[PATCH 0/5] s390/idle: CPU idle driver

[PATCH 0/5] s390/idle: CPU idle driver

[Mete Durlu]

This patch series introduces a CPU idle driver for s390
architecture that leverages the existing cpu idle infrastructure and
TEO (Timer Events Oriented) governor to optimize idle state selection
based on timer events and interrupt patterns.

# Implementation Overview
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The driver implements two idle states;

**Polling Idle (shallow state)**
- Busy-loop implementation that prevents SIE-exit during short idle periods
- Zero exit latency, optimized for latency-sensitive workloads
- Maintains CPU with the guest, improving response times

**Enabled Wait (deep state)**
- Traditional EW state that signals hypervisor availability
- Higher exit latency but more efficient for longer idle periods

The TEO governor dynamically selects between these states by monitoring
next timer interrupts and system interrupt frequency, choosing the most
appropriate idle state for each situation.

# Performance Benefits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Benchmark results across LPAR, KVM, and z/VM guests demonstrate significant
improvements for latency-sensitive and scheduler-intensive workloads:

```
Benchmark    | LPAR  | z/VM  | KVM   |
-----------------------------------------
cyclictest   | +45%  | +50%  | +30%  |
hackbench    | +5%   | +12%  | -     |
pgbench      | +2%   | +15%  | +2%   |
uperf        | +50%* | +-5%  | +-5%  |
```

*Single-threaded uperf scenarios show 50-70% improvements on LPAR.
Multi-threaded results show slight improvements overall.

Additionally, fio and ioping tests show latency distribution shifts toward
lower values with reduced minimum and average latencies.

# Configuration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Idle state parameters are tuned per hypervisor type after benchmarks:

**LPAR:**
- Polling: 5us target residency, 0us exit latency
- EW: 5us target residency, 5us exit latency

**KVM/z/VM:**
- Polling: 1us target residency, 0us exit latency  
- EW: 1us target residency, 1us exit latency


Mete Durlu (5):
  s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag
  tick: Remove arch_needs_cpu
  s390: Enable TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG
  s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390
  s390/configs: Enable cpuidle driver on s390

 arch/s390/Kconfig                   |   5 ++
 arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig   |   2 +
 arch/s390/configs/defconfig         |   2 +
 arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h   |   4 --
 arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h |   1 +
 arch/s390/kernel/idle.c             |   1 -
 arch/s390/kernel/irq.c              |   4 --
 arch/s390/kernel/smp.c              |   1 -
 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig             |   5 ++
 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390        |  12 ++++
 drivers/cpuidle/Makefile            |   4 ++
 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c      | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 include/linux/tick.h                |   3 -
 kernel/time/tick-sched.c            |   7 +-
 14 files changed, 138 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
 create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c

-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Mete Durlu]

Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/

Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
---
 arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h | 4 ----
 arch/s390/kernel/idle.c           | 1 -
 arch/s390/kernel/irq.c            | 4 ----
 arch/s390/kernel/smp.c            | 1 -
 4 files changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h
index 78195ee5e99f..3666198cc364 100644
--- a/arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h
+++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/processor.h
@@ -14,12 +14,10 @@
 
 #include <linux/bits.h>
 
-#define CIF_NOHZ_DELAY		2	/* delay HZ disable for a tick */
 #define CIF_ENABLED_WAIT	5	/* in enabled wait state */
 #define CIF_MCCK_GUEST		6	/* machine check happening in guest */
 #define CIF_DEDICATED_CPU	7	/* this CPU is dedicated */
 
-#define _CIF_NOHZ_DELAY		BIT(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY)
 #define _CIF_ENABLED_WAIT	BIT(CIF_ENABLED_WAIT)
 #define _CIF_MCCK_GUEST		BIT(CIF_MCCK_GUEST)
 #define _CIF_DEDICATED_CPU	BIT(CIF_DEDICATED_CPU)
@@ -96,8 +94,6 @@ static __always_inline bool test_cpu_flag_of(int flag, int cpu)
 	return test_bit(flag, &per_cpu(pcpu_devices, cpu).flags);
 }
 
