user guide draft: "Introduction" review

user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Murray McAllister]

Hi,

The following is a draft of the Introduction sections for the SELinux 
User Guide. Any comments and corrections are appreciated.

Thanks.

  On Linux® operating systems, files, directories, sockets, devices, and 
so on, are called objects, and processes, such as a user running a 
command, the Mozilla® Firefox® application, and the Apache HTTP Server, 
are called subjects. Linux operating systems use a Discretionary Access 
Control (DAC) system that controls how subjects interact and access 
objects, and how subjects interact with each other. On systems using 
DAC, users control the permissions of objects (files and directories) 
that they own. They could, for example, make their home directories 
world-readable, giving users and subjects (processes) access to 
potentially sensitive information.

DAC mechanisms are fundamentally inadequate for strong system security. 
DAC access decisions are only based on user identity and ownership, 
ignoring other security-relevant information such as the role of the 
user, the function and trustworthiness of the program, and the 
sensitivity and integrity of the data. Each user has complete discretion 
over his objects, making it impossible to enforce a system-wide security 
policy. Furthermore, every program run by a user inherits all of the 
permissions granted to the user and is free to change access to the 
user's objects, so no protection is provided against malicious software. 
Typically, only two major categories of users are supported by DAC 
mechanisms: completely trusted administrators and completely untrusted 
ordinary users. Many system services and privileged programs must run 
with coarse-grained privileges that far exceed their requirements, so 
that a flaw in any one of these programs can be exploited to obtain 
complete system access[1].

The following is an example of permissions used on Linux operating 
systems that do not run Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). Use the ls -l 
command to view object (such as a file) permissions:

-rwxrw-r-- 1 user1 group1 0 Aug 18 10:08 file1

  The first three permission bits, rwx, control the access the Linux 
user1 user (in this case, the owner) has to the file1 object. The next 
three permission bits, rw-, control the access the Linux group1 group 
has to the file1 object. The last three permission bits, r--, control 
the access everyone else has to the file1 object. This includes all 
subjects (such as users and processes). By default, when a new object 
(such as a file) is created, everyone has read permissions. If objects 
have read permissions, and their parent folder allows everyone read and 
execute permissions, all subjects (users and processes) have read and 
execute access to these objects. This is not desirable. Note: on Fedora 
10, by default, home directories only allow read, write, and execute 
permissions to the owner. Other subjects, excluding the Linux root user, 
do not have access. Also, the permissions in these examples may differ 
from your system. These examples purposely change the permissions to 
differentiate between the permissions of the owner, group, and everyone 
else.

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) adds Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to 
the Linux kernel, and is enabled by default in Fedora. A general purpose 
MAC architecture needs the ability to enforce an administratively-set 
security policy over all subjects and objects in the system, basing 
decisions on labels containing a variety of security-relevant 
information. When properly implemented, it enables a system to 
adequately defend itself and offers critical support for application 
security by protecting against the tampering with, and bypassing of, 
secured applications. It allows critical processing pipelines to be 
established and guaranteed. MAC provides strong separation of 
applications that permits the safe execution of untrustworthy 
applications. Its ability to limit the privileges associated with 
executing processes limits the scope of potential damage that can result 
from the exploitation of vulnerabilities in applications and system 
services. MAC enables information to be protected from legitimate users 
with limited authorization as well as from authorized users who have 
unwittingly executed malicious applications. The ability for the system 
to do these types of things is necessary before the construction of 
secure systems will be possible[2].

The following is an example of the labels containing security-relevant 
information that are used on subjects and objects on Linux operating 
systems that run SELinux. This information is called the SELinux 
context, and is viewed using the ls -Z command:

-rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1

In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role 
(object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). This information 
is used to make access control decisions. On DAC systems, access is 
controlled based on Linux user and group IDs. SELinux allow rules are 
checked after DAC rules. SELinux allow rules are not used if DAC rules 
deny access first.

Linux and SELinux users

On Linux operating systems that run SELinux, there are Linux users as 
well as SELinux users. SELinux users are part of SELinux policy. Linux 
users are mapped to SElinux users. To avoid confusion, this guide uses 
"Linux user" and "SELinux user" to differentiate between the two.

Benefits of running SELinux

SELinux provides:

* An additional layer of security: a system where subjects (processes) 
are separated from each other by running in their own domains, and rules 
define how subjects interact and access objects (such as files), as well 
as how subjects interact with each other. Actions, such as a subject 
opening an object, are only allowed if a rule exists that specifically 
allows it.

* Fine-grained access control. Stepping beyond traditional UNIX® 
permissions that are controlled at user discretion and based on Linux 
user and group IDs, SELinux access decisions are based on all available 
information, such as an SELinux user, role, and type. SELinux policy is 
administratively-defined, and is not set at user discretion. SELinux 
allow rules (the default action is deny) are not used if DAC rules deny 
access first.

