[PATCH bpf-next v3 00/20] bpf: Run exception cleanup landing pads when bpf_throw() unwinds

[PATCH bpf-next v3 00/20] bpf: Run exception cleanup landing pads when bpf_throw() unwinds

[Yonghong Song]

bpf_throw() walks the BPF call stack to the exception boundary and
discards every frame in between. A frame that owns something -- an RCU
read lock, a preemption-disabled section, a referenced kptr -- never gets
to give it back, so the verifier refuses to let such a frame throw at
all. That is the whole reason a Rust program cannot use bpf_throw() as
its panic path right now: Rust's Drop glue *is* that give-back, and there
is nowhere to run it.

LLVM 23 added the compiler half ([1]). A Rust function that owns a value
across a call that can unwind

    fn foo() {
        let _guard = RcuReadGuard::new();  /* bpf_rcu_read_lock()   */
        may_throw();                       /* extern "C-unwind"     */
    }                                      /* Drop: rcu_read_unlock */

lowers to an invoke with a cleanup landing pad holding the Drop call, and
the BPF backend writes one record per invoke region into a .bpf_cleanup
section: a flat table of 12-byte (begin, end, landing_pad) triples, each
field a byte offset into the code section. The rule is "if a frame unwinds
with its return address in [begin, end), run landing_pad before discarding
it". A pad ends with a call to _Unwind_Resume(), which the kernel provides
as the bpf_unwind_resume() kfunc.

This series is the kernel half: take that table at BPF_PROG_LOAD, teach
the verifier that a covered call can also go to its landing pad, and have
bpf_throw() run the pads as it walks.

C has no unwinding, so the selftests spell out by hand what a frontend
emits -- a call site bracketed by two labels, a landing pad, and a record
tying them together. The frame above, written that way:

        "call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"
    "1:"    "call foo3;"                /* cleanup region */
    "2:"
        ... normal path, ends in bpf_rcu_read_unlock ...
    "6:"                                /* landing pad */
        "call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
        "call bpf_unwind_resume;"
        CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "6b")

Right now that program does not load: the throw inside foo3 is reported as
"bpf_throw cannot be used inside bpf_rcu_read_lock-ed region", because as
far as the verifier is concerned nothing will ever unlock. With the series
the verifier walks the unwind the same way the run time will -- into the
pad, which unlocks, then on to the next frame -- and the program both
loads and releases the lock when it throws.

Design
======

A pad is run, not lowered. bpf_throw() already walks the frames with
arch_bpf_stack_walk(); it now looks each frame's return address up in
that (sub)program's table and calls the pad as a subroutine of the walker,
with the unwinding frame's frame pointer and its callee-saved registers
restored from the spill its callee's prologue left. The pad therefore sees
its own frame but runs on the walker's stack, far below it, so nothing it
calls can disturb the frame it is cleaning up after. The JIT turns its
bpf_unwind_resume() into the way back to the walker.

The verifier walks the same thing, step for step, so the resource rules
are unchanged: whatever a pad releases is released in the verifier state
too, and check_resource_leak() simply moves from "a throw was seen" to the
end of the walk.

  1-2    uapi: cleanup_info in BPF_PROG_LOAD, struct bpf_cleanup_info,
         and the bpf_unwind_resume() kfunc
  3-9    verifier: mark the covered call sites, give them an edge to the
         pad, walk the unwind, and refuse the shapes that cannot be
         dispatched
  10     bpf_throw(): dispatch pads while walking
  11-12  x86-64 and arm64 JITs
  13-17  libbpf: collect .bpf_cleanup, pass it to the kernel, resolve
         _Unwind_Resume, carry it through the light skeleton and the
         static linker
  18-20  selftests

Limitations
===========

  - Cleanup pads only. A catch pad -- one that ends in a plain exit rather
    than a resume, which is what Rust's catch_unwind would need -- is
    refused: the walker calls a pad as a subroutine and cannot hand a frame
    back its own execution. LLVM refuses type-specific catches and filters
    on its side as well.
  - A JIT that can dispatch pads is required: x86-64 (with
    CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC, which bpf_throw() already needs there) and arm64.
    Anywhere else the load fails with -EOPNOTSUPP rather than silently
    doing nothing.
  - No offloaded programs, no private stack, and no combining a table with
    an exception callback.
  - In a pad body: no tail call, no BPF_LD_[ABS|IND], no indirect jump, and
    no on-stack call arguments -- each of them reads or writes a stack the
    pad does not own.
  - The Rust toolchain does not properly support BPF exception handling
    yet. The tables the selftests use are hand-written inline asm, which
    the assembler turns into the same relocations the BPF AsmPrinter emits,
    so libbpf and the kernel see an object indistinguishable from a
    compiler-generated one.

  [1] https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/192164
      llvm commit 9d51c891b719 ("[BPF] Add exception handling support
      with .bpf_cleanup section")

Changelog
=========
  v2 -> v3:
    - v2: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260918044156.3283973-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev/
    - Keep a landing pad's record when opt_remove_nops() deletes a pad that is
      a nop, instead of dropping it after the verifier has already checked the
      call site against it.
    - Refuse a BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] in a pad body.
    - Teach mark_chain_precision() about the throw-to-pad edge, which crosses
      frames with no instruction to account for them.
    - Refuse a bpf_unwind_resume() in any frame but the one whose landing pad
      the walker entered.
    - Check raw_data, alignment and bounds before the static linker writes
      through a relocation in a non-executable section, which may be SHT_NOBITS.
  v1 -> v2:
    - v1: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260917055645.3926444-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev/
    - Consolidate all usages of kern_extern_name() in a single patch in libbpf.
    - Avoid compiler warning and add proper cleanup_info_cnt guard in libbpf when
      collecting .bpf_cleanup records.
    - Add cleanup_info_cnt condition for emit_rel_store() with cleanup_info.

Yonghong Song (20):
  bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load
  bpf: Add the bpf_unwind_resume() kfunc
  bpf: Add lookups for exception cleanup resumes and landing pads
  bpf: Prepare for an exception cleanup table before the CFG walk
  bpf: Make exception landing pads reachable in the CFG
  bpf: Explore the landing pads no call site reaches
  bpf: Refuse exception cleanup shapes bpf_throw() cannot dispatch
  bpf: Walk the exception unwind in the verifier
  bpf: Refuse a private stack for a program with an exception cleanup
    table
  bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from bpf_throw()
  bpf, x86: Dispatch exception cleanup pads at run time
  bpf, arm64: Dispatch exception cleanup pads at run time
  libbpf: Resolve the compiler's _Unwind_Resume to the kernel's kfunc
  libbpf: Add cleanup_info to bpf_prog_load_opts
  libbpf: Collect .bpf_cleanup records and pass them to the kernel
  libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton
  libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations
  selftests/bpf: Add an end-to-end .bpf_cleanup exception test
  selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not
    reach
  selftests/bpf: Load an exception cleanup program from a light skeleton