-#define arch_needs_cpu() test_cpu_flag(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY)
-
 static inline void get_cpu_id(struct cpuid *ptr)
 {
 	asm volatile("stidp %0" : "=Q" (*ptr));
diff --git a/arch/s390/kernel/idle.c b/arch/s390/kernel/idle.c
index 1f1b06b6b4ef..8c63f440da2e 100644
--- a/arch/s390/kernel/idle.c
+++ b/arch/s390/kernel/idle.c
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ void noinstr arch_cpu_idle(void)
 	/* Wait for external, I/O or machine check interrupt. */
 	psw_mask = PSW_KERNEL_BITS | PSW_MASK_WAIT |
 		   PSW_MASK_IO | PSW_MASK_EXT | PSW_MASK_MCHECK;
-	clear_cpu_flag(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY);
 	set_cpu_flag(CIF_ENABLED_WAIT);
 	if (smp_cpu_mtid)
 		stcctm(MT_DIAG, smp_cpu_mtid, (u64 *)&idle->mt_cycles_enter);
diff --git a/arch/s390/kernel/irq.c b/arch/s390/kernel/irq.c
index d10a17e6531d..61d17954c34c 100644
--- a/arch/s390/kernel/irq.c
+++ b/arch/s390/kernel/irq.c
@@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ void noinstr do_io_irq(struct pt_regs *regs)
 	if (from_idle)
 		account_idle_time_irq();
 
-	set_cpu_flag(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY);
 	do {
 		regs->tpi_info = get_lowcore()->tpi_info;
 		if (get_lowcore()->tpi_info.adapter_IO)
@@ -358,9 +357,6 @@ static irqreturn_t do_ext_interrupt(int irq, void *dummy)
 	int index;
 
 	ext_code.int_code = regs->int_code;
-	if (ext_code.code != EXT_IRQ_CLK_COMP)
-		set_cpu_flag(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY);
-
 	index = ext_hash(ext_code.code);
 	rcu_read_lock();
 	hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(p, &ext_int_hash[index], entry) {
diff --git a/arch/s390/kernel/smp.c b/arch/s390/kernel/smp.c
index 50bb499cf3e5..cd5ccbe3a18d 100644
--- a/arch/s390/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/s390/kernel/smp.c
@@ -910,7 +910,6 @@ int __cpu_disable(void)
 	cregs[6].val  &= ~0xff000000UL;	/* disable all I/O interrupts */
 	cregs[14].val &= ~0x1f000000UL;	/* disable most machine checks */
 	__local_ctl_load(0, 15, cregs);
-	clear_cpu_flag(CIF_NOHZ_DELAY);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 2/5] tick: Remove arch_needs_cpu

[Mete Durlu]

Remove unused arch_needs_cpu() hook. No architectures use it after
s390 removed its use case.

Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
---
 include/linux/tick.h     | 3 ---
 kernel/time/tick-sched.c | 7 +++----
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/tick.h b/include/linux/tick.h
index 738007d6f577..0f6757f81839 100644
--- a/include/linux/tick.h
+++ b/include/linux/tick.h
@@ -44,9 +44,6 @@ static inline void tick_unfreeze(void) { }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_TICK_ONESHOT
 extern void tick_irq_enter(void);
-#  ifndef arch_needs_cpu
-#   define arch_needs_cpu() (0)
-#  endif
 # else
 static inline void tick_irq_enter(void) { }
 #endif
diff --git a/kernel/time/tick-sched.c b/kernel/time/tick-sched.c
index cbbb87a0c6e7..cee18999d818 100644
--- a/kernel/time/tick-sched.c
+++ b/kernel/time/tick-sched.c
@@ -943,8 +943,7 @@ static ktime_t tick_nohz_next_event(struct tick_sched *ts, int cpu)
 	ts->timer_expires_base = basemono;
 