* Type Enforcement®. All subjects and objects are labeled with a type. 
Rules define how types interact and access each other. Access is only 
allowed if a rule exists that specifically allows it.

* Prevention against privilege escalation. Since subjects run in 
domains, and are therefore separated from each other, and rules 
determine how subjects access objects and other subjects, if a service 
is compromised, the attacker only has access to the normal functions of 
that service, and to files that the service has been configured to have 
access to. For example, if the Apache HTTP Server is compromised, an 
attacker is unable to read files in user home directories, unless a 
specific rule was added or configured to allow such access.

SELinux is not:

* Antivirus software.

* A replacement for passwords, firewalls, or other security systems.

* An all-in-one security solution.

SELinux is an addition to DAC rules. It is designed to enhance existing 
security solutions, not replace them. Even when running SELinux, 
continue to follow good security practices, such as keeping software 
up-to-date, using hard-to-guess passwords, firewalls, and so on.

Examples

The following examples demonstrate how SELinux increases security:

* The default action is deny. If a rule does not exist to allow a 
subject access to an object, or a subject access to another subject, 
access is denied.

* Confining users: SELinux can confine Linux users. A number of 
restricted SELinux users exist. Linux users can be mapped to restricted 
SELinux users to take advantage of confined SELinux users. For example, 
mapping a Linux user account to the SELinux user_u user, results in a 
Linux user that is not able to run (unless configured otherwise) set 
user ID (setuid) applications, such as /usr/bin/sudo and su. Also, you 
can disable the execution of objects in user home directories for Linux 
users that are mapped to the SELinux user_u user. If configured, this 
prevents users from executing malicious files, that they may have 
downloaded from the Internet, from their home directories.

* Subject (process) separation. Subjects run in their own domains. This 
prevents other subjects from accessing objects used by other subjects, 
as well as subjects accessing other subjects. For example, when running 
SELinux, unless otherwise configured, an attacker can not compromise a 
Samba server, and then use that Samba server to read and write to 
objects used by other subjects, such as files comprising a website that 
is read by the Apache HTTP server.

* Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. An administrator 
may forget to limit zone transfers when running ISC BIND; however, the 
default SELinux context for zone files does not allow them to be updated 
by zone transfers, or written to by named, the ISC BIND daemon, and 
other subjects.

SELinux Architecture and Performance

SELinux is a Linux kernel module. Part of this module is the SELinux 
security server. The security server contains policy rules that define 
what access is allowed. When a subject attempts to interact with an 
object, for example, a process opening a file, a hook in the Linux 
kernel intercepts the system call the process makes to open the file. 
The hook communicates with the security server to check if access should 
be allowed or denied. Decisions made by the security server are cached 
by an Access Vector Cache (AVC). This decreases how often SELinux rules 
in the security server need to be checked, which increases performance. 
SELinux has no effect if DAC rules deny access first.

[performance details to be added later]



[1] "Integrating Flexible Support for Security Policies into the Linux 
Operating System", by Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was 
originally prepared for the National Security Agency and is, 
consequently, in the public domain. Refer to the 
[http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/freenix01/freenix01.html original 
paper] for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits 
and changes were done by Murray McAllister.

[2] "Meeting Critical Security Objectives with Security-Enhanced Linux", 
by Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was originally 
prepared for the National Security Agency and is, consequently, in the 
public domain. Refer to the 
[http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/ottawa01/index.html original paper] 
for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits and 
changes were done by Murray McAllister.

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Stephen Smalley]

On Wed, 2008-08-27 at 15:49 +1000, Murray McAllister wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> The following is a draft of the Introduction sections for the SELinux 
> User Guide. Any comments and corrections are appreciated.
> 
> Thanks.
> 
>   On Linux® operating systems, files, directories, sockets, devices, and 
> so on, are called objects, and processes, such as a user running a 
> command, the Mozilla® Firefox® application, and the Apache HTTP Server, 
> are called subjects. Linux operating systems use a Discretionary Access 
> Control (DAC) system that controls how subjects interact and access 
> objects, and how subjects interact with each other.

The first two statements are actually true of most operating systems.

