* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC
@ 2012-07-31 17:48 Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:48 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver Vikram Narayanan
` (2 more replies)
0 siblings, 3 replies; 6+ messages in thread
From: Vikram Narayanan @ 2012-07-31 17:48 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
Also, add the driver to the raspberrypi default config
Cc: Stephen Warren <swarren@wwwdotorg.org>
Cc: Albert Aribaud <albert.u.boot@aribaud.net>
Vikram Narayanan (2):
gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver
rbpi: Add BCM2835 GPIO driver for raspberry pi
Changes from v2:
Incorporate further comments from Stephen Warren
Changes from v1:
Incorporate comments from Stephen Warren
arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
drivers/gpio/Makefile | 1 +
drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
include/configs/rpi_b.h | 3 +-
4 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
create mode 100644 drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
--
1.7.4.1
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver
2012-07-31 17:48 [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Vikram Narayanan
@ 2012-07-31 17:48 ` Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 2:31 ` Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:50 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 2/2] rbpi: Add BCM2835 GPIO driver for raspberry pi Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 4:15 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Stephen Warren
2 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: Vikram Narayanan @ 2012-07-31 17:48 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
Driver for BCM2835 SoC. This gives the basic functionality of
setting/clearing the output.
Signed-off-by: Vikram Narayanan <vikram186@gmail.com>
---
arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
drivers/gpio/Makefile | 1 +
drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
create mode 100644 drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..515456a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Vikram Narayananan
+ * <vikram186@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
+ * project.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ * MA 02111-1307 USA
+ */
+
+#ifndef _BCM2835_GPIO_H_
+#define _BCM2835_GPIO_H_
+
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_BASE 0x7E200000
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_COUNT 53
+
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK 0x7
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_INPUT 0x0
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_OUTPUT 0x1
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT0 0x2
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT1 0x3
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT2 0x4
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT3 0x5
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT4 0x6
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT5 0x7
+
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio) ((gpio < 32) ? 0 : 1)
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio) (gpio & 0x1f)
+
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio) (gpio / 10)
+#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio) ((gpio % 10) * 3)
+
+struct bcm_gpio_regs {
+ u32 gpfsel[6];
+ u32 reserved1;
+ u32 gpset[2];
+ u32 reserved2;
+ u32 gpclr[2];
+ u32 reserved3;
+ u32 gplev[2];
+ u32 reserved4;
+ u32 gpeds[2];
+ u32 reserved5;
+ u32 gpren[2];
+ u32 reserved6;
+ u32 gpfen[2];
+ u32 reserved7;
+ u32 gphen[2];
+ u32 reserved8;
+ u32 gplen[2];
+ u32 reserved9;
+ u32 gparen[2];
+ u32 reserved10;
+ u32 gppud;
+ u32 gppudclk[2];
+};
+
+#endif /* _BCM2835_GPIO_H_ */
diff --git a/drivers/gpio/Makefile b/drivers/gpio/Makefile
index 32a2474..8d2f2b2 100644
--- a/drivers/gpio/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/gpio/Makefile
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ COBJS-$(CONFIG_TEGRA_GPIO) += tegra_gpio.o
COBJS-$(CONFIG_DA8XX_GPIO) += da8xx_gpio.o
COBJS-$(CONFIG_ALTERA_PIO) += altera_pio.o
COBJS-$(CONFIG_MPC83XX_GPIO) += mpc83xx_gpio.o
+COBJS-$(CONFIG_BCM2835_GPIO) += bcm2835_gpio.o
COBJS := $(COBJS-y)
SRCS := $(COBJS:.o=.c)
diff --git a/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c b/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb02efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Vikram Narayananan
+ * <vikram186@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
+ * project.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ * MA 02111-1307 USA
+ */
+
+#include <common.h>
+#include <asm/gpio.h>
+#include <asm/io.h>
+
+inline int gpio_is_valid(unsigned gpio)
+{
+ return (gpio < BCM2835_GPIO_COUNT);
+}
+
+int gpio_request(unsigned gpio, const char *label)
+{
+ return gpio_is_valid(gpio);
+}
+
+int gpio_free(unsigned gpio)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int gpio_direction_input(unsigned gpio)
+{
+ struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
+ unsigned val;
+
+ val = readl(®->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
+ val &= ~(BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK << BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
+ val |= (BCM2835_GPIO_INPUT << BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
+ writel(val, reg->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
+ }
+
+int gpio_direction_output(unsigned gpio, int value)
+{
+ struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
+ unsigned val;
+
+ if (value)
+ gpio_set_value(gpio, value);
+
+ val = readl(®->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
+ val &= ~(BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK << BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
+ val |= (BCM2835_GPIO_OUTPUT << BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
+ writel(val, reg->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
+}
+