 	/*
-	 * Keep the periodic tick, when RCU, architecture or irq_work
-	 * requests it.
+	 * Keep the periodic tick, when RCU or irq_work requests it.
 	 * Aside of that, check whether the local timer softirq is
 	 * pending. If so, its a bad idea to call get_next_timer_interrupt(),
 	 * because there is an already expired timer, so it will request
@@ -952,8 +951,8 @@ static ktime_t tick_nohz_next_event(struct tick_sched *ts, int cpu)
 	 * minimal delta, which brings us back to this place
 	 * immediately. Lather, rinse and repeat...
 	 */
-	if (rcu_needs_cpu() || arch_needs_cpu() ||
-	    irq_work_needs_cpu() || local_timer_softirq_pending()) {
+	if (rcu_needs_cpu() || irq_work_needs_cpu() ||
+	    local_timer_softirq_pending()) {
 		next_tick = basemono + TICK_NSEC;
 	} else {
 		/*
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 3/5] s390: Enable TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG

[Mete Durlu]

Enable TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG to support idle polling state in the
upcoming cpuidle driver.

Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
---
 arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h
index 6a548a819400..2554cef3a6a5 100644
--- a/arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h
+++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/thread_info.h
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ void arch_setup_new_exec(void);
  */
 #define HAVE_TIF_NEED_RESCHED_LAZY
 #define HAVE_TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK
+#define HAVE_TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG
 
 #include <asm-generic/thread_info_tif.h>
 
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 4/5] s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390

[Mete Durlu]

Introduce generic cpuidle driver on s390. Use a two stage approach to
handle idle scenarios and use TEO governor for idle stage selection.
Two stages are, from shallow to deep, idle polling and enabled wait.

Suggested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
---
 arch/s390/Kconfig              |   5 ++
 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig        |   5 ++
 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390   |  12 ++++
 drivers/cpuidle/Makefile       |   4 ++
 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 130 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
 create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c

diff --git a/arch/s390/Kconfig b/arch/s390/Kconfig
index ecbcbb781e40..8548f5b6b247 100644
--- a/arch/s390/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/s390/Kconfig
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ config ARCH_HAS_ILOG2_U64
 config ARCH_PROC_KCORE_TEXT
 	def_bool y
 
+config ARCH_HAS_CPU_RELAX
+	def_bool y
+
 config GENERIC_HWEIGHT
 	def_bool !HAVE_MARCH_Z196_FEATURES
 
@@ -708,6 +711,8 @@ config KERNEL_IMAGE_BASE
 
 endmenu
 
+source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig"
+
 menu "Memory setup"
 
 config ARCH_SPARSEMEM_ENABLE
diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
index d6d8386d3f02..00e2562041fd 100644
--- a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
+++ b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ depends on RISCV
 source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.riscv"
 endmenu
 