>  On systems using 
> DAC, users control the permissions of objects (files and directories) 
> that they own. They could, for example, make their home directories 
> world-readable, giving users and subjects (processes) access to 
> potentially sensitive information.
> 
> DAC mechanisms are fundamentally inadequate for strong system security. 
> DAC access decisions are only based on user identity and ownership, 
> ignoring other security-relevant information such as the role of the 
> user, the function and trustworthiness of the program, and the 
> sensitivity and integrity of the data. Each user has complete discretion 
> over his objects, making it impossible to enforce a system-wide security 
> policy. Furthermore, every program run by a user inherits all of the 
> permissions granted to the user and is free to change access to the 
> user's objects, so no protection is provided against malicious software. 
> Typically, only two major categories of users are supported by DAC 
> mechanisms: completely trusted administrators and completely untrusted 
> ordinary users. Many system services and privileged programs must run 
> with coarse-grained privileges that far exceed their requirements, so 
> that a flaw in any one of these programs can be exploited to obtain 
> complete system access[1].
> 
> The following is an example of permissions used on Linux operating 
> systems that do not run Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). Use the ls -l 
> command to view object (such as a file) permissions:
> 
> -rwxrw-r-- 1 user1 group1 0 Aug 18 10:08 file1
> 
>   The first three permission bits, rwx, control the access the Linux 
> user1 user (in this case, the owner) has to the file1 object. The next 
> three permission bits, rw-, control the access the Linux group1 group 
> has to the file1 object. The last three permission bits, r--, control 
> the access everyone else has to the file1 object. This includes all 
> subjects (such as users and processes). By default, when a new object 
> (such as a file) is created, everyone has read permissions.

Depends on the umask, and can be customized in /etc/profile or ~/.bashrc
or similar files.  It isn't really the permissiveness of the default
umask that is the key issue here, btw.

> Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) adds Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to 
> the Linux kernel, and is enabled by default in Fedora. A general purpose 
> MAC architecture needs the ability to enforce an administratively-set 
> security policy over all subjects and objects in the system, basing 
> decisions on labels containing a variety of security-relevant 
> information. When properly implemented, it enables a system to 
> adequately defend itself and offers critical support for application 
> security by protecting against the tampering with, and bypassing of, 
> secured applications. It allows critical processing pipelines to be 
> established and guaranteed. MAC provides strong separation of 
> applications that permits the safe execution of untrustworthy 
> applications. Its ability to limit the privileges associated with 
> executing processes limits the scope of potential damage that can result 
> from the exploitation of vulnerabilities in applications and system 
> services. MAC enables information to be protected from legitimate users 
> with limited authorization as well as from authorized users who have 
> unwittingly executed malicious applications. The ability for the system 
> to do these types of things is necessary before the construction of 
> secure systems will be possible[2].
> 
> The following is an example of the labels containing security-relevant 
> information that are used on subjects and objects on Linux operating 
> systems that run SELinux. This information is called the SELinux 
> context, and is viewed using the ls -Z command:
> 
> -rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1
> 
> In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role 
> (object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). This information 
> is used to make access control decisions. On DAC systems, access is 
> controlled based on Linux user and group IDs. SELinux allow rules are 
> checked after DAC rules. SELinux allow rules are not used if DAC rules 
> deny access first.
> 
> Linux and SELinux users
> 
> On Linux operating systems that run SELinux, there are Linux users as 
> well as SELinux users. SELinux users are part of SELinux policy. Linux 
> users are mapped to SElinux users. To avoid confusion, this guide uses 
> "Linux user" and "SELinux user" to differentiate between the two.
> 
> Benefits of running SELinux
> 
> SELinux provides:
> 
> * An additional layer of security: a system where subjects (processes) 
> are separated from each other by running in their own domains, and rules 
> define how subjects interact and access objects (such as files), as well 
> as how subjects interact with each other. Actions, such as a subject 
> opening an object, are only allowed if a rule exists that specifically 
> allows it.
> 
> * Fine-grained access control. Stepping beyond traditional UNIX® 
> permissions that are controlled at user discretion and based on Linux 
> user and group IDs, SELinux access decisions are based on all available 
> information, such as an SELinux user, role, and type. SELinux policy is 
> administratively-defined, and is not set at user discretion. SELinux 
> allow rules (the default action is deny) are not used if DAC rules deny 
> access first.

This bullet mixes two different concepts:  fine-grained access control
and administratively-defined policy.  Both are important, but they are
distinct.

> * Type Enforcement®. All subjects and objects are labeled with a type. 
> Rules define how types interact and access each other. Access is only 
> allowed if a rule exists that specifically allows it.

This bullet seems redundant with the first one - it merely refines the
general notions of subject and object to types.

> * Prevention against privilege escalation. Since subjects run in 
> domains, and are therefore separated from each other, and rules 
> determine how subjects access objects and other subjects, if a service 
> is compromised, the attacker only has access to the normal functions of 
> that service, and to files that the service has been configured to have 
> access to. For example, if the Apache HTTP Server is compromised, an 
> attacker is unable to read files in user home directories, unless a 
> specific rule was added or configured to allow such access.

This is one way in which SELinux can be applied.  Other goals to which
SELinux can be applied include enforcing data confidentiality and
integrity, protecting privileged subjects from untrustworthy inputs, and
ensuring the invocation of critical processing. 