 arch/arm64/net/Makefile                       |   2 +-
 arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S              |  95 ++
 arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c                 |  91 +-
 arch/x86/net/Makefile                         |   3 +
 arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S                |  80 ++
 arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c                   |  79 +-
 include/linux/bpf.h                           |  84 ++
 include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h               |  16 +
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h                  |  17 +-
 include/linux/filter.h                        |   2 +
 include/uapi/linux/bpf.h                      |   9 +
 kernel/bpf/Makefile                           |   2 +-
 kernel/bpf/backtrack.c                        |  21 +-
 kernel/bpf/cfg.c                              |  71 +-
 kernel/bpf/check_btf.c                        | 147 +++
 kernel/bpf/core.c                             |  35 +-
 kernel/bpf/exception.c                        | 664 ++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/exception.h                        |  22 +
 kernel/bpf/fixups.c                           | 166 ++-
 kernel/bpf/helpers.c                          |  46 +
 kernel/bpf/liveness.c                         |  20 +
 kernel/bpf/states.c                           |   6 +
 kernel/bpf/syscall.c                          |   2 +-
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c                         | 166 ++-
 tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h                |   9 +
 tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c                           |   6 +-
 tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h                           |   7 +-
 tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c                    |  29 +-
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c                        | 320 +++++-
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h               |  10 +
 tools/lib/bpf/linker.c                        |  36 +-
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |   2 +-
 .../selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h        |  55 +
 .../bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c       | 454 ++++++++
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c  | 152 +++
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c  |  48 +
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c       | 662 ++++++++++++
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c   |  17 +
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c      |  39 +
 .../progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c   |  17 +
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c     | 984 ++++++++++++++++++
 41 files changed, 4621 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
 create mode 100644 include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/exception.c
 create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/exception.h
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c

-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 01/20] bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

[Yonghong Song]

LLVM 23 added exception handling support for BPF with the .bpf_cleanup
section ([1]). Rust code compiled with panic=unwind runs cleanup code
(Drop glue) when bpf_throw() fires, and the LLVM BPF backend emits that
section from the landing pads the frontend produced. Plain C cannot
generate .bpf_cleanup unless inline asm is used. The Rust compiler does not
*properly* support BPF exception handling yet, but the kernel can support
the table today, and inline assembly is enough to test it.

Add the UAPI to carry the .bpf_cleanup table into the kernel. BPF_PROG_LOAD
grows cleanup_info, cleanup_info_cnt and cleanup_info_rec_size, and struct
bpf_cleanup_info describes one record as a triple of instruction indices:
the half-open call-site range [begin_off, end_off) and the landing_pad_off
the frame resumes at. check_cleanup_info() validates the table a program is
loaded with, so the rest of the kernel can rely on it.

Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/192164 [1]
Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h   |   2 +
 include/uapi/linux/bpf.h       |   9 ++
 kernel/bpf/check_btf.c         | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/syscall.c           |   2 +-
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c          |   1 +
 tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h |   9 ++
 6 files changed, 169 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index cf85141ea167..c08505b9ba82 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -987,6 +987,8 @@ struct bpf_verifier_env {
 	struct arg_track **callsite_at_stack;
 	u32 pass_cnt; /* number of times do_check() was called */
 	u32 subprog_cnt;
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *cleanup_info;
+	u32 cleanup_info_cnt;
 	/* number of instructions analyzed by the verifier */
 	u32 prev_insn_processed, insn_processed;
 	/* number of jmps, calls, exits analyzed so far */
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
@@ -1669,6 +1669,9 @@ union bpf_attr {
 		 * verification.
 		 */
 		__s32		keyring_id;
+		__aligned_u64	cleanup_info;	/* exception cleanup table */
+		__u32		cleanup_info_rec_size; /* userspace bpf_cleanup_info size */
+		__u32		cleanup_info_cnt; /* number of bpf_cleanup_info records */
 	};
 
 	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_OBJ_* commands */
@@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
 	__u32	line_col;
 };
 
+struct bpf_cleanup_info {
+	__u32	begin_off;
+	__u32	end_off;
+	__u32	landing_pad_off;
+};
+
 struct bpf_spin_lock {
 	__u32	val;
 };
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
index 0e8b3ccc7a5b..d03dc791042a 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
@@ -407,6 +407,149 @@ static int check_core_relo(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 	return err;
 }
 
+static int cleanup_insn_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off)
+{
+	struct bpf_subprog_info *info;
+
+	if (off >= env->prog->len)
+		return -1;
+	info = bpf_find_containing_subprog(env, off);
+	return info ? info - env->subprog_info : -1;
+}
+
+#define MIN_BPF_CLEANUP_INFO_SIZE	12
+#define MAX_CLEANUP_INFO_REC_SIZE	MAX_FUNCINFO_REC_SIZE
+
+static int check_cleanup_info(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+			      const union bpf_attr *attr,
+			      bpfptr_t uattr)
+{
+	u32 krec_size = sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info);
+	u32 i, nrec, urec_size, min_size, prev_end = 0;
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *krecord;
+	bpfptr_t urecord;
+	int ret = -EINVAL;
+
+	nrec = attr->cleanup_info_cnt;
+	if (!nrec)
+		return 0;
+	if (nrec > INT_MAX / krec_size)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	urec_size = attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;
+	if (urec_size < MIN_BPF_CLEANUP_INFO_SIZE ||
+	    urec_size > MAX_CLEANUP_INFO_REC_SIZE ||
+	    urec_size % sizeof(u32)) {
+		verbose(env, "invalid cleanup info rec size %u\n", urec_size);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	krecord = kvcalloc(nrec, krec_size, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!krecord)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	min_size = min_t(u32, krec_size, urec_size);
+	urecord = make_bpfptr(attr->cleanup_info, uattr.is_kernel);
+	for (i = 0; i < nrec; i++) {
+		struct bpf_cleanup_info *rec = &krecord[i];
+		int sb, se, sl;
+
+		ret = bpf_check_uarg_tail_zero(urecord, krec_size, urec_size);
+		if (ret) {
+			if (ret == -E2BIG) {
+				verbose(env, "nonzero tailing record in cleanup info\n");
+				if (copy_to_bpfptr_offset(uattr,
+							  offsetof(union bpf_attr,
+								   cleanup_info_rec_size),
+							  &min_size, sizeof(min_size)))
+					ret = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+
+		if (copy_from_bpfptr(rec, urecord, min_size)) {
+			ret = -EFAULT;
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+		bpfptr_add(&urecord, urec_size);
+
+		ret = -EINVAL;
+		if (rec->begin_off >= rec->end_off) {
+			verbose(env, "cleanup_info[%u]: begin %u >= end %u\n",
+				i, rec->begin_off, rec->end_off);
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+		if (i && rec->begin_off < prev_end) {
+			verbose(env,
+				"cleanup_info[%u]: range [%u,%u) is unsorted or overlaps the previous record\n",
+				i, rec->begin_off, rec->end_off);
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+		prev_end = rec->end_off;
+
+		sb = cleanup_insn_subprog(env, rec->begin_off);
+		se = cleanup_insn_subprog(env, rec->end_off - 1);
+		sl = cleanup_insn_subprog(env, rec->landing_pad_off);
+		if (sb < 0 || se < 0 || sl < 0) {
+			verbose(env, "cleanup_info[%u]: offset out of range\n", i);
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+		if (sb != se || sb != sl) {
+			verbose(env,
+				"cleanup_info[%u]: range/landing pad span multiple subprogs\n",
+				i);
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+		/*
+		 * The second half of a 16-byte instruction carries a zero
+		 * opcode and is not an instruction of its own, so no offset
+		 * may name one. end_off is exclusive, so it may also be one
+		 * past the last instruction of the program.
+		 */
+		if (!env->prog->insnsi[rec->begin_off].code ||
+		    !env->prog->insnsi[rec->landing_pad_off].code ||
+		    (rec->end_off < env->prog->len &&
+		     !env->prog->insnsi[rec->end_off].code)) {
+			verbose(env, "cleanup_info[%u]: points at invalid insn\n", i);
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Reject a landing pad that lies inside a call-site range, its own
+	 * included: it would be both a pad and a call that unwinds to one, and
+	 * an exception out of it would have nowhere to go.
+	 */
+	ret = -EINVAL;
+	for (i = 0; i < nrec; i++) {
+		u32 pad = krecord[i].landing_pad_off;
+		u32 l = 0, r = nrec;
+
+		while (l < r) {
+			u32 m = l + (r - l) / 2;
+
+			if (pad < krecord[m].begin_off) {
+				r = m;
+			} else if (pad >= krecord[m].end_off) {
+				l = m + 1;
+			} else {
+				verbose(env,
+					"cleanup_info[%u]: landing pad %u is inside the call-site range of cleanup_info[%u]\n",
+					i, pad, m);
+				goto err_free;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	env->cleanup_info = krecord;
+	env->cleanup_info_cnt = nrec;
+	return 0;
+
+err_free:
+	kvfree(krecord);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 int bpf_prepare_btf_info(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 			 const union bpf_attr *attr,
 			 bpfptr_t uattr)
@@ -441,6 +584,10 @@ int bpf_check_btf_info(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 {
 	int err;
 