+menu "S390 CPU Idle Drivers"
+depends on S390
+source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390"
+endmenu
+
 config HALTPOLL_CPUIDLE
 	tristate "Halt poll cpuidle driver"
 	depends on X86 && KVM_GUEST
diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390 b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e51704a9304c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+#
+# S390 CPU Idle drivers
+#
+
+config S390_CPUIDLE
+	bool "S390 CPU idle driver"
+	default y
+	help
+          Select this option to enable processor idle state management
+          through cpuidle subsystem.
+
diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/Makefile b/drivers/cpuidle/Makefile
index 1de9e92c5b0f..88cbc2a7aea8 100644
--- a/drivers/cpuidle/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/cpuidle/Makefile
@@ -42,3 +42,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_POWERNV_CPUIDLE)		+= cpuidle-powernv.o
 ###############################################################################
 # RISC-V drivers
 obj-$(CONFIG_RISCV_SBI_CPUIDLE)		+= cpuidle-riscv-sbi.o
+
+###############################################################################
+# S390 drivers
+obj-$(CONFIG_S390_CPUIDLE)		+= cpuidle-s390.o
diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c b/drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..58b738ea0150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * s390 generic CPU idle driver.
+ *
+ * Copyright IBM Corp. 2026
+ */
+
+#define pr_fmt(fmt) "CPUidle s390: " fmt
+
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/cpuidle.h>
+#include <linux/cpu.h>
+#include <linux/sched/clock.h>
+
+static __cpuidle int s390_enter_idle(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
+				     struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
+				     int index)
+{
+	arch_cpu_idle();
+	return index;
+}
+
+static struct cpuidle_driver s390_cpuidle_driver = {
+	.cpumask = (struct cpumask *)cpu_present_mask,
+	.name = "s390-idle",
+	.governor = "teo",
+	.states = {
+		{ /* entry 0 is for polling */},
+		{
+			.enter			= s390_enter_idle,
+			.name			= "IDLE",
+			.desc			= "ENABLED WAIT",
+		},
+	},
+	.safe_state_index = 0,
+	.state_count = 2,
+};
+
+static int s390_cpuidle_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu)
+{
+	struct cpuidle_device *dev = &per_cpu(cpuidle_dev, cpu);
+	int rc;
+
+	if (dev->registered) {
+		cpuidle_pause_and_lock();
+		rc = cpuidle_enable_device(dev);
+		cpuidle_resume_and_unlock();
+		if (rc)
+			pr_err("Failed to enable cpuidle device on cpu %u\n", cpu);
+	} else {
+		dev->cpu = cpu;
+		rc = cpuidle_register_device(dev);
+		if (rc)
+			pr_err("Failed to register cpuidle driver on cpu %u\n", cpu);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int s390_cpuidle_cpu_dead(unsigned int cpu)
+{
+	struct cpuidle_device *dev = &per_cpu(cpuidle_dev, cpu);
+
+	if (!dev->registered)
+		return 0;
+	cpuidle_pause_and_lock();
+	cpuidle_disable_device(dev);
+	cpuidle_resume_and_unlock();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void __init s390_cpuidle_ew_tune(void)
+{
+	struct cpuidle_state *state = &s390_cpuidle_driver.states[1];
+
+	if (machine_is_lpar()) {
+		state->target_residency = 5;
+		state->exit_latency = 5;
+	} else {
+		state->target_residency = 1;
+		state->exit_latency = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static int __init s390_cpuidle_init(void)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	s390_cpuidle_ew_tune();
+	cpuidle_poll_state_init(&s390_cpuidle_driver);
+	rc = cpuidle_register(&s390_cpuidle_driver, NULL);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	rc = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN,
+				       "cpuidle/s390:online",
+				       s390_cpuidle_cpu_online,
+				       s390_cpuidle_cpu_dead);
+	if (rc < 0) {
+		cpuidle_unregister(&s390_cpuidle_driver);
+		pr_err("Failed to allocate hotplug state: cpuidle/s390:online\n");
+		return rc;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+device_initcall(s390_cpuidle_init);
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 5/5] s390/configs: Enable cpuidle driver on s390

[Mete Durlu]

Enable cpuidle infrastructure, teo governor and s390 cpuidle driver by
default. They can be disabled via config options before compile or via
setting cpuidle.off kernel commandline option. When cpuidle.off=1 set,
given architecture's specific implementation is used as a fallback without
any governor or idle state support.

During runtime individual states of cpuidle driver can also be disabled
via sysfs attributes.

Ex:
echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu<N>/cpuidle/state<M>/disable

Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
---
 arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig | 2 ++
 arch/s390/configs/defconfig       | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig b/arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig
index 730c90b4a876..39f2c56bd29d 100644
--- a/arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig
+++ b/arch/s390/configs/debug_defconfig
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ CONFIG_CGROUP_PIDS=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_RDMA=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_FREEZER=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_HUGETLB=y
+CONFIG_CPU_IDLE=y
+CONFIG_CPU_IDLE_GOV_TEO=y
 CONFIG_CPUSETS=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_CPUACCT=y
diff --git a/arch/s390/configs/defconfig b/arch/s390/configs/defconfig
index dd5fc1426c88..723ce48ce8d1 100644
--- a/arch/s390/configs/defconfig
+++ b/arch/s390/configs/defconfig
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ CONFIG_CGROUP_PIDS=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_RDMA=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_FREEZER=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_HUGETLB=y
+CONFIG_CPU_IDLE=y
+CONFIG_CPU_IDLE_GOV_TEO=y
 CONFIG_CPUSETS=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE=y
 CONFIG_CGROUP_CPUACCT=y
-- 
2.54.0

Re: [PATCH 4/5] s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390

[Christian Loehle]

