[PATCH 0/2] riscv: kprobes: simulate nop and c.nop instructions

[PATCH 0/2] riscv: kprobes: simulate nop and c.nop instructions

[Xiaofeng Yuan]

nop and c.nop have no architectural effect, so handling them through
an out-of-line instruction slot and single-stepping is pure overhead.
This series simulates them directly in the breakpoint handler by
advancing the program counter, following the approach already used on
arm64, and extends the RISC-V kprobes KUnit test to cover both paths.

Patch 1 adds the simulation. Patch 2 extends the KUnit test with
test_kprobes_nop and test_kprobes_c_nop.

Verified by cross-compiling for RISC-V and running the kprobes KUnit
test in QEMU (ok 1 kprobes_riscv).

Xiaofeng Yuan (2):
  riscv: kprobes: simulate nop and c.nop instructions
  riscv: kprobes: add nop and c.nop to the KUnit test

 arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h                 | 11 ++++++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c        |  6 +++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c      | 14 ++++++++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h      |  2 ++
 .../kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S   | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 60 insertions(+)

-- 
2.43.0


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[PATCH 1/2] riscv: kprobes: simulate nop and c.nop instructions

[Xiaofeng Yuan]

nop and c.nop have no architectural effect, so allocating an
out-of-line instruction slot and single-stepping through them is
pure overhead. Simulate them directly in the breakpoint handler
by advancing the program counter, following the approach already
used on arm64.

This avoids slot allocation, text patching, IRQ flag save/restore
and the single-step exception for these instructions.

Compile tested on RISC-V, and verified with the RISC-V kprobes
KUnit test which now covers nop and c.nop.

Signed-off-by: Xiaofeng Yuan <yuanxiaofeng@eswincomputing.com>
---
 arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h            | 11 +++++++++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c   |  6 ++++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c | 14 ++++++++++++++
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h
index c3005573e8..5b3944a5fa 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h
+++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/insn.h
@@ -228,6 +228,15 @@
 #define RVG_MASK_EBREAK		0xffffffff
 #define RVG_MASK_SRET		0xffffffff
 
+/*
+ * NOP and C.NOP have no variable fields, so all bits must match.
+ * NOP is encoded as ADDI x0, x0, 0 (0x00000013), C.NOP as C.ADDI x0, 0 (0x0001).
+ */
+#define RVG_MATCH_NOP		0x00000013
+#define RVG_MASK_NOP		0xffffffff
+#define RVC_MATCH_C_NOP		0x0001
+#define RVC_MASK_C_NOP		0xffff
+
 #define __INSN_LENGTH_MASK	_UL(0x3)
 #define __INSN_LENGTH_GE_32	_UL(0x3)
 #define __INSN_OPCODE_MASK	_UL(0x7F)
@@ -262,6 +271,8 @@ __RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(c_ebreak, RVC_MASK_C_EBREAK, RVC_MATCH_C_EBREAK)
 __RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(ebreak, RVG_MASK_EBREAK, RVG_MATCH_EBREAK)
 __RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(sret, RVG_MASK_SRET, RVG_MATCH_SRET)
 __RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(fence, RVG_MASK_FENCE, RVG_MATCH_FENCE);
+__RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(nop, RVG_MASK_NOP, RVG_MATCH_NOP)
+__RISCV_INSN_FUNCS(c_nop, RVC_MASK_C_NOP, RVC_MATCH_C_NOP)
 
 /* special case to catch _any_ system instruction */
 static __always_inline bool riscv_insn_is_system(u32 code)
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c
index 65d9590bfb..d28408f0b7 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/decode-insn.c
@@ -44,5 +44,11 @@ riscv_probe_decode_insn(probe_opcode_t *addr, struct arch_probe_insn *api)
 	RISCV_INSN_SET_SIMULATE(auipc,		insn);
 	RISCV_INSN_SET_SIMULATE(branch,		insn);
 
+	/* Simulate NOP for better performance */
+	RISCV_INSN_SET_SIMULATE(nop,		insn);
+#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+	RISCV_INSN_SET_SIMULATE(c_nop,		insn);
+#endif
+
 	return INSN_GOOD;
 }
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c
index fa581590c1..3b22d3ad53 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.c
@@ -237,3 +237,17 @@ bool __kprobes simulate_c_beqz(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *r
 {
 	return simulate_c_bnez_beqz(opcode, addr, regs, false);
 }
+
+bool __kprobes simulate_nop(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	instruction_pointer_set(regs, addr + 4);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool __kprobes simulate_c_nop(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	instruction_pointer_set(regs, addr + 2);
+
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h
index 44ebbc444d..7e0936613f 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/simulate-insn.h
@@ -29,5 +29,7 @@ bool simulate_c_jr(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 bool simulate_c_jalr(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 bool simulate_c_bnez(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 bool simulate_c_beqz(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
+bool simulate_nop(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
+bool simulate_c_nop(u32 opcode, unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 
 #endif /* _RISCV_KERNEL_PROBES_SIMULATE_INSN_H */
-- 
2.43.0


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[PATCH 2/2] riscv: kprobes: add nop and c.nop to the KUnit test

[Xiaofeng Yuan]

Extend the RISC-V kprobes KUnit test with test_kprobes_nop and
test_kprobes_c_nop, covering both the 32-bit nop and the
compressed c.nop simulation paths.