+	err = check_cleanup_info(env, attr, uattr);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
 	if (!attr->func_info_cnt && !attr->line_info_cnt) {
 		if (check_abnormal_return(env))
 			return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
index 113486b15d29..049717dc3b7d 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
@@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ int __init __used bpf_multi_func(void) { return 0; }
 BTF_ID_LIST_GLOBAL_SINGLE(bpf_multi_func_btf_id, func, bpf_multi_func)
 
 /* last field in 'union bpf_attr' used by this command */
-#define BPF_PROG_LOAD_LAST_FIELD keyring_id
+#define BPF_PROG_LOAD_LAST_FIELD cleanup_info_cnt
 
 static int bpf_prog_load(union bpf_attr *attr, bpfptr_t uattr, struct bpf_log_attr *attr_log)
 {
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 18aad4886f9c..3d44e1032fbb 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -21884,6 +21884,7 @@ int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog **prog, union bpf_attr *attr, bpfptr_t uattr,
 	kvfree(env->succ);
 	kvfree(env->gotox_tmp_buf);
 	bpf_diag_free(env);
+	kvfree(env->cleanup_info);
 	kvfree(env);
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
--- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
@@ -1669,6 +1669,9 @@ union bpf_attr {
 		 * verification.
 		 */
 		__s32		keyring_id;
+		__aligned_u64	cleanup_info;	/* exception cleanup table */
+		__u32		cleanup_info_rec_size; /* userspace bpf_cleanup_info size */
+		__u32		cleanup_info_cnt; /* number of bpf_cleanup_info records */
 	};
 
 	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_OBJ_* commands */
@@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
 	__u32	line_col;
 };
 
+struct bpf_cleanup_info {
+	__u32	begin_off;
+	__u32	end_off;
+	__u32	landing_pad_off;
+};
+
 struct bpf_spin_lock {
 	__u32	val;
 };
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 02/20] bpf: Add the bpf_unwind_resume() kfunc

[Yonghong Song]

A compiler-emitted cleanup landing pad ends with a call to
_Unwind_Resume(), which carries the unwind on once that frame's cleanups
have run. The kernel provides the same terminator as a kfunc, named
bpf_unwind_resume() to keep the 'bpf_' prefix kfunc convention; a later
libbpf patch resolves the compiler's name to it.

The body never runs. A JIT emits the way back out of a landing pad in its
place.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 kernel/bpf/helpers.c | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
index 82402d97ce67..2163fd40f349 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
@@ -3445,6 +3445,17 @@ __bpf_kfunc void bpf_throw(u64 cookie)
 	WARN(1, "A call to BPF exception callback should never return\n");
 }
 
+/*
+ * Terminator of a compiler-emitted cleanup landing pad. The compiler names
+ * this _Unwind_Resume, the base unwind ABI's entry point for carrying an
+ * unwind on once a frame's cleanups have run. To match kernel kfunc
+ * convention, the kernel calls it bpf_unwind_resume and libbpf maps the
+ * compiler's name onto it.
+ */
+__bpf_kfunc void bpf_unwind_resume(void)
+{
+}
+
 __bpf_kfunc int bpf_wq_init(struct bpf_wq *wq, void *p__const_map, unsigned int flags)
 {
 	struct bpf_async_kern *async = (struct bpf_async_kern *)wq;
@@ -4981,6 +4992,7 @@ BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_task_get_cgroup1, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RCU | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_task_from_pid, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_task_from_vpid, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_throw)
+BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_unwind_resume)
 #ifdef CONFIG_BPF_EVENTS
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_send_signal_task)
 #endif
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 03/20] bpf: Add lookups for exception cleanup resumes and landing pads

[Yonghong Song]

Add two new files, exception.h and exception.c, to host the exception
handling code. Only a few helpers so far: recognising a call to
bpf_unwind_resume(), and asking which landing pad, if any, a call site
unwinds to.

The pad of a call site is kept in insn_aux_data, so the two places that
move instructions around -- bpf_patch_insn_data() and
verifier_remove_insns() -- learn to keep it in step.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h |  6 ++++++
 kernel/bpf/Makefile          |  2 +-
 kernel/bpf/exception.c       | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/exception.h       | 12 ++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/fixups.c          | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++---
 5 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/exception.c
 create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/exception.h

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index c08505b9ba82..f9bccd3e0f4d 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -681,6 +681,11 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
 	bool needs_zext; /* alu op needs to clear upper bits */
 	bool non_sleepable; /* helper/kfunc may be called from non-sleepable context */
 	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
+	/*
+	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
+	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
+	 */
+	u32 cleanup_pad;
 	bool call_with_percpu_alloc_ptr; /* {this,per}_cpu_ptr() with prog percpu alloc */
 	u8 alu_state; /* used in combination with alu_limit */
 	/* true if STX or LDX instruction is a part of a spill/fill
@@ -1518,6 +1523,7 @@ u32 btf_func_arg_align(const struct btf *btf, const struct btf_type *t);
 
