[PATCH v3 0/2] support multi-size THP numa balancing

[PATCH v3 0/2] support multi-size THP numa balancing

[Baolin Wang]

This patchset tries to support mTHP numa balancing, as a simple solution
to start, the NUMA balancing algorithm for mTHP will follow the THP strategy
as the basic support. Please find details in each patch.

Changes from v2:
 - Add reviewed tag from Huang, Ying.
 - Reuse numa_rebuild_single_mapping() to remove duplicate code per Kefeng Wang.
 - Remove an unnecessary vma_wants_manual_pte_write_upgrad() per Huang, Ying.

Changes from v1:
 - Fix the issue where the end address might exceed the range of the
folio size, suggested by Huang, Ying.
 - Simplify the folio validation.
 - Add pte_modify() before checking pte writable.
 - Update the performance data.

Changes from RFC v2:
 - Follow the THP algorithm per Huang, Ying.

Changes from RFC v1:
 - Add some preformance data per Huang, Ying.
 - Allow mTHP scanning per David Hildenbrand.
 - Avoid sharing mapping for numa balancing to avoid false sharing.
 - Add more commit message.

Baolin Wang (2):
  mm: factor out the numa mapping rebuilding into a new helper
  mm: support multi-size THP numa balancing

 mm/memory.c   | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 mm/mprotect.c |  3 +-
 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

-- 
2.39.3

[PATCH v3 1/2] mm: factor out the numa mapping rebuilding into a new helper

[Baolin Wang]

To support large folio's numa balancing, factor out the numa mapping rebuilding
into a new helper as a preparation.

Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Reviewed-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
---
 mm/memory.c | 22 +++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index 62ee4a15092a..c30fb4b95e15 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -5054,6 +5054,20 @@ int numa_migrate_prep(struct folio *folio, struct vm_fault *vmf,
 	return mpol_misplaced(folio, vmf, addr);
 }
 
+static void numa_rebuild_single_mapping(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+					bool writable)
+{
+	pte_t pte, old_pte;
+
+	old_pte = ptep_modify_prot_start(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
+	pte = pte_modify(old_pte, vma->vm_page_prot);
+	pte = pte_mkyoung(pte);
+	if (writable)
+		pte = pte_mkwrite(pte, vma);
+	ptep_modify_prot_commit(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, old_pte, pte);
+	update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, 1);
+}
+
 static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 {
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
@@ -5159,13 +5173,7 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	 * Make it present again, depending on how arch implements
 	 * non-accessible ptes, some can allow access by kernel mode.
 	 */
-	old_pte = ptep_modify_prot_start(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
-	pte = pte_modify(old_pte, vma->vm_page_prot);
-	pte = pte_mkyoung(pte);
-	if (writable)
-		pte = pte_mkwrite(pte, vma);
-	ptep_modify_prot_commit(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, old_pte, pte);
-	update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, 1);
+	numa_rebuild_single_mapping(vmf, vma, writable);
 	pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
 	goto out;
 }
-- 
2.39.3

[PATCH v3 2/2] mm: support multi-size THP numa balancing

[Baolin Wang]

Now the anonymous page allocation already supports multi-size THP (mTHP),
but the numa balancing still prohibits mTHP migration even though it is an
exclusive mapping, which is unreasonable.

Allow scanning mTHP:
Commit 859d4adc3415 ("mm: numa: do not trap faults on shared data section
pages") skips shared CoW pages' NUMA page migration to avoid shared data
segment migration. In addition, commit 80d47f5de5e3 ("mm: don't try to
NUMA-migrate COW pages that have other uses") change to use page_count()
to avoid GUP pages migration, that will also skip the mTHP numa scanning.
Theoretically, we can use folio_maybe_dma_pinned() to detect the GUP
issue, although there is still a GUP race, the issue seems to have been
resolved by commit 80d47f5de5e3. Meanwhile, use the folio_likely_mapped_shared()
to skip shared CoW pages though this is not a precise sharers count. To
check if the folio is shared, ideally we want to make sure every page is
mapped to the same process, but doing that seems expensive and using
the estimated mapcount seems can work when running autonuma benchmark.

Allow migrating mTHP:
As mentioned in the previous thread[1], large folios (including THP) are
more susceptible to false sharing issues among threads than 4K base page,
leading to pages ping-pong back and forth during numa balancing, which is
currently not easy to resolve. Therefore, as a start to support mTHP numa
balancing, we can follow the PMD mapped THP's strategy, that means we can
reuse the 2-stage filter in should_numa_migrate_memory() to check if the
mTHP is being heavily contended among threads (through checking the CPU id
and pid of the last access) to avoid false sharing at some degree. Thus,
we can restore all PTE maps upon the first hint page fault of a large folio
to follow the PMD mapped THP's strategy. In the future, we can continue to
optimize the NUMA balancing algorithm to avoid the false sharing issue with
large folios as much as possible.

Performance data:
Machine environment: 2 nodes, 128 cores Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum
Base: 2024-03-25 mm-unstable branch
Enable mTHP to run autonuma-benchmark

mTHP:16K
Base				Patched
numa01				numa01
224.70				143.48
numa01_THREAD_ALLOC		numa01_THREAD_ALLOC
118.05				47.43
numa02				numa02
13.45				9.29
numa02_SMT			numa02_SMT
14.80				7.50

mTHP:64K
Base				Patched
numa01				numa01
216.15				114.40
numa01_THREAD_ALLOC		numa01_THREAD_ALLOC
115.35				47.41
numa02				numa02
13.24				9.25
numa02_SMT			numa02_SMT
14.67				7.34

mTHP:128K
Base				Patched
numa01				numa01
205.13				144.45
numa01_THREAD_ALLOC		numa01_THREAD_ALLOC
112.93				41.88
numa02				numa02
13.16				9.18
numa02_SMT			numa02_SMT
14.81				7.49