> SELinux is not:
> 
> * Antivirus software.
>
> * A replacement for passwords, firewalls, or other security systems.
> 
> * An all-in-one security solution.
> 
> SELinux is an addition to DAC rules.

This doesn't quite sound right, as it makes it sound as though SELinux
is an extension to DAC vs. an orthogonal access control scheme (MAC).

>  It is designed to enhance existing 
> security solutions, not replace them. Even when running SELinux, 
> continue to follow good security practices, such as keeping software 
> up-to-date, using hard-to-guess passwords, firewalls, and so on.
> 
> Examples
> 
> The following examples demonstrate how SELinux increases security:
> 
> * The default action is deny. If a rule does not exist to allow a 
> subject access to an object, or a subject access to another subject, 
> access is denied.
> 
> * Confining users: SELinux can confine Linux users. A number of 
> restricted SELinux users exist. Linux users can be mapped to restricted 
> SELinux users to take advantage of confined SELinux users. For example, 
> mapping a Linux user account to the SELinux user_u user, results in a 
> Linux user that is not able to run (unless configured otherwise) set 
> user ID (setuid) applications, such as /usr/bin/sudo and su. Also, you 
> can disable the execution of objects in user home directories for Linux 
> users that are mapped to the SELinux user_u user. If configured, this 
> prevents users from executing malicious files, that they may have 
> downloaded from the Internet, from their home directories.
> 
> * Subject (process) separation. Subjects run in their own domains. This 
> prevents other subjects from accessing objects used by other subjects, 
> as well as subjects accessing other subjects. For example, when running 
> SELinux, unless otherwise configured, an attacker can not compromise a 
> Samba server, and then use that Samba server to read and write to 
> objects used by other subjects, such as files comprising a website that 
> is read by the Apache HTTP server.

Here you can point specifically to past examples of flaws that would be
mitigated by SELinux.  See for example:
http://www.tresys.com/innovation.php (SELinux Mitigation News, on the right)
http://www.redhatmagazine.com/2008/02/26/risk-report-three-years-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-4/
http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/022408-selinux.html?page=1
http://james-morris.livejournal.com/25421.html

> * Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. An administrator 
> may forget to limit zone transfers when running ISC BIND; however, the 
> default SELinux context for zone files does not allow them to be updated 
> by zone transfers, or written to by named, the ISC BIND daemon, and 
> other subjects.

> 
> SELinux Architecture and Performance
> 
> SELinux is a Linux kernel module.

Actually, to be precise, SELinux is a Linux kernel subsystem or a Linux
security module.  It has to be built-in; you cannot build and load it as
a loadable kernel module due to its tight integration with core kernel
structures and interfaces and its need to start handling kernel objects
and operations from the beginning.

>  Part of this module is the SELinux 
> security server. The security server contains policy rules that define 
> what access is allowed.

I'd tend to say "is driven by loadable policy rules" or "is driven by a
loadable policy configuration" rather than "contains policy rules" as
the latter suggests that the rules are fixed/hardcoded.

>  When a subject attempts to interact with an 
> object, for example, a process opening a file, a hook in the Linux 
> kernel intercepts the system call the process makes to open the file. 
> The hook communicates with the security server to check if access should 
> be allowed or denied.

I'd change "communicates" to "calls" since it is a function call rather
than an IPC in Linux.

>  Decisions made by the security server are cached 
> by an Access Vector Cache (AVC). This decreases how often SELinux rules 
> in the security server need to be checked, which increases performance. 
> SELinux has no effect if DAC rules deny access first.
> 
> [performance details to be added later]
> 
> 
> 
> [1] "Integrating Flexible Support for Security Policies into the Linux 
> Operating System", by Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was 
> originally prepared for the National Security Agency and is, 
> consequently, in the public domain. Refer to the 
> [http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/freenix01/freenix01.html original 
> paper] for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits 
> and changes were done by Murray McAllister.
> 
> [2] "Meeting Critical Security Objectives with Security-Enhanced Linux", 
> by Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was originally 
> prepared for the National Security Agency and is, consequently, in the 
> public domain. Refer to the 
> [http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/ottawa01/index.html original paper] 
> for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits and 
> changes were done by Murray McAllister.
> 
> --
> This message was distributed to subscribers of the selinux mailing list.
> If you no longer wish to subscribe, send mail to majordomo@tycho.nsa.gov with
> the words "unsubscribe selinux" without quotes as the message.
-- 
Stephen Smalley
National Security Agency


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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Stephen John Smoogen]

On Tue, Aug 26, 2008 at 11:49 PM, Murray McAllister <mmcallis@redhat.com> wrote:
> Hi,
>

Hi, I have only a couple of things that came up in reading.