 int bpf_find_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off);
 bool bpf_is_throw_kfunc(struct bpf_insn *insn);
+bool bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn);
 int bpf_compute_const_regs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_prune_dead_branches(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_check_cfg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/Makefile b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
index 9a92c348bbda..af9bc60428ad 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_iter.o map_iter.o task_iter.o prog_iter.o link_
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += hashtab.o arraymap.o percpu_freelist.o bpf_lru_list.o lpm_trie.o map_in_map.o bloom_filter.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o ringbuf.o bpf_insn_array.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_local_storage.o bpf_task_storage.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += fixups.o cfg.o states.o backtrack.o check_btf.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += fixups.o cfg.o states.o backtrack.o check_btf.o exception.o
 obj-${CONFIG_BPF_LSM}	  += bpf_inode_storage.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += disasm.o mprog.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += trampoline.o
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3895b9453639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
+#include <linux/btf.h>
+#include <linux/btf_ids.h>
+#include <linux/filter.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include "exception.h"
+
+#define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
+
+enum exc_kfunc {
+	EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume,
+};
+
+BTF_ID_LIST(exc_kfunc_list)
+BTF_ID(func, bpf_unwind_resume)
+
+static bool insn_is_exc_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn, int kf)
+{
+	return bpf_pseudo_kfunc_call(insn) && insn->off == 0 &&
+	       insn->imm == exc_kfunc_list[kf];
+}
+
+bool bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
+{
+	return insn_is_exc_kfunc(insn, EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume);
+}
+
+int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
+{
+	u32 pad = env->insn_aux_data[idx].cleanup_pad;
+
+	return pad ? (int)pad - 1 : -1;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.h b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f2b9624a2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#ifndef _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H
+#define _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+struct bpf_verifier_env;
+
+int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx);
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H */
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
index 2add8001c3ec..dd1a6b5a6afd 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
@@ -261,6 +261,11 @@ static void adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		for (i = 0; i < prog_len; i++)
+			if (data[i].cleanup_pad > off + 1)
+				data[i].cleanup_pad += cnt - 1;
+
 	/*
 	 * Last slot instruction could be a newly generated
 	 * BPF_ST/BPF_LDX/BPF_STX, systematically mark it for non-stack access
@@ -544,11 +549,13 @@ void bpf_clear_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int start, int len)
 	}
 }
 
-static int verifier_remove_insns(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, u32 cnt)
+static int verifier_remove_insns(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, u32 cnt,
+				 bool falls_through)
 {
 	struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux_data = env->insn_aux_data;
 	unsigned int orig_prog_len = env->prog->len;
 	int err;
+	u32 i;
 
 	if (bpf_prog_is_offloaded(env->prog->aux))
 		bpf_prog_offload_remove_insns(env, off, cnt);
@@ -573,6 +580,17 @@ static int verifier_remove_insns(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, u32 cnt)
 		sizeof(*aux_data) * (orig_prog_len - off - cnt));
 	env->insn_aux_data_len -= cnt;
 
+	if (env->cleanup_info_cnt) {
+		for (i = 0; i < env->insn_aux_data_len; i++) {
+			u32 pad = aux_data[i].cleanup_pad;
+
+			if (pad > off + cnt)
+				aux_data[i].cleanup_pad = pad - cnt;
+			else if (pad > off)
+				aux_data[i].cleanup_pad = falls_through ? off + 1 : 0;
+		}
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -634,7 +652,7 @@ int bpf_opt_remove_dead_code(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		if (!j)
 			continue;
 
-		err = verifier_remove_insns(env, i, j);
+		err = verifier_remove_insns(env, i, j, false);
 		if (err)
 			return err;
 		insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
@@ -657,7 +675,7 @@ int bpf_opt_remove_nops(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		if (!is_may_goto_0 && !is_ja)
 			continue;
 
-		err = verifier_remove_insns(env, i, 1);
+		err = verifier_remove_insns(env, i, 1, true);
 		if (err)
 			return err;
 		insn_cnt--;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 04/20] bpf: Prepare for an exception cleanup table before the CFG walk

[Yonghong Song]

Some plumbing work is done before bpf_check_cfg(). More specifically,
insn_aux_data records cleanup_throw_site for every bpf_throw() and
cleanup_resume_site for every bpf_unwind_resume() -- the two calls a JIT
lowers its own way rather than as calls -- and cleanup_pad, the landing pad
a frame resumes at, for every call within the [begin_off, end_off) range of
a cleanup record. Subsequent commits consume all three.

Marking the two calls here, rather than recognising them in the JIT, is
what makes the recognition exact: by the time a JIT runs,
bpf_fixup_kfunc_call() has rewritten every other kfunc's imm into an offset
from __bpf_call_base, and a BTF id compared against one of those offsets
could match an unrelated call.

bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions() runs before bpf_check_cfg(), because what
it produces is what the CFG walk consumes. It refuses a table on an
offloaded program, on a program whose JIT cannot dispatch landing pads or
which the JIT was not asked to compile, and on a program that also installs
an exception callback -- two different answers to what runs on the way out.
bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads() is weak here and says no; the arch patches
provide the real ones.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h |  2 ++
 include/linux/filter.h       |  1 +
 kernel/bpf/core.c            |  5 +++
 kernel/bpf/exception.c       | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/exception.h       |  1 +
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c        |  6 ++++
 6 files changed, 75 insertions(+)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index f9bccd3e0f4d..0cd7c27a50fa 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -681,6 +681,8 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
 	bool needs_zext; /* alu op needs to clear upper bits */
 	bool non_sleepable; /* helper/kfunc may be called from non-sleepable context */
 	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
+	bool cleanup_throw_site; /* call to bpf_throw() */
+	bool cleanup_resume_site; /* call to bpf_unwind_resume() */
 	/*
 	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
 	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
diff --git a/include/linux/filter.h b/include/linux/filter.h
index 422284b4fa96..2582a7606e46 100644
--- a/include/linux/filter.h
+++ b/include/linux/filter.h
@@ -1242,6 +1242,7 @@ bool bpf_jit_supports_stack_args(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_arena_args(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_far_kfunc_call(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_exceptions(void);
+bool bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_ptr_xchg(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_arena(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_insn(struct bpf_insn *insn, bool in_arena);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/core.c b/kernel/bpf/core.c
index 227211166dcc..a379cd1ec4c6 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/core.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/core.c
@@ -3475,6 +3475,11 @@ void __weak arch_bpf_stack_walk(bool (*consume_fn)(void *cookie, u64 ip, u64 sp,
 {
 }
 
+bool __weak bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
 bool __weak bpf_jit_supports_timed_may_goto(void)
 {
 	return false;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
index 3895b9453639..cc7c8595dd64 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
@@ -23,6 +23,66 @@ static bool insn_is_exc_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn, int kf)
 	       insn->imm == exc_kfunc_list[kf];
 }
 
+static void cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	u32 i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < env->prog->len; i++) {
+		struct bpf_insn *insn = &env->prog->insnsi[i];
+
+		if (bpf_is_throw_kfunc(insn))
+			env->insn_aux_data[i].cleanup_throw_site = true;
+		else if (insn_is_exc_kfunc(insn, EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume))
+			env->insn_aux_data[i].cleanup_resume_site = true;
+	}
+}
+
+static void cleanup_mark_call_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	u32 i, j;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < env->cleanup_info_cnt; i++) {
+		struct bpf_cleanup_info *rec = &env->cleanup_info[i];
+
+		for (j = rec->begin_off; j < rec->end_off; j++) {
+			struct bpf_insn *insn = &env->prog->insnsi[j];
+
+			if (!bpf_pseudo_call(insn) && !bpf_is_throw_kfunc(insn))
+				continue;
+			env->insn_aux_data[j].cleanup_pad = rec->landing_pad_off + 1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	if (!env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (bpf_prog_is_offloaded(env->prog->aux)) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"exception cleanup is not supported for offloaded programs\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (!bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads() || !env->prog->jit_requested) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"exception cleanup needs a JIT that can dispatch landing pads\n");
+		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+	}
+	env->prog->jit_required = 1;
+
+	if (env->exception_callback_subprog) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"exception cleanup table cannot be combined with an exception callback\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(env);
+	cleanup_mark_call_sites(env);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 bool bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
 {
 	return insn_is_exc_kfunc(insn, EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.h b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
index 0f2b9624a2ce..f51383fd775c 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.h
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 struct bpf_verifier_env;
 