+int gpio_get_value(unsigned gpio)
+{
+ struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
+ unsigned val;
+
+ val = readl(®->gplev[BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio)]);
+
+ return (val >> BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio)) & 0x1;
+}
+
+int gpio_set_value(unsigned gpio, int value)
+{
+ struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
+ u32 *output_reg = value ? reg->gpset : reg->gpclr;
+
+ writel(1 << BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio),
+ output_reg[BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio)]);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
--
1.7.4.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 2/2] rbpi: Add BCM2835 GPIO driver for raspberry pi
2012-07-31 17:48 [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:48 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver Vikram Narayanan
@ 2012-07-31 17:50 ` Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 4:15 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Stephen Warren
2 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread
From: Vikram Narayanan @ 2012-07-31 17:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
Add the driver to the default config
Signed-off-by: Vikram Narayanan <vikram186@gmail.com>
---
include/configs/rpi_b.h | 3 ++-
1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/configs/rpi_b.h b/include/configs/rpi_b.h
index f547027..d4bbccc 100644
--- a/include/configs/rpi_b.h
+++ b/include/configs/rpi_b.h
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@
#define CONFIG_SYS_NO_FLASH
/* Devices */
-/* None yet */
+/* GPIO */
+#define CONFIG_BCM2835_GPIO
/* Console UART */
#define CONFIG_PL011_SERIAL
--
1.7.4.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver
2012-07-31 17:48 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver Vikram Narayanan
@ 2012-08-01 2:31 ` Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 4:22 ` Stephen Warren
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: Vikram Narayanan @ 2012-08-01 2:31 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
On 7/31/2012 11:18 PM, Vikram Narayanan wrote:
> Driver for BCM2835 SoC. This gives the basic functionality of
> setting/clearing the output.
>
> Signed-off-by: Vikram Narayanan<vikram186@gmail.com>
> ---
> arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
> drivers/gpio/Makefile | 1 +
> drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> 3 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
> create mode 100644 drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..515456a
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2012 Vikram Narayananan
> + *<vikram186@gmail.com>
> + *
> + * See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
> + * project.
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
> + * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
> + * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
> + * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
> + *
> + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
> + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
> + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
> + * GNU General Public License for more details.
> + *
> + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
> + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
> + * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
> + * MA 02111-1307 USA
> + */
> +
> +#ifndef _BCM2835_GPIO_H_
> +#define _BCM2835_GPIO_H_
> +
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_BASE 0x7E200000
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_COUNT 53
GPIO count should be 54 to make the gpio_is_valid work correctly when
the gpio is 53.
Will fix in v4.
Any other comments?
> +
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK 0x7
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_INPUT 0x0
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_OUTPUT 0x1
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT0 0x2
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT1 0x3
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT2 0x4
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT3 0x5
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT4 0x6
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_ALT5 0x7
> +
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio) ((gpio< 32) ? 0 : 1)
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio) (gpio& 0x1f)
> +
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio) (gpio / 10)
> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio) ((gpio % 10) * 3)
> +
> +struct bcm_gpio_regs {
> + u32 gpfsel[6];
> + u32 reserved1;
> + u32 gpset[2];
> + u32 reserved2;
> + u32 gpclr[2];
> + u32 reserved3;
> + u32 gplev[2];
> + u32 reserved4;
> + u32 gpeds[2];
> + u32 reserved5;
> + u32 gpren[2];
> + u32 reserved6;
> + u32 gpfen[2];
> + u32 reserved7;
> + u32 gphen[2];
> + u32 reserved8;
> + u32 gplen[2];
> + u32 reserved9;
> + u32 gparen[2];
> + u32 reserved10;
> + u32 gppud;
> + u32 gppudclk[2];
> +};
> +
> +#endif /* _BCM2835_GPIO_H_ */
> diff --git a/drivers/gpio/Makefile b/drivers/gpio/Makefile
> index 32a2474..8d2f2b2 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpio/Makefile
> +++ b/drivers/gpio/Makefile
> @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ COBJS-$(CONFIG_TEGRA_GPIO) += tegra_gpio.o
> COBJS-$(CONFIG_DA8XX_GPIO) += da8xx_gpio.o
> COBJS-$(CONFIG_ALTERA_PIO) += altera_pio.o
> COBJS-$(CONFIG_MPC83XX_GPIO) += mpc83xx_gpio.o
> +COBJS-$(CONFIG_BCM2835_GPIO) += bcm2835_gpio.o
>
> COBJS := $(COBJS-y)
> SRCS := $(COBJS:.o=.c)
> diff --git a/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c b/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..eb02efa
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/gpio/bcm2835_gpio.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2012 Vikram Narayananan
> + *<vikram186@gmail.com>
> + *
> + * See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
> + * project.