On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> Introduce generic cpuidle driver on s390. Use a two stage approach to
> handle idle scenarios and use TEO governor for idle stage selection.
> Two stages are, from shallow to deep, idle polling and enabled wait.
> 
> Suggested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
> ---
>  arch/s390/Kconfig              |   5 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig        |   5 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390   |  12 ++++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Makefile       |   4 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  5 files changed, 130 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
>  create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
> 
> diff --git a/arch/s390/Kconfig b/arch/s390/Kconfig
> index ecbcbb781e40..8548f5b6b247 100644
> --- a/arch/s390/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/s390/Kconfig
> @@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ config ARCH_HAS_ILOG2_U64
>  config ARCH_PROC_KCORE_TEXT
>  	def_bool y
>  
> +config ARCH_HAS_CPU_RELAX
> +	def_bool y
> +
>  config GENERIC_HWEIGHT
>  	def_bool !HAVE_MARCH_Z196_FEATURES
>  
> @@ -708,6 +711,8 @@ config KERNEL_IMAGE_BASE
>  
>  endmenu
>  
> +source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig"
> +
>  menu "Memory setup"
>  
>  config ARCH_SPARSEMEM_ENABLE
> diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
> index d6d8386d3f02..00e2562041fd 100644
> --- a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig
> @@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ depends on RISCV
>  source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.riscv"
>  endmenu
>  
> +menu "S390 CPU Idle Drivers"
> +depends on S390
> +source "drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390"
> +endmenu
> +
>  config HALTPOLL_CPUIDLE
>  	tristate "Halt poll cpuidle driver"
>  	depends on X86 && KVM_GUEST
> diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390 b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..e51704a9304c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
> @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +#
> +# S390 CPU Idle drivers
> +#
> +
> +config S390_CPUIDLE
> +	bool "S390 CPU idle driver"
> +	default y
> +	help
> +          Select this option to enable processor idle state management
> +          through cpuidle subsystem.
> +
NIT:
git complains about the trailing blank line here.

Re: [PATCH 0/5] s390/idle: CPU idle driver

[Christian Loehle]

On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> This patch series introduces a CPU idle driver for s390
> architecture that leverages the existing cpu idle infrastructure and
> TEO (Timer Events Oriented) governor to optimize idle state selection
> based on timer events and interrupt patterns.
> 
> # Implementation Overview
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
> 
> The driver implements two idle states;
> 
> **Polling Idle (shallow state)**
> - Busy-loop implementation that prevents SIE-exit during short idle periods
> - Zero exit latency, optimized for latency-sensitive workloads
> - Maintains CPU with the guest, improving response times
> 
> **Enabled Wait (deep state)**
> - Traditional EW state that signals hypervisor availability
> - Higher exit latency but more efficient for longer idle periods
> 
> The TEO governor dynamically selects between these states by monitoring
> next timer interrupts and system interrupt frequency, choosing the most
> appropriate idle state for each situation.
> 
I don't quite get the TEO focus of this series, on principle menu works
similarly, did TEO just work much better for you?
If so do you know why?

Re: [PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Christian Loehle]

On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
> handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.
> 
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/
> 
> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
> ---
For bisectibility does it make sense to move this and 2/5 to the end?

Re: [PATCH 4/5] s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390

[Christian Loehle]

On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> Introduce generic cpuidle driver on s390. Use a two stage approach to
> handle idle scenarios and use TEO governor for idle stage selection.
> Two stages are, from shallow to deep, idle polling and enabled wait.
> 
> Suggested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
> ---
>  arch/s390/Kconfig              |   5 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig        |   5 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390   |  12 ++++
>  drivers/cpuidle/Makefile       |   4 ++
>  drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  5 files changed, 130 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
>  create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c

Since this will be hard for anybody without the hardware to maintain,
would you maintain it? Or the existing s390 maintainers?
If either then please also modify MAINTAINERS to reflect that.

