[PATCH v2] rust: num: document why Integer is sealed

[PATCH v2] rust: num: document why Integer is sealed

[Younes Akhouayri via B4 Relay]

From: Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>

Bounded relies on Integer implementations to provide primitive integer
semantics. Unsafe blocks use those semantics to justify unchecked
construction and conversion, but their safety comments do not say why a
safe trait may be trusted.

Document the seal at those safety comments and next to the private
supertrait.

Suggested-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72m8kycbfQ1teyne-OtB5d5TsUcX_WW0FCkWB3Ayyg-qWw@mail.gmail.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/DL88SQWYU15W.2CVZB5NVSSJGK@garyguo.net/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72kx-YPPEruOFdu-Dp7GX+8=Et6svG+sQtqEmmF7kpnVyQ@mail.gmail.com/
Signed-off-by: Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>
---
Changes in v2:
- Shorten the comment explaining why `Integer` is sealed.
- Mention the seal in the `SAFETY` comments that rely on it.
- Link to v1: https://patch.msgid.link/20260906-docs-rust-num-integer-sealing-safety-v1-1-78057391302c@younes.io

To: Alexandre Courbot <acourbot@nvidia.com>
To: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
To: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
To: Boqun Feng <boqun@kernel.org>
To: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
To: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
To: Benno Lossin <lossin@kernel.org>
To: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
To: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
To: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
To: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org>
To: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
To: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@kernel.org>
To: Onur Özkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
Cc: rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
---
 rust/kernel/num.rs         |  1 +
 rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rust/kernel/num.rs b/rust/kernel/num.rs
index de589792a77a..0449e84a384a 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/num.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/num.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub trait Sealed {}
 
 /// Describes core properties of integer types.
 pub trait Integer:
+    // Sealed so that unsafe code can rely on the correctness of its implementations.
     private::Sealed
     + Sized
     + Copy
diff --git a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
index 2a2b0a4bca5e..1a3f369cd886 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
@@ -336,7 +336,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> Bounded<T, N>
     /// ```
     pub fn try_new(value: T) -> Option<Self> {
         fits_within(value, N).then(|| {
-            // SAFETY: `fits_within` confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.
+            // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics and
+            // confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.
             unsafe { Self::__new(value) }
         })
     }
@@ -379,7 +380,8 @@ pub fn from_expr(expr: T) -> Self {
             "Requested value larger than maximal representable value."
         );
 
-        // SAFETY: `fits_within` confirmed that `expr` can be represented within `N` bits.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics and
+        // confirmed that `expr` can be represented within `N` bits.
         unsafe { Self::__new(expr) }
     }
 
@@ -420,8 +422,8 @@ pub const fn extend<const M: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, M> {
             "Requested number of bits is less than the current representation."
         );
 
-        // SAFETY: The value did fit within `N` bits, so it will all the more fit within
-        // the larger `M` bits.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the `Bounded` invariant can be relied upon. The value
+        // did fit within `N` bits, so it will all the more fit within the larger `M` bits.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0) }
     }
 
@@ -472,12 +474,13 @@ pub fn cast<U>(self) -> Bounded<U, N>
         T: Integer,
         U: Integer<Signedness = T::Signedness>,
     {
-        // SAFETY: The converted value is represented using `N` bits, `U` can contain `N` bits, and
-        // `U` and `T` have the same sign, hence this conversion cannot fail.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The converted
+        // value is represented using `N` bits, `U` can contain `N` bits, and `U` and `T` have the
+        // same sign, hence this conversion cannot fail.
         let value = unsafe { U::try_from(self.get()).unwrap_unchecked() };
 
-        // SAFETY: Although the backing type has changed, the value is still represented within
-        // `N` bits, and with the same signedness.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the signedness is correct. Although the backing type has
+        // changed, the value is still represented within `N` bits, and with the same signedness.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(value) }
     }
 
@@ -498,8 +501,9 @@ pub fn shr<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, RES> {
         const_assert!(SHIFT < T::BITS);
         const_assert!(RES + SHIFT >= N);
 
-        // SAFETY: We shift the value right by `SHIFT`, reducing the number of bits needed to
-        // represent the shifted value by as much, and just asserted that `RES >= N - SHIFT`.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the shift has primitive integer semantics. We reduce the
+        // number of bits needed to represent the shifted value by `SHIFT`, and just asserted that
+        // `RES >= N - SHIFT`.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0 >> SHIFT) }
     }
 
