[PATCH] HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

[PATCH] HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

[Adolf Hirthe via B4 Relay]

From: Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>

When an Xbox Series X|S controller (045e:0b13) is connected over Bluetooth
LE, its report descriptor exposes the right stick as Z/Rz and the analog
triggers as Simulation Accelerator/Brake, with the sticks reported as
unsigned 0..65535 values centered on 32767. hid-input maps this 1:1, so
evdev consumers see:

  ABS_X/ABS_Y        left stick,  0..65535, idle ~32767
  ABS_Z/ABS_RZ       right stick, 0..65535, idle ~32767
  ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE  triggers,    0..1023

while the same controller over USB (xpad) reports the usual layout:
sticks on ABS_X/ABS_Y and ABS_RX/ABS_RY in -32767..32767 around 0,
triggers on ABS_Z/ABS_RZ. Software reading the plain evdev device therefore
picks up the right stick as triggers, finds no right stick, and sees the
sticks permanently deflected (characters walking in one direction).

Add a quirk that remaps these usages to the xpad-style layout and recenters
the stick values, and enable it for the Series X|S controller.

Tested by replaying reports through uhid with the report descriptor
captured from a real controller (firmware 5.09): before the change the
sticks idle at 32768 and the right stick/trigger axes are wrong, after the
change all axes match the xpad layout (sticks -32767..32767 centered on 0,
triggers 0..1023 on ABS_Z/ABS_RZ). Also checked with the real controller
over Bluetooth (buttons and stick values around center).

Note: this changes the evdev axis layout for this device. Userspace that
already special-cases the Bluetooth layout (e.g. SDL mappings for the
evdev backend) would need to follow; if a HID-BPF fixup is preferred over
an in-kernel quirk, I'm happy to rework it that way.

Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=222266
Assisted-by: LLM
Signed-off-by: Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>
---
Bug report with full analysis and the uhid replay test:
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=222266

The replay test (Python, uses /dev/uhid with the report descriptor captured
from the real controller) is available on request or from the bugzilla
entry; 6 of 7 checks fail on the current driver, all pass with this patch.
---
 drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
index a7d3493..0879602 100644
--- a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
+++ b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #define MS_DUPLICATE_USAGES	BIT(5)
 #define MS_SURFACE_DIAL		BIT(6)
 #define MS_QUIRK_FF		BIT(7)
+#define MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES	BIT(8)
 
 struct ms_data {
 	unsigned long quirks;
@@ -186,6 +187,41 @@ static int ms_input_mapping(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_input *hi,
 	struct ms_data *ms = hid_get_drvdata(hdev);
 	unsigned long quirks = ms->quirks;
 
+	/*
+	 * Xbox controllers over Bluetooth report the right stick as Z/Rz and
+	 * the analog triggers as Accelerator/Brake (ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE), and
+	 * expose the sticks in the 0..65535 range centered on 32767 instead
+	 * of the usual +-32767 around 0. Remap everything to the xpad-style
+	 * layout so that consumers get the same axes regardless of the
+	 * connection type.
+	 */
+	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES) {
+		switch (usage->hid) {
+		case HID_GD_X:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_X);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_Y:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Y);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_Z:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RX);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_RZ:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RY);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if ((usage->hid & HID_USAGE_PAGE) == HID_UP_SIMULATION) {
+			switch (usage->hid & HID_USAGE) {
+			case 0xc5: /* Brake -> right trigger */
+				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RZ);
+				return 1;
+			case 0xc4: /* Accelerator -> left trigger */
+				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Z);
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (quirks & MS_ERGONOMY) {
 		int ret = ms_ergonomy_kb_quirk(hi, usage, bit, max);
 		if (ret)
@@ -232,6 +268,22 @@ static int ms_event(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_field *field,
 
 	input = field->hidinput->input;
 
+	/*
+	 * The sticks are reported as unsigned 0..65535 values centered on
+	 * 32767; convert them to the +-32767 range we advertise.
+	 */
+	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES && usage->type == EV_ABS) {
+		switch (usage->code) {
+		case ABS_X:
+		case ABS_Y:
+		case ABS_RX:
+		case ABS_RY:
+			input_report_abs(input, usage->code,
+					 clamp(value - 32768, -32767, 32767));
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* Handling MS keyboards special buttons */
 	if (quirks & MS_ERGONOMY && usage->hid == (HID_UP_MSVENDOR | 0xff00)) {
 		/* Special keypad keys */
@@ -328,6 +380,16 @@ static int ms_input_configured(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_input *hidinp
 	struct ms_data *ms = hid_get_drvdata(hdev);
 	struct input_dev *input_dev = hidinput->input;
 