+int bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx);
 
 #endif /* _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H */
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 3d44e1032fbb..ed151a751897 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "diagnostics.h"
 #include "disasm.h"
+#include "exception.h"
 
 static const struct bpf_verifier_ops * const bpf_verifier_ops[] = {
 #define BPF_PROG_TYPE(_id, _name, prog_ctx_type, kern_ctx_type) \
@@ -21677,6 +21678,11 @@ int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog **prog, union bpf_attr *attr, bpfptr_t uattr,
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto skip_full_check;
 
+	/* The CFG needs an edge from a call in a cleanup range to its pad. */
+	ret = bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(env);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		goto skip_full_check;
+
 	/* Validate instructions and resolve the program's referenced resources. */
 	ret = check_and_resolve_insns(env);
 	if (ret < 0)
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 05/20] bpf: Make exception landing pads reachable in the CFG

[Yonghong Song]

Both the CFG walk and liveness are involved. A bpf_throw() or a bpf2bpf
call inside the [begin_off, end_off) range of a cleanup record can reach
that record's landing pad, so both grow that edge; and a
bpf_unwind_resume() reaches nothing after it, so it has no successors.

Liveness needs one more thing. bpf_stack_slot_alive() decides whether an
outer frame's stack slot is still read after the call the frame is
suspended at by looking at the instruction after the call. A slot whose
only remaining reader is the landing pad -- which is every slot a
compiler-generated pad reloads, since only four registers survive a call --
is dead by that measure, so clean_verifier_state() poisons it while the
callee runs and the pad is then rejected for reading it. Ask about the pad
as well when the call site names one.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 kernel/bpf/cfg.c      | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 kernel/bpf/liveness.c | 20 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/cfg.c b/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
index 842c7d1eabcc..ef02906fd5a8 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <linux/sort.h>
 
 #include "diagnostics.h"
+#include "exception.h"
 
 #define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
 
@@ -158,17 +159,64 @@ static int push_insn(int t, int w, int e, struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	return DONE_EXPLORING;
 }
 
+static int visit_cleanup_pad_edge(int t, struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	int *insn_stack = env->cfg.insn_stack;
+	int *insn_state = env->cfg.insn_state;
+	int w;
+
+	if (!env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		return DONE_EXPLORING;
+	w = bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(env, t);
+	if (w < 0)
+		return DONE_EXPLORING;
+
+	/*
+	 * @t is a call that may branch here, and @w is the target of that
+	 * branch, so both are prune points. @w especially: every covered call
+	 * site in a region unwinds to the same pad, and without a prune point
+	 * at its head the verifier walks the pad again for each of them.
+	 */
+	mark_prune_point(env, t);
+	mark_prune_point(env, w);
+	mark_jmp_point(env, w);
+	mark_jump_target(env, w);
+
+	if (insn_state[w])
+		return DONE_EXPLORING;
+	if (env->cfg.cur_stack >= env->prog->len)
+		return -E2BIG;
+	insn_stack[env->cfg.cur_stack++] = w;
+	insn_state[w] |= DISCOVERED;
+	return KEEP_EXPLORING;
+}
+
+static int merge_visit_ret(int a, int b)
+{
+	if (a < 0)
+		return a;
+	if (b < 0)
+		return b;
+	if (a == KEEP_EXPLORING || b == KEEP_EXPLORING)
+		return KEEP_EXPLORING;
+	return DONE_EXPLORING;
+}
+
 static int visit_func_call_insn(int t, struct bpf_insn *insns,
 				struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 				bool visit_callee)
 {
-	int ret, insn_sz;
+	int ret, insn_sz, pad_ret;
 	int w;
 
+	pad_ret = visit_cleanup_pad_edge(t, env);
+	if (pad_ret < 0)
+		return pad_ret;
+
 	insn_sz = bpf_is_ldimm64(&insns[t]) ? 2 : 1;
 	ret = push_insn(t, t + insn_sz, FALLTHROUGH, env);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		return merge_visit_ret(pad_ret, ret);
 
 	mark_prune_point(env, t + insn_sz);
 	/* when we exit from subprog, we need to record non-linear history */
@@ -180,7 +228,7 @@ static int visit_func_call_insn(int t, struct bpf_insn *insns,
 		merge_callee_effects(env, t, w);
 		ret = push_insn(t, w, BRANCH, env);
 	}
-	return ret;
+	return merge_visit_ret(pad_ret, ret);
 }
 
 struct bpf_iarray *bpf_iarray_realloc(struct bpf_iarray *old, size_t n_elem)
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/liveness.c b/kernel/bpf/liveness.c
index 44ecdc5b4ec2..9cfd05f970bc 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/liveness.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/liveness.c
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/sort.h>
 
+#include "exception.h"
+
 #define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
 
 struct per_frame_masks {
@@ -256,6 +258,9 @@ bpf_insn_successors(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
 	succ = env->succ;
 	succ->cnt = 0;
 
+	if (unlikely(bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(insn)))
+		return succ;
+
 	opcode_info = &opcode_info_tbl[BPF_CLASS(insn->code) | BPF_OP(insn->code)];
 	insn_sz = bpf_is_ldimm64(insn) ? 2 : 1;
 	if (opcode_info->can_fallthrough)
@@ -264,6 +269,13 @@ bpf_insn_successors(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
 	if (opcode_info->can_jump)
 		succ->items[succ->cnt++] = idx + bpf_jmp_offset(insn) + 1;
 
+	if (unlikely(env->cleanup_info_cnt)) {
+		int pad = bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(env, idx);
+
+		if (pad >= 0)
+			succ->items[succ->cnt++] = pad;
+	}
+
 	return succ;
 }
 
@@ -397,6 +409,14 @@ bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 half_sp
 		alive = bpf_calls_callback(env, callsite)
 			? is_live_before(instance, callsite, rel, half_spi)
 			: is_live_before(instance, callsite + 1, rel, half_spi);
+
+		/* Control may also go to the landing pad. */
+		if (!alive && unlikely(env->cleanup_info_cnt)) {
+			int pad = bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(env, callsite);
+
+			if (pad >= 0)
+				alive = is_live_before(instance, pad, rel, half_spi);
+		}
 		if (alive)
 			return true;
 	}
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 06/20] bpf: Explore the landing pads no call site reaches

[Yonghong Song]

A cleanup record need not cover a call an exception can unwind out of: a
frontend is free to emit a region around a helper or an ordinary kfunc,
both nounwind here. Nothing marks a call site then, and that record's
landing pad is reached by nothing at all -- leaving bpf_check_cfg() to
refuse the program over code its own frontend had no way not to emit:

   0: call bpf_preempt_disable
   1: call bpf_preempt_enable      record = { begin = 1, end = 2, pad = 4 }
   2: r0 = 0
   3: exit
   4: r1 = pads_ran ll             landing pad
   6: r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0)
   7: r2 |= RAN_NOUNWIND_REC
   8: *(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r2
   9: call bpf_unwind_resume
  10: exit

The range [1,2) holds one call, and it is a kfunc, so an exception cannot
come out of it. cleanup_mark_call_sites() marks nothing, nothing pushes an
edge to 4, and 4 through 10 are reachable from nothing: "unreachable insn
4". The pad is dead, which is correct -- no exception can ever arrive at it
-- but the program is fine and has to load.