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
> + * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
> + * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
> + * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
> + *
> + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
> + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
> + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
> + * GNU General Public License for more details.
> + *
> + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
> + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
> + * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
> + * MA 02111-1307 USA
> + */
> +
> +#include<common.h>
> +#include<asm/gpio.h>
> +#include<asm/io.h>
> +
> +inline int gpio_is_valid(unsigned gpio)
> +{
> + return (gpio< BCM2835_GPIO_COUNT);
> +}
> +
> +int gpio_request(unsigned gpio, const char *label)
> +{
> + return gpio_is_valid(gpio);
> +}
> +
> +int gpio_free(unsigned gpio)
> +{
> + return 0;
> +}
> +
> +int gpio_direction_input(unsigned gpio)
> +{
> + struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
> + unsigned val;
> +
> + val = readl(®->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
> + val&= ~(BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK<< BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
> + val |= (BCM2835_GPIO_INPUT<< BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
> + writel(val, reg->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
> + }
> +
> +int gpio_direction_output(unsigned gpio, int value)
> +{
> + struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
> + unsigned val;
> +
> + if (value)
> + gpio_set_value(gpio, value);
> +
> + val = readl(®->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
> + val&= ~(BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_MASK<< BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
> + val |= (BCM2835_GPIO_OUTPUT<< BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_SHIFT(gpio));
> + writel(val, reg->gpfsel[BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_BANK(gpio)]);
> +}
> +
> +int gpio_get_value(unsigned gpio)
> +{
> + struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
> + unsigned val;
> +
> + val = readl(®->gplev[BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio)]);
> +
> + return (val>> BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio))& 0x1;
> +}
> +
> +int gpio_set_value(unsigned gpio, int value)
> +{
> + struct bcm_gpio_regs *reg = (struct bcm_gpio_regs *)BCM2835_GPIO_BASE;
> + u32 *output_reg = value ? reg->gpset : reg->gpclr;
> +
> + writel(1<< BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_SHIFT(gpio),
> + output_reg[BCM2835_GPIO_COMMON_BANK(gpio)]);
> +
> + return 0;
> +}
> +
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC
2012-07-31 17:48 [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:48 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:50 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 2/2] rbpi: Add BCM2835 GPIO driver for raspberry pi Vikram Narayanan
@ 2012-08-01 4:15 ` Stephen Warren
2 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread
From: Stephen Warren @ 2012-08-01 4:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
On 07/31/2012 11:48 AM, Vikram Narayanan wrote:
> Also, add the driver to the raspberrypi default config
Hmm. I tested this on real HW, and there are quite a few issues. I just
re-posted my base Raspberry Pi series and rolled these two patches onto
the end, including the fixes I found needed during actual compilation
and testing.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver
2012-08-01 2:31 ` Vikram Narayanan
@ 2012-08-01 4:22 ` Stephen Warren
0 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread
From: Stephen Warren @ 2012-08-01 4:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: u-boot
On 07/31/2012 08:31 PM, Vikram Narayanan wrote:
> On 7/31/2012 11:18 PM, Vikram Narayanan wrote:
>> Driver for BCM2835 SoC. This gives the basic functionality of
>> setting/clearing the output.
>> diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/arch-bcm2835/gpio.h
>> +#define BCM2835_GPIO_COUNT 53
>
> GPIO count should be 54 to make the gpio_is_valid work correctly when
> the gpio is 53.
> Will fix in v4.
Oh dear. I posted an updated version of your patches which fix a bunch
of errors. I guess I'll wait and see if there are any other comments on
other patches in that series, and re-post that series, or just that
patch, with that fixed later.
P.S. There's no need to quote the entire patch just to comment on one line.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2012-08-01 4:22 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 6+ messages (download: mbox.gz follow: Atom feed
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2012-07-31 17:48 [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Vikram Narayanan
2012-07-31 17:48 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 1/2] gpio: bcm2835: Add GPIO driver Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 2:31 ` Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 4:22 ` Stephen Warren
2012-07-31 17:50 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 2/2] rbpi: Add BCM2835 GPIO driver for raspberry pi Vikram Narayanan
2012-08-01 4:15 ` [U-Boot] [PATCH v3 0/2] Add GPIO driver for BCM2835 SoC Stephen Warren
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