@@ -550,8 +554,9 @@ pub fn shr_exact<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Option<Bounded<T, RE
     pub fn shl<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, RES> {
         const_assert!(RES >= N + SHIFT);
 
-        // SAFETY: We shift the value left by `SHIFT`, augmenting the number of bits needed to
-        // represent the shifted value by as much, and just asserted that `RES >= N + SHIFT`.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the shift has primitive integer semantics. We augment
+        // the number of bits needed to represent the shifted value by `SHIFT`, and just asserted
+        // that `RES >= N + SHIFT`.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0 << SHIFT) }
     }
 }
@@ -565,8 +570,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> Deref for Bounded<T, N>
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         // Enforce the invariant to inform the compiler of the bounds of the value.
         if !fits_within(self.0, N) {
-            // SAFETY: Per the `Bounded` invariants, `fits_within` can never return `false` on the
-            // value of a valid instance.
+            // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics. Per
+            // the `Bounded` invariants, it cannot return `false` on the value of a valid instance.
             unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
         }
 
@@ -1028,8 +1033,9 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<$type> for Bounded<T, N>
             Self: AtLeastXBits<{ <$type as Integer>::BITS as usize }>,
         {
             fn from(value: $type) -> Self {
-                // SAFETY: The trait bound on `Self` guarantees that `N` bits is
-                // enough to hold any value of the source type.
+                // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The
+                // trait bound on `Self` guarantees that `N` bits is enough to hold any value of
+                // the source type.
                 unsafe { Self::__new(T::from(value)) }
             }
         }
@@ -1104,9 +1110,9 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<Bounded<T, N>> for $type
             Bounded<T, N>: FitsInXBits<{ <$type as Integer>::BITS as usize }>,
         {
             fn from(value: Bounded<T, N>) -> $type {
-                // SAFETY: The trait bound on `Bounded` ensures that any value it holds (which
-                // is constrained to `N` bits) can fit into the destination type, so this
-                // conversion cannot fail.
+                // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The
+                // trait bound on `Bounded` ensures that any value it holds (which is constrained
+                // to `N` bits) can fit into the destination type, so this conversion cannot fail.
                 unsafe { <$type>::try_from(value.get()).unwrap_unchecked() }
             }
         }
@@ -1137,8 +1143,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<bool> for Bounded<T, N>
     T: Integer<Signedness = Unsigned> + From<bool>,
 {
     fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
-        // SAFETY: A boolean is represented by `0` or `1`, so it fits within any valid unsigned
-        // `Bounded` width.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `T` is a primitive unsigned integer. A boolean is
+        // represented by `0` or `1`, so it fits within any valid unsigned `Bounded` width.
         unsafe { Self::__new(T::from(value)) }
     }
 }

---
base-commit: c6709d5e14072d0e3d02f291daee46a199e5dad3
change-id: 20260906-docs-rust-num-integer-sealing-safety-3a0e2967a948

Best regards,
--  
Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>

[PATCH v2] rust: num: document why Integer is sealed

[Younes Akhouayri]

Bounded relies on Integer implementations to provide primitive integer
semantics. Unsafe blocks use those semantics to justify unchecked
construction and conversion, but their safety comments do not say why a
safe trait may be trusted.

Document the seal at those safety comments and next to the private
supertrait.

Suggested-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72m8kycbfQ1teyne-OtB5d5TsUcX_WW0FCkWB3Ayyg-qWw@mail.gmail.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/DL88SQWYU15W.2CVZB5NVSSJGK@garyguo.net/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72kx-YPPEruOFdu-Dp7GX+8=Et6svG+sQtqEmmF7kpnVyQ@mail.gmail.com/
Signed-off-by: Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>
---
Changes in v2:
- Shorten the comment explaining why `Integer` is sealed.
- Mention the seal in the `SAFETY` comments that rely on it.
- Link to v1: https://patch.msgid.link/20260906-docs-rust-num-integer-sealing-safety-v1-1-78057391302c@younes.io

To: Alexandre Courbot <acourbot@nvidia.com>
To: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
To: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
To: Boqun Feng <boqun@kernel.org>
To: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
To: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
To: Benno Lossin <lossin@kernel.org>
To: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
To: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
To: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
To: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org>
To: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
To: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@kernel.org>
To: Onur Özkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
Cc: rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
---
 rust/kernel/num.rs         |  1 +
 rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rust/kernel/num.rs b/rust/kernel/num.rs
index de589792a77a..0449e84a384a 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/num.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/num.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub trait Sealed {}
 