Walk every pad the table names that the edges did not reach, the way the
walk is already re-seeded at an exception callback. From there the pad is
code like any other: do_check() never enters it, because no call site
dispatches to it, so the dead code sweep removes it along with everything
else that was not reached.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 kernel/bpf/cfg.c | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/cfg.c b/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
index ef02906fd5a8..3fd98dcadce8 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/cfg.c
@@ -640,6 +640,7 @@ int bpf_check_cfg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
 	int *insn_stack, *insn_state;
 	int ex_insn_beg, i, ret = 0;
+	u32 pad_idx = 0;
 
 	insn_state = env->cfg.insn_state = kvzalloc_objs(int, insn_cnt,
 							 GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
@@ -695,6 +696,22 @@ int bpf_check_cfg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		goto walk_cfg;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * A landing pad no call site was marked with -- a record whose range
+	 * holds no call an exception can unwind out of -- is reached by
+	 * nothing. Walk it from here, and let the dead code sweep remove it.
+	 */
+	while (pad_idx < env->cleanup_info_cnt) {
+		u32 pad = env->cleanup_info[pad_idx++].landing_pad_off;
+
+		if (insn_state[pad] != EXPLORED) {
+			insn_state[pad] = DISCOVERED;
+			insn_stack[0] = pad;
+			env->cfg.cur_stack = 1;
+			goto walk_cfg;
+		}
+	}
+
 	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
 		struct bpf_insn *insn = &env->prog->insnsi[i];
 
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 07/20] bpf: Refuse exception cleanup shapes bpf_throw() cannot dispatch

[Yonghong Song]

The table is on the instructions and the landing pads are in the control
flow graph. What is left before bpf_throw() can be taught to dispatch them
is to work out what that walk will need, and refuse the shapes it could not
handle.

bpf_check_cleanup_exceptions() runs after bpf_check_cfg(). Everything it
needs is control flow, so it reads what that walk has already worked out
rather than working it out again:

  subprog_info.might_throw   which subprograms an exception may leave,
                             closed over the call graph by
                             merge_callee_effects() as the walk pops each
                             callee
  cleanup_reachability()     what each instruction can reach -- a resume, a
                             plain exit, a throw, an indirect jump
  cleanup_mark_pad_bodies()  which instructions only ever run with an
                             exception already in flight

What it refuses:

  - a pad that reaches both a resume and a plain exit, or neither: nothing
    says whether it is a cleanup pad or a catch pad
  - a catch pad, which ends in a plain exit: the walker calls a pad as a
    subroutine and cannot hand a frame back its own execution
  - a throw in a pad, or a call from a pad to a subprogram that can throw:
    a second unwind over frames the first is still discarding
  - a bpf_unwind_resume() outside a pad body
  - a subprogram that may unwind used as a helper callback: the helper's
    own kernel frame would end the walk before it found a boundary
  - a tail call, an indirect jump, or an outgoing on-stack call argument in
    a pad body, all of which touch a stack the pad does not own
  - a BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] in a pad body: a failed load leaves the subprogram
    through the hidden exit gen_ld_abs() patches in, and an exit in a pad
    is the epilogue, which pops off the walker's stack and returns through
    the frame the walk is discarding

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h |   1 +
 kernel/bpf/exception.c       | 405 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/exception.h       |   2 +
 kernel/bpf/fixups.c          |   1 +
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c        |   8 +
 5 files changed, 417 insertions(+)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index 0cd7c27a50fa..382177b80745 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -683,6 +683,7 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
 	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
 	bool cleanup_throw_site; /* call to bpf_throw() */
 	bool cleanup_resume_site; /* call to bpf_unwind_resume() */
+	bool in_cleanup_pad; /* only runs with an exception in flight */
 	/*
 	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
 	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
index cc7c8595dd64..4859d6484cc8 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <linux/btf_ids.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/sort.h>
 #include "exception.h"
 
 #define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
@@ -23,6 +24,130 @@ static bool insn_is_exc_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn, int kf)
 	       insn->imm == exc_kfunc_list[kf];
 }
 
+/* What an instruction does to intra-subprog control flow. */
+enum cleanup_insn_kind {
+	CLEANUP_INSN_PLAIN,	/* the next insn runs */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_JUMP,	/* unconditional jump */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_COND,	/* the next insn runs, or the branch target */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_EXIT,
+	CLEANUP_INSN_THROW,	/* call bpf_throw: nothing after it runs */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_RESUME,	/* call bpf_unwind_resume: likewise */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_CALL,	/* call to another subprog */
+	CLEANUP_INSN_GOTOX,	/* indirect jump: successors not known here */
+};
+
+/* What each instruction can reach, computed once by cleanup_reachability(). */
+#define CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME	BIT(0)	/* a bpf_unwind_resume() call */
+#define CLEANUP_REACH_EXIT	BIT(1)	/* a plain BPF_EXIT */
+#define CLEANUP_REACH_UNKNOWN	BIT(2)	/* an indirect jump */
+#define CLEANUP_REACH_THROW	BIT(3)	/* a bpf_throw() call */
+
+/* Scratch shared by the analyses, sized once so no walker has to allocate. */
+struct cleanup_ctx {
+	struct bpf_verifier_env *env;
+	u8 *reach;		/* per insn: CLEANUP_REACH_* mask */
+	u32 *stack;		/* per insn: DFS stack */
+	void *scratch;		/* the one allocation all of the above live in */
+};
+
+static bool in_pad(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 i)
+{
+	return env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad;
+}
+
+/* One scratch array for cleanup_alloc() to hand out. */
+struct cleanup_alloc_req {
+	void **dst;
+	size_t n, sz;
+};
+
+static void *cleanup_alloc(const struct cleanup_alloc_req *tab, u32 cnt)
+{
+	size_t total = 0;
+	char *block, *p;
+	u32 i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
+		total += round_up(tab[i].n * tab[i].sz, 8);
+
+	block = kvzalloc(total, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!block)
+		return NULL;
+
+	for (i = 0, p = block; i < cnt; i++) {
+		*tab[i].dst = p;
+		p += round_up(tab[i].n * tab[i].sz, 8);
+	}
+	return block;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_subprog_of(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off)
+{
+	struct bpf_subprog_info *info = bpf_find_containing_subprog(env, off);
+
+	return info ? info - env->subprog_info : -1;
+}
+
+/* The subprogram a linear pass is currently in. */
+struct cleanup_cursor {
+	u32 start, end;		/* [start, end) of the current subprogram */
+	int sub;		/* its index */
+};
+
+#define CLEANUP_CURSOR_INIT { .sub = -1 }
+
+static void cleanup_cursor_to(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct cleanup_cursor *c, u32 i)
+{
+	while (i >= c->end) {
+		c->sub++;
+		c->start = env->subprog_info[c->sub].start;
+		c->end = env->subprog_info[c->sub + 1].start;
+	}
+}
+
+static enum cleanup_insn_kind cleanup_classify(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 i,
+					       int *next, int *target)
+{
+	struct bpf_insn *insn = &env->prog->insnsi[i];
+	u8 class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);
+
+	*next = i + 1;
+	*target = -1;
+
+	if (insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
+		*next = i + 2;
+		return CLEANUP_INSN_PLAIN;
+	}
+	if (class != BPF_JMP && class != BPF_JMP32)
+		return CLEANUP_INSN_PLAIN;
+
+	switch (BPF_OP(insn->code)) {
+	case BPF_EXIT:
+		*next = -1;
+		return CLEANUP_INSN_EXIT;
+	case BPF_JA:
+		*next = -1;
+		if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X)
+			return CLEANUP_INSN_GOTOX;
+		*target = class == BPF_JMP32 ? i + insn->imm + 1 : i + insn->off + 1;
+		return CLEANUP_INSN_JUMP;
+	case BPF_CALL:
+		if (bpf_is_throw_kfunc(insn)) {
+			*next = -1;
+			return CLEANUP_INSN_THROW;
+		}
+		if (insn_is_exc_kfunc(insn, EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume)) {
+			*next = -1;
+			return CLEANUP_INSN_RESUME;
+		}
+		return bpf_pseudo_call(insn) ? CLEANUP_INSN_CALL : CLEANUP_INSN_PLAIN;
+	default:
+		/* Conditional jump, including BPF_JCOND. */
+		*target = i + insn->off + 1;
+		return CLEANUP_INSN_COND;
+	}
+}
+
 static void cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 {
 	u32 i;
@@ -37,6 +162,255 @@ static void cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	}
 }
 