Re: [PATCH 0/5] s390/idle: CPU idle driver

[Mete Durlu]

On 6/9/26 10:06, Christian Loehle wrote:
> On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
>> This patch series introduces a CPU idle driver for s390
>> architecture that leverages the existing cpu idle infrastructure and
>> TEO (Timer Events Oriented) governor to optimize idle state selection
>> based on timer events and interrupt patterns.
>>
>> # Implementation Overview
>> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> The driver implements two idle states;
>>
>> **Polling Idle (shallow state)**
>> - Busy-loop implementation that prevents SIE-exit during short idle periods
>> - Zero exit latency, optimized for latency-sensitive workloads
>> - Maintains CPU with the guest, improving response times
>>
>> **Enabled Wait (deep state)**
>> - Traditional EW state that signals hypervisor availability
>> - Higher exit latency but more efficient for longer idle periods
>>
>> The TEO governor dynamically selects between these states by monitoring
>> next timer interrupts and system interrupt frequency, choosing the most
>> appropriate idle state for each situation.
>>
> I don't quite get the TEO focus of this series, on principle menu works
> similarly, did TEO just work much better for you?
> If so do you know why?

Hi,

there isn't a particular focus on any governor, just reading the
descriptions and trying to keep the solution initially simple lead
to using TEO. Users are free to select any other governor.

There was not a comparison run during benchmarks between TEO and
MENU, just an initial sniff test using a micro benchmark.

Re: [PATCH 4/5] s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390

[Mete Durlu]

On 6/9/26 10:12, Christian Loehle wrote:
> On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
>> Introduce generic cpuidle driver on s390. Use a two stage approach to
>> handle idle scenarios and use TEO governor for idle stage selection.
>> Two stages are, from shallow to deep, idle polling and enabled wait.
>>
>> Suggested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
>> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
>> ---
>>   arch/s390/Kconfig              |   5 ++
>>   drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig        |   5 ++
>>   drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390   |  12 ++++
>>   drivers/cpuidle/Makefile       |   4 ++
>>   drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>>   5 files changed, 130 insertions(+)
>>   create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
>>   create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
> 
> Since this will be hard for anybody without the hardware to maintain,
> would you maintain it? Or the existing s390 maintainers?
> If either then please also modify MAINTAINERS to reflect that.


Yes, I'll be maintaining the driver. I am not sure if it should be part
of the patch series but I'll add a new entry like below;

diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index e035a3be797c..6b1eaa3abce7 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -6766,6 +6766,13 @@ L:       linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org
  S:     Maintained
  F:     drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-riscv-sbi.c

+CPUIDLE DRIVER - S390
+M:     Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
+L:     linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
+L:     linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
+S:     Maintained
+F:     drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
+
  CPUMASK API [RUST]
  M:     Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
  R:     Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
@@ -23499,6 +23506,7 @@ F:      Documentation/arch/s390/
  F:     arch/s390/
  F:     drivers/s390/
  F:     drivers/watchdog/diag288_wdt.c
+F:     drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c

  S390 COMMON I/O LAYER
  M:     Vineeth Vijayan <vneethv@linux.ibm.com>

Re: [PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Mete Durlu]

On 6/9/26 10:10, Christian Loehle wrote:
> On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
>> Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
>> handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.
>>
>> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/
>>
>> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
>> ---
> For bisectibility does it make sense to move this and 2/5 to the end?

I am unable to see how that would help. Could you elaborate?

Re: [PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Christian Loehle]

On 6/9/26 10:40, Mete Durlu wrote:
> On 6/9/26 10:10, Christian Loehle wrote:
>> On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
>>> Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
>>> handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.
>>>
>>> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/
>>>
>>> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
>>> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
>>> ---
>> For bisectibility does it make sense to move this and 2/5 to the end?
> 
> I am unable to see how that would help. Could you elaborate?

CIF_NOHZ_DELAY is only obsolete because of the new s390 cpuidle driver
handles NOHZ better overall right?
So my suggestion was to only obsolete it once everything is in place?