 /// Describes core properties of integer types.
 pub trait Integer:
+    // Sealed so that unsafe code can rely on the correctness of its implementations.
     private::Sealed
     + Sized
     + Copy
diff --git a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
index 2a2b0a4bca5e..1a3f369cd886 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
@@ -336,7 +336,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> Bounded<T, N>
     /// ```
     pub fn try_new(value: T) -> Option<Self> {
         fits_within(value, N).then(|| {
-            // SAFETY: `fits_within` confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.
+            // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics and
+            // confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.
             unsafe { Self::__new(value) }
         })
     }
@@ -379,7 +380,8 @@ pub fn from_expr(expr: T) -> Self {
             "Requested value larger than maximal representable value."
         );
 
-        // SAFETY: `fits_within` confirmed that `expr` can be represented within `N` bits.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics and
+        // confirmed that `expr` can be represented within `N` bits.
         unsafe { Self::__new(expr) }
     }
 
@@ -420,8 +422,8 @@ pub const fn extend<const M: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, M> {
             "Requested number of bits is less than the current representation."
         );
 
-        // SAFETY: The value did fit within `N` bits, so it will all the more fit within
-        // the larger `M` bits.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the `Bounded` invariant can be relied upon. The value
+        // did fit within `N` bits, so it will all the more fit within the larger `M` bits.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0) }
     }
 
@@ -472,12 +474,13 @@ pub fn cast<U>(self) -> Bounded<U, N>
         T: Integer,
         U: Integer<Signedness = T::Signedness>,
     {
-        // SAFETY: The converted value is represented using `N` bits, `U` can contain `N` bits, and
-        // `U` and `T` have the same sign, hence this conversion cannot fail.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The converted
+        // value is represented using `N` bits, `U` can contain `N` bits, and `U` and `T` have the
+        // same sign, hence this conversion cannot fail.
         let value = unsafe { U::try_from(self.get()).unwrap_unchecked() };
 
-        // SAFETY: Although the backing type has changed, the value is still represented within
-        // `N` bits, and with the same signedness.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the signedness is correct. Although the backing type has
+        // changed, the value is still represented within `N` bits, and with the same signedness.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(value) }
     }
 
@@ -498,8 +501,9 @@ pub fn shr<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, RES> {
         const_assert!(SHIFT < T::BITS);
         const_assert!(RES + SHIFT >= N);
 
-        // SAFETY: We shift the value right by `SHIFT`, reducing the number of bits needed to
-        // represent the shifted value by as much, and just asserted that `RES >= N - SHIFT`.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the shift has primitive integer semantics. We reduce the
+        // number of bits needed to represent the shifted value by `SHIFT`, and just asserted that
+        // `RES >= N - SHIFT`.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0 >> SHIFT) }
     }
 
@@ -550,8 +554,9 @@ pub fn shr_exact<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Option<Bounded<T, RE
     pub fn shl<const SHIFT: u32, const RES: u32>(self) -> Bounded<T, RES> {
         const_assert!(RES >= N + SHIFT);
 
-        // SAFETY: We shift the value left by `SHIFT`, augmenting the number of bits needed to
-        // represent the shifted value by as much, and just asserted that `RES >= N + SHIFT`.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the shift has primitive integer semantics. We augment
+        // the number of bits needed to represent the shifted value by `SHIFT`, and just asserted
+        // that `RES >= N + SHIFT`.
         unsafe { Bounded::__new(self.0 << SHIFT) }
     }
 }
@@ -565,8 +570,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> Deref for Bounded<T, N>
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         // Enforce the invariant to inform the compiler of the bounds of the value.
         if !fits_within(self.0, N) {
-            // SAFETY: Per the `Bounded` invariants, `fits_within` can never return `false` on the
-            // value of a valid instance.
+            // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics. Per
+            // the `Bounded` invariants, it cannot return `false` on the value of a valid instance.
             unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
         }
 