> The following is a draft of the Introduction sections for the SELinux User
> Guide. Any comments and corrections are appreciated.
>
> Thanks.
>
>  On Linux(R) operating systems, files, directories, sockets, devices, and so
> on, are called objects, and processes, such as a user running a command, the
> Mozilla(R) Firefox(R) application, and the Apache HTTP Server, are called
> subjects. Linux operating systems use a Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
> system that controls how subjects interact and access objects, and how
> subjects interact with each other. On systems using DAC, users control the
> permissions of objects (files and directories) that they own. They could,
> for example, make their home directories world-readable, giving users and
> subjects (processes) access to potentially sensitive information.
>

Should all (R) be listed at the bottom of the chapter with who owns
the registered trademark? I only ask because I am trying to figure out
who has a trademark for the word Enforcement later on.




> * Prevention against privilege escalation. Since subjects run in domains,
> and are therefore separated from each other, and rules determine how
> subjects access objects and other subjects, if a service is compromised, the
> attacker only has access to the normal functions of that service, and to
> files that the service has been configured to have access to. For example,
> if the Apache HTTP Server is compromised, an attacker is unable to read
> files in user home directories, unless a specific rule was added or
> configured to allow such access.
>

I worry about the word prevention.. it implies impossibility. Selinux
discourages privilege escalation but a hole in a policy could still
allow for privilege escalation.


> [1] "Integrating Flexible Support for Security Policies into the Linux
> Operating System", by Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was
> originally prepared for the National Security Agency and is, consequently,
> in the public domain. Refer to the
> [http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/freenix01/freenix01.html original paper]
> for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits and changes
> were done by Murray McAllister.
>
> [2] "Meeting Critical Security Objectives with Security-Enhanced Linux", by
> Peter Loscocco and Stephen Smalley. This paper was originally prepared for
> the National Security Agency and is, consequently, in the public domain.
> Refer to the [http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/papers/ottawa01/index.html original
> paper] for details and the document as it was first released. Any edits and
> changes were done by Murray McAllister.
>




-- 
Stephen J Smoogen. -- BSD/GNU/Linux
How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed
in a naughty world. = Shakespeare. "The Merchant of Venice"

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Murray McAllister]

Stephen John Smoogen wrote:

> Should all (R) be listed at the bottom of the chapter with who owns
> the registered trademark? I only ask because I am trying to figure out
> who has a trademark for the word Enforcement later on.

In the HTML build and on the wiki, there are the following pages:

<http://mdious.fedorapeople.org/drafts/html/chap-SELinux_User_Guide-Important_Trademark_Information.html>
<http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Docs/Drafts/SELinux_User_Guide/SELinux_Implementation_Phase/Trademarks>

The page was copied from a previous guide, and was first created from 
advice from the legal team here...

> 
>> * Prevention against privilege escalation. Since subjects run in domains,
>> and are therefore separated from each other, and rules determine how
>> subjects access objects and other subjects, if a service is compromised, the
>> attacker only has access to the normal functions of that service, and to
>> files that the service has been configured to have access to. For example,
>> if the Apache HTTP Server is compromised, an attacker is unable to read
>> files in user home directories, unless a specific rule was added or
>> configured to allow such access.
>>
> 
> I worry about the word prevention.. it implies impossibility. Selinux
> discourages privilege escalation but a hole in a policy could still
> allow for privilege escalation.

Great point! I'll work on changing it to something more suitable.

Thanks again.

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Murray McAllister]

Hi,

Thank you for your feedback. I know it is frustrating having to deal 
with people on my level :) Changes inline:

Stephen Smalley wrote:
> On Wed, 2008-08-27 at 15:49 +1000, Murray McAllister wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> The following is a draft of the Introduction sections for the SELinux 
>> User Guide. Any comments and corrections are appreciated.
>>
>> Thanks.
>>
>>   On Linux® operating systems, files, directories, sockets, devices, and 
>> so on, are called objects, and processes, such as a user running a 
>> command, the Mozilla® Firefox® application, and the Apache HTTP Server, 
>> are called subjects. Linux operating systems use a Discretionary Access 
>> Control (DAC) system that controls how subjects interact and access 
>> objects, and how subjects interact with each other.
> 
> The first two statements are actually true of most operating systems.

On most operating systems, files, directories, sockets...

Also, most operating systems use a Discretionary Access Control (DAC) 
system that...