+	if (ms->quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES) {
+		static const unsigned int sticks[] = { ABS_X, ABS_Y, ABS_RX, ABS_RY };
+		int i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sticks); i++)
+			if (test_bit(sticks[i], input_dev->absbit))
+				input_set_abs_params(input_dev, sticks[i],
+						     -32767, 32767, 255, 4095);
+	}
+
 	if (!(ms->quirks & MS_QUIRK_FF))
 		return 0;
 
@@ -429,7 +491,7 @@ static const struct hid_device_id ms_devices[] = {
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1708_BLE),
 		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1914),
-		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
+		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF | MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797),
 		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797_BLE),

---
base-commit: b29833c4841e0ed8870a227c9a7c468b0cbfc906
change-id: 20261114-hid-ms-xbox-ble-a149fe8ea9ba

Best regards,
--  
Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>

[PATCH] HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

[Adolf Hirthe]

When an Xbox Series X|S controller (045e:0b13) is connected over Bluetooth
LE, its report descriptor exposes the right stick as Z/Rz and the analog
triggers as Simulation Accelerator/Brake, with the sticks reported as
unsigned 0..65535 values centered on 32767. hid-input maps this 1:1, so
evdev consumers see:

  ABS_X/ABS_Y        left stick,  0..65535, idle ~32767
  ABS_Z/ABS_RZ       right stick, 0..65535, idle ~32767
  ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE  triggers,    0..1023

while the same controller over USB (xpad) reports the usual layout:
sticks on ABS_X/ABS_Y and ABS_RX/ABS_RY in -32767..32767 around 0,
triggers on ABS_Z/ABS_RZ. Software reading the plain evdev device therefore
picks up the right stick as triggers, finds no right stick, and sees the
sticks permanently deflected (characters walking in one direction).

Add a quirk that remaps these usages to the xpad-style layout and recenters
the stick values, and enable it for the Series X|S controller.

Tested by replaying reports through uhid with the report descriptor
captured from a real controller (firmware 5.09): before the change the
sticks idle at 32768 and the right stick/trigger axes are wrong, after the
change all axes match the xpad layout (sticks -32767..32767 centered on 0,
triggers 0..1023 on ABS_Z/ABS_RZ). Also checked with the real controller
over Bluetooth (buttons and stick values around center).

Note: this changes the evdev axis layout for this device. Userspace that
already special-cases the Bluetooth layout (e.g. SDL mappings for the
evdev backend) would need to follow; if a HID-BPF fixup is preferred over
an in-kernel quirk, I'm happy to rework it that way.

Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=222266
Assisted-by: LLM
Signed-off-by: Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>
---
Bug report with full analysis and the uhid replay test:
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=222266

The replay test (Python, uses /dev/uhid with the report descriptor captured
from the real controller) is available on request or from the bugzilla
entry; 6 of 7 checks fail on the current driver, all pass with this patch.
---
 drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
index a7d3493..0879602 100644
--- a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
+++ b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #define MS_DUPLICATE_USAGES	BIT(5)
 #define MS_SURFACE_DIAL		BIT(6)
 #define MS_QUIRK_FF		BIT(7)
+#define MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES	BIT(8)
 
 struct ms_data {
 	unsigned long quirks;
@@ -186,6 +187,41 @@ static int ms_input_mapping(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_input *hi,
 	struct ms_data *ms = hid_get_drvdata(hdev);
 	unsigned long quirks = ms->quirks;
 
+	/*
+	 * Xbox controllers over Bluetooth report the right stick as Z/Rz and
+	 * the analog triggers as Accelerator/Brake (ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE), and
+	 * expose the sticks in the 0..65535 range centered on 32767 instead
+	 * of the usual +-32767 around 0. Remap everything to the xpad-style
+	 * layout so that consumers get the same axes regardless of the
+	 * connection type.
+	 */
+	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES) {
+		switch (usage->hid) {
+		case HID_GD_X:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_X);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_Y:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Y);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_Z:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RX);
+			return 1;
+		case HID_GD_RZ:
+			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RY);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if ((usage->hid & HID_USAGE_PAGE) == HID_UP_SIMULATION) {
+			switch (usage->hid & HID_USAGE) {
+			case 0xc5: /* Brake -> right trigger */
+				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RZ);
+				return 1;
+			case 0xc4: /* Accelerator -> left trigger */
+				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Z);
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (quirks & MS_ERGONOMY) {
 		int ret = ms_ergonomy_kb_quirk(hi, usage, bit, max);
 		if (ret)
@@ -232,6 +268,22 @@ static int ms_event(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_field *field,
 
 	input = field->hidinput->input;
 