+int bpf_cleanup_check_callback(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog)
+{
+	if (!env->cleanup_info_cnt || !env->subprog_info[subprog].might_throw)
+		return 0;
+
+	verbose(env, "subprog %d may unwind and is used as a callback\n", subprog);
+	return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+/* Intra-subprog successors of @i, or -1 each when absent. */
+static enum cleanup_insn_kind cleanup_succ(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 i,
+					   u32 start, u32 end, int *next, int *target)
+{
+	enum cleanup_insn_kind kind = cleanup_classify(env, i, next, target);
+
+	if (*next < (int)start || *next >= (int)end)
+		*next = -1;
+	if (*target < (int)start || *target >= (int)end)
+		*target = -1;
+	return kind;
+}
+
+static void cleanup_add_pred(u32 *head, u32 *link, u32 to, u32 e)
+{
+	link[e] = head[to];
+	head[to] = e + 1;
+}
+
+/* What every instruction can reach along intra-subprog edges, for
+ * cleanup_pad_is_catch(). One backward walk over a predecessor index, rather
+ * than a forward walk from each landing pad, which would be quadratic.
+ */
+static int cleanup_reachability(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = ctx->env;
+	u32 len = env->prog->len;
+	struct cleanup_cursor c = CLEANUP_CURSOR_INIT;
+	u32 *head = NULL, *link = NULL;
+	bool *queued = NULL;
+	u32 i, sp = 0;
+	void *scratch;
+	const struct cleanup_alloc_req tab[] = {
+		{ (void **)&head,   len,             sizeof(*head) },
+		{ (void **)&link,   2 * (size_t)len, sizeof(*link) },
+		{ (void **)&queued, len,             sizeof(*queued) },
+	};
+
+	scratch = cleanup_alloc(tab, ARRAY_SIZE(tab));
+	if (!scratch)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	/* Index the predecessors, and seed the walk at the terminators. */
+	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+		enum cleanup_insn_kind kind;
+		int next, target;
+
+		cleanup_cursor_to(env, &c, i);
+		kind = cleanup_succ(env, i, c.start, c.end, &next, &target);
+
+		if (kind == CLEANUP_INSN_RESUME)
+			ctx->reach[i] |= CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME;
+		else if (kind == CLEANUP_INSN_EXIT)
+			ctx->reach[i] |= CLEANUP_REACH_EXIT;
+		else if (kind == CLEANUP_INSN_GOTOX)
+			ctx->reach[i] |= CLEANUP_REACH_UNKNOWN;
+		else if (kind == CLEANUP_INSN_THROW)
+			ctx->reach[i] |= CLEANUP_REACH_THROW;
+
+		if (next >= 0)
+			cleanup_add_pred(head, link, next, 2 * i);
+		if (target >= 0)
+			cleanup_add_pred(head, link, target, 2 * i + 1);
+
+		if (ctx->reach[i]) {
+			queued[i] = true;
+			ctx->stack[sp++] = i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Each instruction re-enters the worklist at most once per bit it
+	 * gains, so this is linear in the number of edges.
+	 */
+	while (sp) {
+		u32 j = ctx->stack[--sp];
+		u8 flags = ctx->reach[j];
+		u32 e;
+
+		queued[j] = false;
+		for (e = head[j]; e; e = link[e - 1]) {
+			u32 p = (e - 1) / 2;
+
+			if ((ctx->reach[p] | flags) == ctx->reach[p])
+				continue;
+			ctx->reach[p] |= flags;
+			if (!queued[p]) {
+				queued[p] = true;
+				ctx->stack[sp++] = p;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	kvfree(scratch);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_pad_is_catch(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx, u32 pad)
+{
+	u8 reach = ctx->reach[pad];
+
+	if (reach & CLEANUP_REACH_UNKNOWN) {
+		verbose(ctx->env, "cleanup landing pad %u reaches an indirect jump\n", pad);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	if (reach & CLEANUP_REACH_THROW) {
+		verbose(ctx->env,
+			"cleanup landing pad %u can throw while an exception is in flight\n",
+			pad);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	if (!(reach & CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME) == !(reach & CLEANUP_REACH_EXIT)) {
+		verbose(ctx->env, "cleanup landing pad %u %s\n", pad,
+			(reach & CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME) ?
+			"reaches both bpf_unwind_resume() and a plain exit" :
+			"reaches neither bpf_unwind_resume() nor an exit");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return !!(reach & CLEANUP_REACH_EXIT);
+}
+
+static int cleanup_check_pad_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 i)
+{
+	struct bpf_insn *insn = &env->prog->insnsi[i];
+
+	if (bpf_helper_call(insn) && insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_tail_call) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"bpf_tail_call() at insn %u is in an exception cleanup landing pad\n",
+			i);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	/* A failed BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] leaves the frame through its epilogue. */
+	if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_LD &&
+	    (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_ABS || BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_IND)) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] at insn %u is in an exception cleanup landing pad\n",
+			i);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	/* Stack arguments are not supported. */
+	if (is_stack_arg_st(insn) || is_stack_arg_stx(insn)) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"insn %u passes an on-stack call argument in an exception cleanup landing pad\n",
+			i);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	/* Likewise, stack arguments are not supported. */
+	if (bpf_pseudo_kfunc_call(insn)) {
+		struct bpf_call_summary cs;
+
+		if (bpf_get_call_summary(env, insn, &cs) &&
+		    cs.arg_slot_cnt > MAX_BPF_FUNC_REG_ARGS) {
+			verbose(env,
+				"insn %u passes an on-stack call argument in an exception cleanup landing pad\n",
+				i);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_mark_pad_bodies(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = ctx->env;
+	u32 i, sp = 0;
+	int ret;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < env->cleanup_info_cnt; i++) {
+		u32 pad = env->cleanup_info[i].landing_pad_off;
+
+		if (in_pad(env, pad))
+			continue;
+
+		ret = cleanup_pad_is_catch(ctx, pad);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			return ret;
+		if (ret) {
+			verbose(env,
+				"catch landing pad %u is not supported yet, only cleanup pads that resume\n",
+				pad);
+			return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+		}
+		env->insn_aux_data[pad].in_cleanup_pad = true;
+		ctx->stack[sp++] = pad;
+	}
+
+	while (sp) {
+		u32 j = ctx->stack[--sp];
+		enum cleanup_insn_kind kind;
+		int next, target, sub;
+		u32 start, end;
+
+		ret = cleanup_check_pad_insn(env, j);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
+
+		sub = cleanup_subprog_of(env, j);
+		start = env->subprog_info[sub].start;
+		end = env->subprog_info[sub + 1].start;
+		kind = cleanup_succ(env, j, start, end, &next, &target);
+
+		if (kind == CLEANUP_INSN_CALL) {
+			int callee = cleanup_subprog_of(env, j + env->prog->insnsi[j].imm + 1);
+
+			if (env->subprog_info[callee].might_throw) {
+				verbose(env,
+					"cleanup landing pad calls subprog %d at insn %u, which can throw while an exception is in flight\n",
+					callee, j);
+				return -EINVAL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (next >= 0 && !in_pad(env, next)) {
+			env->insn_aux_data[next].in_cleanup_pad = true;
+			ctx->stack[sp++] = next;
+		}
+		if (target >= 0 && !in_pad(env, target)) {
+			env->insn_aux_data[target].in_cleanup_pad = true;
+			ctx->stack[sp++] = target;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_check_resumes(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = ctx->env;
+	u32 i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < env->prog->len; i++) {
+		if (!insn_is_exc_kfunc(&env->prog->insnsi[i], EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume))
+			continue;
+		if (in_pad(env, i))
+			continue;
+		verbose(env,
+			"bpf_unwind_resume() at insn %u is not in an exception cleanup landing pad\n",
+			i);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void cleanup_mark_call_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 {
 	u32 i, j;
@@ -83,6 +457,37 @@ int bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+int bpf_check_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	u32 len = env->prog->len;
+	struct cleanup_ctx ctx = { .env = env };
+	const struct cleanup_alloc_req tab[] = {
+		{ (void **)&ctx.reach, len, sizeof(*ctx.reach) },
+		{ (void **)&ctx.stack, len, sizeof(*ctx.stack) },
+	};
+	int ret;
+
+	if (!env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	ctx.scratch = cleanup_alloc(tab, ARRAY_SIZE(tab));
+	if (!ctx.scratch)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	ret = cleanup_reachability(&ctx);
+	if (ret)
+		goto out;
+
+	ret = cleanup_mark_pad_bodies(&ctx);
+	if (ret)
+		goto out;
+
+	ret = cleanup_check_resumes(&ctx);
+out:
+	kvfree(ctx.scratch);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 bool bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
 {
 	return insn_is_exc_kfunc(insn, EXC_KF_bpf_unwind_resume);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.h b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
index f51383fd775c..7313dd2b65a1 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.h
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 struct bpf_verifier_env;
 
