernel.org/>
2008-03-25 17:57 ` [Bugme-new] [Bug 10318] New: WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:43 kmap_atomic_prot+0x87/0x184() Andrew Morton
2008-03-25 17:57 ` Andrew Morton
2008-03-25 18:44 ` Eric Dumazet [this message]
2008-03-25 18:44 ` Eric Dumazet
2008-03-25 19:01 ` Christoph Lameter
2008-03-25 19:01 ` Christoph Lameter
2008-03-25 20:23 ` Ingo Molnar
2008-03-25 20:23 ` Ingo Molnar
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=47E9482B.7050005@cosmosbay.com \
--to=dada1@cosmosbay.com \
--cc=akpm@linux-foundation.org \
--cc=bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org \
--cc=clameter@sgi.com \
--cc=linux-mm@kvack.org \
--cc=mingo@elte.hu \
--cc=netdev@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=pstaszewski@artcom.pl \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.