+	/*
+	 * The sticks are reported as unsigned 0..65535 values centered on
+	 * 32767; convert them to the +-32767 range we advertise.
+	 */
+	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES && usage->type == EV_ABS) {
+		switch (usage->code) {
+		case ABS_X:
+		case ABS_Y:
+		case ABS_RX:
+		case ABS_RY:
+			input_report_abs(input, usage->code,
+					 clamp(value - 32768, -32767, 32767));
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* Handling MS keyboards special buttons */
 	if (quirks & MS_ERGONOMY && usage->hid == (HID_UP_MSVENDOR | 0xff00)) {
 		/* Special keypad keys */
@@ -328,6 +380,16 @@ static int ms_input_configured(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_input *hidinp
 	struct ms_data *ms = hid_get_drvdata(hdev);
 	struct input_dev *input_dev = hidinput->input;
 
+	if (ms->quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES) {
+		static const unsigned int sticks[] = { ABS_X, ABS_Y, ABS_RX, ABS_RY };
+		int i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sticks); i++)
+			if (test_bit(sticks[i], input_dev->absbit))
+				input_set_abs_params(input_dev, sticks[i],
+						     -32767, 32767, 255, 4095);
+	}
+
 	if (!(ms->quirks & MS_QUIRK_FF))
 		return 0;
 
@@ -429,7 +491,7 @@ static const struct hid_device_id ms_devices[] = {
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1708_BLE),
 		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1914),
-		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
+		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF | MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797),
 		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
 	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797_BLE),

---
base-commit: b29833c4841e0ed8870a227c9a7c468b0cbfc906
change-id: 20261114-hid-ms-xbox-ble-a149fe8ea9ba

Best regards,
--  
Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>

Re: [PATCH] HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 3 potential
issues to consider:
- [High] HID: microsoft: swapped left and right trigger axes in
  ms_input_mapping()
- [High] HID: microsoft: breaking evdev ABI and trigger mapping in
  ms_input_mapping()
- [Medium] HID: microsoft: unfiltered stick events in ms_event() cause
  defuzz drift
--

commit b00037d015a7b7ec287323be001d24d5b680b0c0
Author: Adolf Hirthe <ohirthe@proton.me>

HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

This commit adds an MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES quirk to hid-microsoft to remap
the Bluetooth LE stick and trigger axes of the Xbox Series X|S controller
(045e:0b13) to the xpad axis layout and signed stick range.

Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=222266

> diff --git a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
> index 226733718c488..7e426ee85a289 100644
> --- a/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c
> +++ b/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -186,6 +187,41 @@ static int ms_input_mapping(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_input *hi,
>  	struct ms_data *ms = hid_get_drvdata(hdev);
>  	unsigned long quirks = ms->quirks;
>  
> +	/*
> +	 * Xbox controllers over Bluetooth report the right stick as Z/Rz and
> +	 * the analog triggers as Accelerator/Brake (ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE), and
> +	 * expose the sticks in the 0..65535 range centered on 32767 instead
> +	 * of the usual +-32767 around 0. Remap everything to the xpad-style
> +	 * layout so that consumers get the same axes regardless of the
> +	 * connection type.
> +	 */
> +	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES) {
> +		switch (usage->hid) {
> +		case HID_GD_X:
> +			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_X);
> +			return 1;
> +		case HID_GD_Y:
> +			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Y);
> +			return 1;
> +		case HID_GD_Z:
> +			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RX);
> +			return 1;
> +		case HID_GD_RZ:
> +			hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RY);
> +			return 1;
> +		}
> +		if ((usage->hid & HID_USAGE_PAGE) == HID_UP_SIMULATION) {
> +			switch (usage->hid & HID_USAGE) {
> +			case 0xc5: /* Brake -> right trigger */
> +				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_RZ);
> +				return 1;
> +			case 0xc4: /* Accelerator -> left trigger */
> +				hid_map_usage(hi, usage, bit, max, EV_ABS, ABS_Z);
> +				return 1;
> +			}
> +		}
> +	}

[Severity: High]
Are the left and right triggers swapped here relative to xpad?