[snip]

>> The following is an example of permissions used on Linux operating 
>> systems that do not run Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). Use the ls -l 
>> command to view object (such as a file) permissions:
>>
>> -rwxrw-r-- 1 user1 group1 0 Aug 18 10:08 file1
>>
>>   The first three permission bits, rwx, control the access the Linux 
>> user1 user (in this case, the owner) has to the file1 object. The next 
>> three permission bits, rw-, control the access the Linux group1 group 
>> has to the file1 object. The last three permission bits, r--, control 
>> the access everyone else has to the file1 object. This includes all 
>> subjects (such as users and processes). By default, when a new object 
>> (such as a file) is created, everyone has read permissions.
> 
> Depends on the umask, and can be customized in /etc/profile or ~/.bashrc
> or similar files.  It isn't really the permissiveness of the default
> umask that is the key issue here, btw.

Is this correct:

On Fedora 10, if the default umask (0002) is used, when a new object 
(such as a file) is created, everyone has read permissions.

Or remove it?

[snip]

>> Benefits of running SELinux
>>
>> SELinux provides:
>>
>> * An additional layer of security: a system where subjects (processes) 
>> are separated from each other by running in their own domains, and rules 
>> define how subjects interact and access objects (such as files), as well 
>> as how subjects interact with each other. Actions, such as a subject 
>> opening an object, are only allowed if a rule exists that specifically 
>> allows it.
>>
>> * Fine-grained access control. Stepping beyond traditional UNIX® 
>> permissions that are controlled at user discretion and based on Linux 
>> user and group IDs, SELinux access decisions are based on all available 
>> information, such as an SELinux user, role, and type. SELinux policy is 
>> administratively-defined, and is not set at user discretion. SELinux 
>> allow rules (the default action is deny) are not used if DAC rules deny 
>> access first.
> 
> This bullet mixes two different concepts:  fine-grained access control
> and administratively-defined policy.  Both are important, but they are
> distinct.
>> * Type Enforcement®. All subjects and objects are labeled with a type. 
>> Rules define how types interact and access each other. Access is only 
>> allowed if a rule exists that specifically allows it.
> 
> This bullet seems redundant with the first one - it merely refines the
> general notions of subject and object to types.

* All subjects and objects are labeled with a type. Subjects (processes) 
are separated from each other by running in their own domains, and rules 
define how subjects interact and access objects (such as files), as well 
as how subjects interact with each other. Access is only allowed if a 
rule exists that specifically allows it.

* Fine-grained access control. Stepping beyond traditional UNIX® 
permissions that are controlled at user discretion and based on Linux 
user and group IDs, SELinux access decisions are based on all available 
information, such as an SELinux user, role, and type.

* SELinux policy is administratively-defined, enforced system-wide, and 
is not set at user discretion.

>> * Prevention against privilege escalation. Since subjects run in 
>> domains, and are therefore separated from each other, and rules 
>> determine how subjects access objects and other subjects, if a service 
>> is compromised, the attacker only has access to the normal functions of 
>> that service, and to files that the service has been configured to have 
>> access to. For example, if the Apache HTTP Server is compromised, an 
>> attacker is unable to read files in user home directories, unless a 
>> specific rule was added or configured to allow such access.

Reduced vulnerability to privilege escalation attacks. One example: 
since subjects run in domains...

> This is one way in which SELinux can be applied.  Other goals to which
> SELinux can be applied include enforcing data confidentiality and
> integrity, protecting privileged subjects from untrustworthy inputs, and
> ensuring the invocation of critical processing. 

Added to the end of the list:

Other goals to which SELinux can be applied include enforcing data 
confidentiality and integrity, protecting privileged subjects from 
untrustworthy inputs, and ensuring the invocation of critical processing.[1]

>> SELinux is not:
>>
>> * Antivirus software.
>>
>> * A replacement for passwords, firewalls, or other security systems.
>>
>> * An all-in-one security solution.
>>
>> SELinux is an addition to DAC rules.
> 
> This doesn't quite sound right, as it makes it sound as though SELinux
> is an extension to DAC vs. an orthogonal access control scheme (MAC).
> 
>>  It is designed to enhance existing 
>> security solutions, not replace them. Even when running SELinux, 
>> continue to follow good security practices, such as keeping software 
>> up-to-date, using hard-to-guess passwords, firewalls, and so on.

SELinux is designed to enhance existing security solutions, not replace 
them...