Re: [PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Mete Durlu]

On 6/9/26 11:52, Christian Loehle wrote:
> On 6/9/26 10:40, Mete Durlu wrote:
>> On 6/9/26 10:10, Christian Loehle wrote:
>>> On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
>>>> Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
>>>> handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.
>>>>
>>>> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/
>>>>
>>>> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
>>>> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
>>>> ---
>>> For bisectibility does it make sense to move this and 2/5 to the end?
>>
>> I am unable to see how that would help. Could you elaborate?
> 
> CIF_NOHZ_DELAY is only obsolete because of the new s390 cpuidle driver
> handles NOHZ better overall right?
> So my suggestion was to only obsolete it once everything is in place?

CIF_NOHZ_DELAY could modify the idle driver's decisions when it comes to
disabling the scheduling tick. It could be hard to bisect a problem with
the driver if we move the removal of the flag after the drivers
introduction. Because then the commit that enables the driver can have
a significantly different behavior.

Plus,having the flag obsolete without any other mechanism doing a
similar job would make the effect and related behavior more visible and
easier to debug.

At least this is my opinion but I am not an expert in kernel bisecting
tbh.

Re: [PATCH 1/5] s390/tick: Remove CIF_NOHZ_DELAY flag

[Heiko Carstens]

On Tue, Jun 09, 2026 at 12:04:08PM +0200, Mete Durlu wrote:
> On 6/9/26 11:52, Christian Loehle wrote:
> > > > > Remove obsolete tick delay heuristic [1]. The upcoming cpuidle driver
> > > > > handles frequent sleep/wakeup cycles more effectively.
> > > > > 
> > > > > [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20090929122533.402715150@de.ibm.com/
> > > > > 
> > > > > Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> > > > > Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
> > > > > ---
> > > > For bisectibility does it make sense to move this and 2/5 to the end?
> > > 
> > > I am unable to see how that would help. Could you elaborate?
> > 
> > CIF_NOHZ_DELAY is only obsolete because of the new s390 cpuidle driver
> > handles NOHZ better overall right?
> > So my suggestion was to only obsolete it once everything is in place?
> 
> CIF_NOHZ_DELAY could modify the idle driver's decisions when it comes to
> disabling the scheduling tick. It could be hard to bisect a problem with
> the driver if we move the removal of the flag after the drivers
> introduction. Because then the commit that enables the driver can have
> a significantly different behavior.
> 
> Plus,having the flag obsolete without any other mechanism doing a
> similar job would make the effect and related behavior more visible and
> easier to debug.

The flag is questionable since a long time. So I wouldn't focus on the
question if the removal comes at the beginning or end of this series.
I'm more than happy to see it go.

Re: [PATCH 4/5] s390/idle: Introduce cpuidle for s390

[Heiko Carstens]

On Tue, Jun 09, 2026 at 11:31:22AM +0200, Mete Durlu wrote:
> On 6/9/26 10:12, Christian Loehle wrote:
> > On 6/9/26 08:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> > > Introduce generic cpuidle driver on s390. Use a two stage approach to
> > > handle idle scenarios and use TEO governor for idle stage selection.
> > > Two stages are, from shallow to deep, idle polling and enabled wait.
> > > 
> > > Suggested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
> > > Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> > > Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>
> > > ---
> > >   arch/s390/Kconfig              |   5 ++
> > >   drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig        |   5 ++
> > >   drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390   |  12 ++++
> > >   drivers/cpuidle/Makefile       |   4 ++
> > >   drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > >   5 files changed, 130 insertions(+)
> > >   create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/Kconfig.s390
> > >   create mode 100644 drivers/cpuidle/cpuidle-s390.c
> > 
> > Since this will be hard for anybody without the hardware to maintain,
> > would you maintain it? Or the existing s390 maintainers?
> > If either then please also modify MAINTAINERS to reflect that.
> 
> 
> Yes, I'll be maintaining the driver. I am not sure if it should be part
> of the patch series but I'll add a new entry like below;

It should be part of this series. Please merge your provided diff into
this patch, and resend the whole series.

Re: [PATCH 2/5] tick: Remove arch_needs_cpu

[Thomas Gleixner]

On Tue, Jun 09 2026 at 09:52, Mete Durlu wrote:
> Remove unused arch_needs_cpu() hook. No architectures use it after
> s390 removed its use case.
>
> Suggested-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Mete Durlu <meted@linux.ibm.com>

Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@kernel.org>