In the Xbox Bluetooth HID report descriptor, Simulation Controls usage
0xc5 (Brake) is the physical left trigger and 0xc4 (Accelerator) is the
physical right trigger.  In xpad, the left trigger is reported on ABS_Z
and the right trigger on ABS_RZ:

drivers/input/joystick/xpad.c:xpadone_process_packet() {
    ...
		/* triggers left/right */
		if (xpad->mapping & MAP_TRIGGERS_TO_BUTTONS) {
			input_report_key(dev, BTN_TL2,
					(__u16) le16_to_cpup((__le16 *)(data + 6)));
			input_report_key(dev, BTN_TR2,
					(__u16) le16_to_cpup((__le16 *)(data + 8)));
		} else {
			input_report_abs(dev, ABS_Z,
					(__u16) le16_to_cpup((__le16 *)(data + 6)));
			input_report_abs(dev, ABS_RZ,
					(__u16) le16_to_cpup((__le16 *)(data + 8)));
		}
    ...
}

Mapping 0xc5 to ABS_RZ and 0xc4 to ABS_Z inverts the left and right
triggers on every pull.

[ ... ]

> @@ -232,6 +268,22 @@ static int ms_event(struct hid_device *hdev, struct hid_field *field,
>  
>  	input = field->hidinput->input;
>  
> +	/*
> +	 * The sticks are reported as unsigned 0..65535 values centered on
> +	 * 32767; convert them to the +-32767 range we advertise.
> +	 */
> +	if (quirks & MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES && usage->type == EV_ABS) {
> +		switch (usage->code) {
> +		case ABS_X:
> +		case ABS_Y:
> +		case ABS_RX:
> +		case ABS_RY:
> +			input_report_abs(input, usage->code,
> +					 clamp(value - 32768, -32767, 32767));
> +			return 1;
> +		}
> +	}

[Severity: Medium]
Can calling input_report_abs() unconditionally in ms_event() cause
spurious stick drift events when other buttons or triggers are pressed?

hid_process_report() calls hid_process_event() for every variable field in
an incoming report before updating field->value.  Normally,
hidinput_hid_event() drops unchanged values when value ==
field->value[usage->usage_index].  Because ms_event() intercepts the stick
axes and returns 1 without that check, input_report_abs() runs for all
four stick axes on every button or trigger report.  With fuzz set to 255
in ms_input_configured(), each repeated call with an unchanged raw stick
value within the defuzz window re-runs input_defuzz_abs_event() against
dev->absinfo[code].value, stepping the reported stick position and
emitting EV_ABS events while the stick is stationary.

[ ... ]

> @@ -428,7 +490,7 @@ static const struct hid_device_id ms_devices[] = {
>  	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1708_BLE),
>  		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
>  	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1914),
> -		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
> +		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF | MS_QUIRK_BLE_XBOX_AXES },
>  	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797),
>  		.driver_data = MS_QUIRK_FF },
>  	{ HID_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE(USB_VENDOR_ID_MICROSOFT, USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797_BLE),

[Severity: High]
Won't changing the evdev axis codes and ranges for
USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1914 (045e:0b13) cause a
regression for existing userspace input stacks?

This device ID has been bound by hid-microsoft since commit f5554725f304
("HID: microsoft: Add rumble support to latest xbox controllers") with the
standard 1:1 HID mapping (ABS_Z/ABS_RZ for the right stick in 0..65535 and
ABS_GAS/ABS_BRAKE for triggers).  Userspace libraries such as SDL,
gamecontrollerdb, Steam Input, and joydev match (BUS_BLUETOOTH, 0x045e,
0x0b13) and expect those axis codes, ranges, and ordinal axis positions.
In addition, 0xc5 (Brake) and 0xc4 (Accelerator) are mapped to ABS_RZ and
ABS_Z backwards relative to xpad, and sibling BLE models
USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1708_BLE (045e:0b20) and
USB_DEVICE_ID_MS_XBOX_CONTROLLER_MODEL_1797_BLE (045e:0b22) added in the
same commit are left with the old layout.

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20261114-hid-ms-xbox-ble-v1-1-0b114dc5dcf3@proton.me?part=1

Re: [PATCH] HID: microsoft: normalize Xbox Series X|S controller axes over Bluetooth

[Hirthe]

Please drop this patch, I'm withdrawing it.

SDL's controller database already has a mapping for the current evdev layout of this device (right stick on axes 2/3, triggers on axes 4/5), and the controller works correctly with it. Changing the axis layout in the kernel would break that mapping for existing users.

Sorry for the noise.

Adolf Hirthe