>>
>> Examples
>>
>> The following examples demonstrate how SELinux increases security:
>>
>> * The default action is deny. If a rule does not exist to allow a 
>> subject access to an object, or a subject access to another subject, 
>> access is denied.
>>
>> * Confining users: SELinux can confine Linux users. A number of 
>> restricted SELinux users exist. Linux users can be mapped to restricted 
>> SELinux users to take advantage of confined SELinux users. For example, 
>> mapping a Linux user account to the SELinux user_u user, results in a 
>> Linux user that is not able to run (unless configured otherwise) set 
>> user ID (setuid) applications, such as /usr/bin/sudo and su. Also, you 
>> can disable the execution of objects in user home directories for Linux 
>> users that are mapped to the SELinux user_u user. If configured, this 
>> prevents users from executing malicious files, that they may have 
>> downloaded from the Internet, from their home directories.
>>
>> * Subject (process) separation. Subjects run in their own domains. This 
>> prevents other subjects from accessing objects used by other subjects, 
>> as well as subjects accessing other subjects. For example, when running 
>> SELinux, unless otherwise configured, an attacker can not compromise a 
>> Samba server, and then use that Samba server to read and write to 
>> objects used by other subjects, such as files comprising a website that 
>> is read by the Apache HTTP server.
> 
> Here you can point specifically to past examples of flaws that would be
> mitigated by SELinux.  See for example:
> http://www.tresys.com/innovation.php (SELinux Mitigation News, on the right)
> http://www.redhatmagazine.com/2008/02/26/risk-report-three-years-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-4/
> http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2008/022408-selinux.html?page=1
> http://james-morris.livejournal.com/25421.html

Thank you. I am adding links for these.

> 
>> * Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. An administrator 
>> may forget to limit zone transfers when running ISC BIND; however, the 
>> default SELinux context for zone files does not allow them to be updated 
>> by zone transfers, or written to by named, the ISC BIND daemon, and 
>> other subjects.

Someone mentioned "What is ISC BIND". I need to change this to a more 
simple example.

> 
>> SELinux Architecture and Performance
>>
>> SELinux is a Linux kernel module.
> 
> Actually, to be precise, SELinux is a Linux kernel subsystem or a Linux
> security module.  It has to be built-in; you cannot build and load it as
> a loadable kernel module due to its tight integration with core kernel
> structures and interfaces and its need to start handling kernel objects
> and operations from the beginning.
> 
>>  Part of this module is the SELinux 
>> security server. The security server contains policy rules that define 
>> what access is allowed.
> 
> I'd tend to say "is driven by loadable policy rules" or "is driven by a
> loadable policy configuration" rather than "contains policy rules" as
> the latter suggests that the rules are fixed/hardcoded.
> 
>>  When a subject attempts to interact with an 
>> object, for example, a process opening a file, a hook in the Linux 
>> kernel intercepts the system call the process makes to open the file. 
>> The hook communicates with the security server to check if access should 
>> be allowed or denied.
> 
> I'd change "communicates" to "calls" since it is a function call rather
> than an IPC in Linux.

SELinux is a Linux security module that is built into the Linux kernel. 
Part of this module is the SELinux security server. The security server 
is driven by loadable policy rules that define what access is allowed. 
When a subject attempts to interact with an object, for example, a 
process opening a file, a hook in the Linux kernel intercepts the system 
call the process makes to open the file. The hook calls the security 
server to check if access...

[snip]

[1] Smalley, Stephen. 'Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review'. 
Email to Murray McAllister, 27 August 2008. Any edits were done by 
Murray McAllister.

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[James Morris]

On Thu, 28 Aug 2008, Murray McAllister wrote:

> > > * Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. An administrator
> > > may forget to limit zone transfers when running ISC BIND; however, the
> > > default SELinux context for zone files does not allow them to be updated
> > > by zone transfers, or written to by named, the ISC BIND daemon, and other
> > > subjects.
> 
> Someone mentioned "What is ISC BIND". I need to change this to a more simple
> example.

You could use "DNS server", perhaps with a reference/link to an 
explanation of what it is.

> SELinux is a Linux security module that is built into the Linux kernel. Part
> of this module is the SELinux security server. The security server is driven

IMHO, "security server" is unnecessary jargon in a general explanation 
context.  (The server part will likely confuse all who are not also 
familiar microkernel design and related Flask/Flux history).

I tend to explain it along the lines of: security policy is loaded into 
the kernel, and consulted when a security-relevant access is taking place.  
SELinux will veto the access if it is not allowed by policy.


> by loadable policy rules that define what access is allowed. When a subject
> attempts to interact with an object, for example, a process opening a file, a
> hook in the Linux kernel intercepts the system call the process makes to open
> the file. The hook calls the security server to check if access...

Make it more concrete, e.g. when a process attempts to open a file, this 
operation is intercepted in the kernel by SELinux.  If the operation is 
allowed by policy, it is allowed to proceed, otherwise, it is blocked and 
the application receives an error.

Generally, removing jargon and uncessary abstractions is the way to go.  
There is already plenty of detailed technical documentation for those that 
need to understand the internals.