@@ -1028,8 +1033,9 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<$type> for Bounded<T, N>
             Self: AtLeastXBits<{ <$type as Integer>::BITS as usize }>,
         {
             fn from(value: $type) -> Self {
-                // SAFETY: The trait bound on `Self` guarantees that `N` bits is
-                // enough to hold any value of the source type.
+                // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The
+                // trait bound on `Self` guarantees that `N` bits is enough to hold any value of
+                // the source type.
                 unsafe { Self::__new(T::from(value)) }
             }
         }
@@ -1104,9 +1110,9 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<Bounded<T, N>> for $type
             Bounded<T, N>: FitsInXBits<{ <$type as Integer>::BITS as usize }>,
         {
             fn from(value: Bounded<T, N>) -> $type {
-                // SAFETY: The trait bound on `Bounded` ensures that any value it holds (which
-                // is constrained to `N` bits) can fit into the destination type, so this
-                // conversion cannot fail.
+                // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so the bit widths and signedness are correct. The
+                // trait bound on `Bounded` ensures that any value it holds (which is constrained
+                // to `N` bits) can fit into the destination type, so this conversion cannot fail.
                 unsafe { <$type>::try_from(value.get()).unwrap_unchecked() }
             }
         }
@@ -1137,8 +1143,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> From<bool> for Bounded<T, N>
     T: Integer<Signedness = Unsigned> + From<bool>,
 {
     fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
-        // SAFETY: A boolean is represented by `0` or `1`, so it fits within any valid unsigned
-        // `Bounded` width.
+        // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `T` is a primitive unsigned integer. A boolean is
+        // represented by `0` or `1`, so it fits within any valid unsigned `Bounded` width.
         unsafe { Self::__new(T::from(value)) }
     }
 }

---
base-commit: c6709d5e14072d0e3d02f291daee46a199e5dad3
change-id: 20260906-docs-rust-num-integer-sealing-safety-3a0e2967a948

Best regards,
--  
Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>

Re: [PATCH v2] rust: num: document why Integer is sealed

[Alexandre Courbot]

On Tue Sep 8, 2026 at 1:39 PM JST, Younes Akhouayri via B4 Relay wrote:
> From: Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>
>
> Bounded relies on Integer implementations to provide primitive integer
> semantics. Unsafe blocks use those semantics to justify unchecked
> construction and conversion, but their safety comments do not say why a
> safe trait may be trusted.
>
> Document the seal at those safety comments and next to the private
> supertrait.
>
> Suggested-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
> Suggested-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72m8kycbfQ1teyne-OtB5d5TsUcX_WW0FCkWB3Ayyg-qWw@mail.gmail.com/
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/DL88SQWYU15W.2CVZB5NVSSJGK@garyguo.net/
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CANiq72kx-YPPEruOFdu-Dp7GX+8=Et6svG+sQtqEmmF7kpnVyQ@mail.gmail.com/
> Signed-off-by: Younes Akhouayri <git@younes.io>
> ---
> Changes in v2:
> - Shorten the comment explaining why `Integer` is sealed.
> - Mention the seal in the `SAFETY` comments that rely on it.
> - Link to v1: https://patch.msgid.link/20260906-docs-rust-num-integer-sealing-safety-v1-1-78057391302c@younes.io
>
> To: Alexandre Courbot <acourbot@nvidia.com>
> To: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> To: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
> To: Boqun Feng <boqun@kernel.org>
> To: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
> To: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
> To: Benno Lossin <lossin@kernel.org>
> To: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
> To: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
> To: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
> To: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org>
> To: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
> To: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@kernel.org>
> To: Onur Özkan <work@onurozkan.dev>
> Cc: rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
> ---
>  rust/kernel/num.rs         |  1 +
>  rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
>  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/num.rs b/rust/kernel/num.rs
> index de589792a77a..0449e84a384a 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/num.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/num.rs
> @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub trait Sealed {}
>  
>  /// Describes core properties of integer types.
>  pub trait Integer:
> +    // Sealed so that unsafe code can rely on the correctness of its implementations.
>      private::Sealed
>      + Sized
>      + Copy
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
> index 2a2b0a4bca5e..1a3f369cd886 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/num/bounded.rs
> @@ -336,7 +336,8 @@ impl<T, const N: u32> Bounded<T, N>
>      /// ```
>      pub fn try_new(value: T) -> Option<Self> {
>          fits_within(value, N).then(|| {
> -            // SAFETY: `fits_within` confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.
> +            // SAFETY: `Integer` is sealed, so `fits_within` has primitive integer semantics and
> +            // confirmed that `value` can be represented within `N` bits.

I know this was suggested on v1, but do these comments need to be
updated? The seal on `Integer` guarantees that all implementors have
proper integer semantics. `fits_within` relies on that to guarantee that
a given value can be represented in some number of bits. So wouldn't
relying on the guarantee provided by `fits_within` here be sufficient?

I'm nitpicking a bit here because SAFETY comments are simpler to
understand and maintain if they are simple - as long as they are
correct, of course.