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231117100745.fnpijbk4xgmals3k@techsingularity.net/
Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Reviewed-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
---
 mm/memory.c   | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 mm/mprotect.c |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index c30fb4b95e15..c6c216d9d95f 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -5055,17 +5055,51 @@ int numa_migrate_prep(struct folio *folio, struct vm_fault *vmf,
 }
 
 static void numa_rebuild_single_mapping(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+					unsigned long fault_addr, pte_t *fault_pte,
 					bool writable)
 {
 	pte_t pte, old_pte;
 
-	old_pte = ptep_modify_prot_start(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
+	old_pte = ptep_modify_prot_start(vma, fault_addr, fault_pte);
 	pte = pte_modify(old_pte, vma->vm_page_prot);
 	pte = pte_mkyoung(pte);
 	if (writable)
 		pte = pte_mkwrite(pte, vma);
-	ptep_modify_prot_commit(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, old_pte, pte);
-	update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, 1);
+	ptep_modify_prot_commit(vma, fault_addr, fault_pte, old_pte, pte);
+	update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, fault_addr, fault_pte, 1);
+}
+
+static void numa_rebuild_large_mapping(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+				       struct folio *folio, pte_t fault_pte,
+				       bool ignore_writable, bool pte_write_upgrade)
+{
+	int nr = pte_pfn(fault_pte) - folio_pfn(folio);
+	unsigned long start = max(vmf->address - nr * PAGE_SIZE, vma->vm_start);
+	unsigned long end = min(vmf->address + (folio_nr_pages(folio) - nr) * PAGE_SIZE, vma->vm_end);
+	pte_t *start_ptep = vmf->pte - (vmf->address - start) / PAGE_SIZE;
+	unsigned long addr;
+
+	/* Restore all PTEs' mapping of the large folio */
+	for (addr = start; addr != end; start_ptep++, addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
+		pte_t ptent = ptep_get(start_ptep);
+		bool writable = false;
+
+		if (!pte_present(ptent) || !pte_protnone(ptent))
+			continue;
+
+		if (pfn_folio(pte_pfn(ptent)) != folio)
+			continue;
+
+		if (!ignore_writable) {
+			ptent = pte_modify(ptent, vma->vm_page_prot);
+			writable = pte_write(ptent);
+			if (!writable && pte_write_upgrade &&
+			    can_change_pte_writable(vma, addr, ptent))
+				writable = true;
+		}
+
+		numa_rebuild_single_mapping(vmf, vma, addr, start_ptep, writable);
+	}
 }
 
 static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
@@ -5073,11 +5107,12 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
 	struct folio *folio = NULL;
 	int nid = NUMA_NO_NODE;
-	bool writable = false;
+	bool writable = false, ignore_writable = false;
+	bool pte_write_upgrade = vma_wants_manual_pte_write_upgrade(vma);
 	int last_cpupid;
 	int target_nid;
 	pte_t pte, old_pte;
-	int flags = 0;
+	int flags = 0, nr_pages;
 
 	/*
 	 * The pte cannot be used safely until we verify, while holding the page
@@ -5099,7 +5134,7 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	 * is only valid while holding the PT lock.
 	 */
 	writable = pte_write(pte);
-	if (!writable && vma_wants_manual_pte_write_upgrade(vma) &&
+	if (!writable && pte_write_upgrade &&
 	    can_change_pte_writable(vma, vmf->address, pte))
 		writable = true;
 
@@ -5107,10 +5142,6 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	if (!folio || folio_is_zone_device(folio))
 		goto out_map;
 
-	/* TODO: handle PTE-mapped THP */
-	if (folio_test_large(folio))
-		goto out_map;
-
 	/*
 	 * Avoid grouping on RO pages in general. RO pages shouldn't hurt as
 	 * much anyway since they can be in shared cache state. This misses
@@ -5130,6 +5161,7 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 		flags |= TNF_SHARED;
 
 	nid = folio_nid(folio);
+	nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);
 	/*
 	 * For memory tiering mode, cpupid of slow memory page is used
 	 * to record page access time.  So use default value.
@@ -5146,6 +5178,7 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	}
 	pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
 	writable = false;
+	ignore_writable = true;
 
 	/* Migrate to the requested node */
 	if (migrate_misplaced_folio(folio, vma, target_nid)) {
@@ -5166,14 +5199,19 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 
 out:
 	if (nid != NUMA_NO_NODE)
-		task_numa_fault(last_cpupid, nid, 1, flags);
+		task_numa_fault(last_cpupid, nid, nr_pages, flags);
 	return 0;
 out_map:
 	/*
 	 * Make it present again, depending on how arch implements
 	 * non-accessible ptes, some can allow access by kernel mode.
 	 */
-	numa_rebuild_single_mapping(vmf, vma, writable);
+	if (folio && folio_test_large(folio))
+		numa_rebuild_large_mapping(vmf, vma, folio, pte, ignore_writable,
+					   pte_write_upgrade);
+	else
+		numa_rebuild_single_mapping(vmf, vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte,
+					    writable);
 	pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
 	goto out;
 }
diff --git a/mm/mprotect.c b/mm/mprotect.c
index f8a4544b4601..94878c39ee32 100644
--- a/mm/mprotect.c
+++ b/mm/mprotect.c
@@ -129,7 +129,8 @@ static long change_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
 
 				/* Also skip shared copy-on-write pages */
 				if (is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags) &&
-				    folio_ref_count(folio) != 1)
+				    (folio_maybe_dma_pinned(folio) ||
+				     folio_likely_mapped_shared(folio)))
 					continue;
 
 				/*
-- 
2.39.3