- James
-- 
James Morris
<jmorris@namei.org>

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Murray McAllister]

James Morris wrote:
> On Thu, 28 Aug 2008, Murray McAllister wrote:
> 
>>>> * Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. An administrator
>>>> may forget to limit zone transfers when running ISC BIND; however, the
>>>> default SELinux context for zone files does not allow them to be updated
>>>> by zone transfers, or written to by named, the ISC BIND daemon, and other
>>>> subjects.
>> Someone mentioned "What is ISC BIND". I need to change this to a more simple
>> example.
> 
> You could use "DNS server", perhaps with a reference/link to an 
> explanation of what it is.

How about:

Help limit the damage done by configuration mistakes. Domain Name System 
(DNS)[1] servers can replicate information between each other. This is 
known as a zone transfer. Attackers can use zone transfers to update DNS 
servers with false information. When running the Berkeley Internet Name 
Domain (BIND)[2] DNS server on Fedora 10, even if an administrator 
forgets to limit which servers can perform a zone transfer, the default 
SELinux policy prevents zone files[3] from being updated by zone 
transfers, the BIND named daemon, and any other subjects.

>> SELinux is a Linux security module that is built into the Linux kernel. Part
>> of this module is the SELinux security server. The security server is driven
> 
> IMHO, "security server" is unnecessary jargon in a general explanation 
> context.  (The server part will likely confuse all who are not also 
> familiar microkernel design and related Flask/Flux history).
> 
> I tend to explain it along the lines of: security policy is loaded into 
> the kernel, and consulted when a security-relevant access is taking place.  
> SELinux will veto the access if it is not allowed by policy.
> 
> 
>> by loadable policy rules that define what access is allowed. When a subject
>> attempts to interact with an object, for example, a process opening a file, a
>> hook in the Linux kernel intercepts the system call the process makes to open
>> the file. The hook calls the security server to check if access...
> 
> Make it more concrete, e.g. when a process attempts to open a file, this 
> operation is intercepted in the kernel by SELinux.  If the operation is 
> allowed by policy, it is allowed to proceed, otherwise, it is blocked and 
> the application receives an error.
> 
> Generally, removing jargon and uncessary abstractions is the way to go.  
> There is already plenty of detailed technical documentation for those that 
> need to understand the internals.

How about:

SELinux is a Linux security module that is built into the Linux kernel. 
SELinux is driven by loadable policy rules. When security-relevant 
access is taking place, such as when a subject attempts to open an 
object, the operation is intercepted in the kernel by SELinux. If an 
SELinux policy rule allows the operation, it continues, otherwise, the 
operation is blocked and the subject receives an error.

SELinux decisions, such as allowing or disallowing access, are cached. 
This cache is known as the Access Vector Cache (AVC). This decreases how 
often SELinux policy rules need to be checked, which increases 
performance. SELinux policy rules have no affect if DAC rules deny 
access first.

Thanks for your help.

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
[2] http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/sw/bind/index.php
[3] Text files that include information, such as hostname to IP address 
mappings, that are used by DNS servers.

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[James Morris]

Looks good to me.


-- 
James Morris
<jmorris@namei.org>

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Murray McAllister]

Stephen Smalley wrote:

[snip]

>>
>> -rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1
>>
>> In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role 
>> (object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). 

Should this be, "...and a level (s0)"?

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[James Morris]

On Mon, 1 Sep 2008, Murray McAllister wrote:

> Stephen Smalley wrote:
> 
> [snip]
> 
> > > 
> > > -rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1
> > > 
> > > In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role
> > > (object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). 
> 
> Should this be, "...and a level (s0)"?

It's a sensitivity.

Security level = sensitivity + 0 or more categories.


- James
-- 
James Morris
<jmorris@namei.org>

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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Stephen Smalley]

On Mon, 2008-09-01 at 10:59 +1000, Murray McAllister wrote:
> Stephen Smalley wrote:
> 
> [snip]
> 
> >>
> >> -rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1
> >>
> >> In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role 
> >> (object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). 
> 
> Should this be, "...and a level (s0)"?

Yes.  Or a range s0, as a single level is the degenerate case of a range
where the low level and high level are the same.

-- 
Stephen Smalley
National Security Agency


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Re: user guide draft: "Introduction" review

[Stephen Smalley]

On Mon, 2008-09-01 at 15:04 +1000, James Morris wrote:
> On Mon, 1 Sep 2008, Murray McAllister wrote:
> 
> > Stephen Smalley wrote:
> > 
> > [snip]
> > 
> > > > 
> > > > -rwxrw-r--  user1 group1 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0      file1
> > > > 
> > > > In this example, SELinux provides a user (unconfined_u), a role
> > > > (object_r), a type (user_home_t), and a category (s0). 
> > 
> > Should this be, "...and a level (s0)"?
> 
> It's a sensitivity.
> 
> Security level = sensitivity + 0 or more categories.

True, but it is also a level (i.e. the sensitivity s0 and no
categories).

-- 
Stephen Smalley
National Security Agency


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