Signed-off-by: Xiaofeng Yuan <yuanxiaofeng@eswincomputing.com>
---
 .../kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S   | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
index f16deee9e0..8d8f460cb6 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
@@ -181,6 +181,29 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_bnez)
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
 
+SYM_FUNC_START(test_kprobes_nop)
+	.option push
+	.option norvc
+test_kprobes_nop_addr:
+	nop
+	.option pop
+	li a0, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_LOWER
+	li a1, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_UPPER
+	add a0, a0, a1
+	ret
+SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_nop)
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+SYM_FUNC_START(test_kprobes_c_nop)
+test_kprobes_c_nop_addr:
+	c.nop
+	li a0, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_LOWER
+	li a1, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_UPPER
+	add a0, a0, a1
+	ret
+SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_nop)
+#endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
+
 .section .rodata
 SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr1
@@ -197,7 +220,9 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr6
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr7
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr8
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_nop_addr
 #ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_nop_addr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_c_j_addr1
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_c_j_addr2
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jr_addr1
@@ -220,7 +245,9 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_functions)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_jalr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_auipc
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_nop
 #ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_nop
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_j
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jalr
-- 
2.43.0


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[PATCH 2/2] riscv: kprobes: add nop and c.nop to the KUnit test

[Xiaofeng Yuan]

Extend the RISC-V kprobes KUnit test with test_kprobes_nop and
test_kprobes_c_nop, covering both the 32-bit nop and the
compressed c.nop simulation paths.

Signed-off-by: Xiaofeng Yuan <yuanxiaofeng@eswincomputing.com>
---
 .../kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S   | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
index f16deee9e0..8d8f460cb6 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
@@ -181,6 +181,29 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_bnez)
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
 
+SYM_FUNC_START(test_kprobes_nop)
+	.option push
+	.option norvc
+test_kprobes_nop_addr:
+	nop
+	.option pop
+	li a0, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_LOWER
+	li a1, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_UPPER
+	add a0, a0, a1
+	ret
+SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_nop)
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+SYM_FUNC_START(test_kprobes_c_nop)
+test_kprobes_c_nop_addr:
+	c.nop
+	li a0, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_LOWER
+	li a1, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_UPPER
+	add a0, a0, a1
+	ret
+SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_nop)
+#endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
+
 .section .rodata
 SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr1
@@ -197,7 +220,9 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr6
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr7
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_addr8
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_nop_addr
 #ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_nop_addr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_c_j_addr1
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch_c_j_addr2
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jr_addr1
@@ -220,7 +245,9 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_functions)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_jalr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_auipc
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_branch
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_nop
 #ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_nop
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_j
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jr
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_c_jalr
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH 1/2] riscv: kprobes: simulate nop and c.nop instructions

[Nam Cao]

Xiaofeng Yuan <yuanxiaofeng@eswincomputing.com> writes:

> nop and c.nop have no architectural effect, so allocating an
> out-of-line instruction slot and single-stepping through them is
> pure overhead. Simulate them directly in the breakpoint handler
> by advancing the program counter, following the approach already
> used on arm64.
>
> This avoids slot allocation, text patching, IRQ flag save/restore
> and the single-step exception for these instructions.
>
> Compile tested on RISC-V, and verified with the RISC-V kprobes
> KUnit test which now covers nop and c.nop.

For RISC-V, how common is installing probes on nop instructions?

Looking at the commit adding nop simulation on Arm, I see it is useful
for probes on USDT. Is this also the case for RISC-V?

Additionally, it would be great if there is a benchmark to justify
adding this.

Nam

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Re: [PATCH 2/2] riscv: kprobes: add nop and c.nop to the KUnit test

[Nam Cao]

Xiaofeng Yuan <yuanxiaofeng@eswincomputing.com> writes:
> +SYM_FUNC_START(test_kprobes_nop)
> +	.option push
> +	.option norvc
> +test_kprobes_nop_addr:
> +	nop
> +	.option pop
> +	li a0, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_LOWER
> +	li a1, KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC_UPPER

I split the magic number into _LOWER and _UPPER because I wanted to
validate that two instructions in two different code paths are both
executed.

For this simple case, we can just use KPROBE_TEST_MAGIC.

Nam

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