 int bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+int bpf_check_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
+int bpf_cleanup_check_callback(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog);
 int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx);
 
 #endif /* _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H */
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
index dd1a6b5a6afd..558653d3046d 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
@@ -252,6 +252,7 @@ static void adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		/* Expand insni[off]'s seen count to the patched range. */
 		data[i].seen = old_seen;
 		data[i].zext_dst = bpf_insn_def32(new_prog, insn + i) >= 0;
+		data[i].in_cleanup_pad = data[off + cnt - 1].in_cleanup_pad;
 		if (!memcmp(insn + i, original_insn, sizeof(struct bpf_insn))) {
 			data[i].non_stack_access =
 				data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index ed151a751897..48fa94a582e7 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -10503,6 +10503,10 @@ static int push_callback_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *ins
 	 * callbacks
 	 */
 	env->subprog_info[subprog].is_cb = true;
+	err = bpf_cleanup_check_callback(env, subprog);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
 	if (bpf_pseudo_kfunc_call(insn) &&
 	    !is_callback_calling_kfunc(insn->imm)) {
 		verifier_bug(env, "kfunc %s#%d not marked as callback-calling",
@@ -21703,6 +21707,10 @@ int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog **prog, union bpf_attr *attr, bpfptr_t uattr,
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto skip_full_check;
 
+	ret = bpf_check_cleanup_exceptions(env);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		goto skip_full_check;
+
 	ret = bpf_compute_postorder(env);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto skip_full_check;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 08/20] bpf: Walk the exception unwind in the verifier

[Yonghong Song]

bpf_throw() is about to stop discarding the frames it unwinds and start
running their landing pads instead. Have the verifier walk the same thing,
step for step:

	at a throw, with the frame chain in env->cur_state->frame[]
	  if a record covers the call control is at
	      run that record's landing pad in this frame
	      on reaching its resume, pop the frame and carry on
	  else
	      pop the frame and carry on
	at the boundary, deliver

Doing it this way is what keeps the resource rules unchanged. Whatever a
pad releases is released in the verifier state too, so by the time the walk
reaches the boundary the state says exactly what the program will really
hold there -- and check_resource_leak(), which used to fire the moment a
throw was seen, simply moves to the end of the walk. A frame that no record
covers contributes nothing, so anything it held is still held when the walk
ends, and that is what gets reported.

Two things about that walk have to be said out loud, because the
instruction stream does not say them.

A resume belongs to the frame whose landing pad the walker called. Each JIT
lowers bpf_unwind_resume() as the way back out of a pad -- a bare return on
x86-64, a branch to the saved address on arm64 -- and that reaches the
walker only from there. An exception being in flight is not enough to tell:
a pad may call a subprogram that has a landing pad of its own and reaches
it by ordinary control flow, and the resume in it is in a pad body by every
static measure. So the state records the frame the unwind entered a pad in,
and a resume in any other frame is refused.

The edge from a throw to a pad crosses frames with no instruction in
between to account for them, and mark_chain_precision() walks that history
backwards. Left alone it stays in the pad's frame while it reads the
callee's instructions: a request for the pad frame's r6 is cleared by the
callee's own write to r6 -- so the caller's definition never becomes
precise -- or reaches the call instruction still set and trips "static
subprog unexpected regs". The history entry for a pad therefore records how
many frames the unwind popped, and the backtrack enters that many, the way
it enters one at a time for BPF_EXIT. A throwing global subprogram gets no
frame of its own, and its exception arrives at the landing pad rather than
at the next instruction, which the global-call check has to allow for.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h |  16 ++++
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h    |   6 +-
 kernel/bpf/backtrack.c          |  21 ++++-
 kernel/bpf/states.c             |   6 ++
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c           | 143 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 5 files changed, 163 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h b/include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b6c1d589abda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#ifndef _LINUX_BPF_CLEANUP_ABI_H
+#define _LINUX_BPF_CLEANUP_ABI_H
+
+/*
+ * Value arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad() leaves in r0 on the way into a landing pad.
+ * It has to be a constant the verifier knows: LLVM names r0 as both the
+ * exception pointer and the exception selector register, so every pad reads it
+ * before anything else and is free to store what it read. Kept on its own
+ * because the verifier and the arch dispatchers, which are assembly, have to
+ * agree on it.
+ */
+#define BPF_PAD_ENTRY_R0	1
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_BPF_CLEANUP_ABI_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index 382177b80745..0721461aaabb 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -429,7 +429,8 @@ struct bpf_jmp_history_entry {
 	u32 prev_idx : 20;
 	/* special INSN_F_xxx flags */
 	u32 flags : 4;
-	u32 : 8;
+	u32 unwind_frames : 4;	/* frames the unwind popped to get here */
+	u32 : 4;
 	/*
 	 * additional registers that need precision tracking when this
 	 * jump is backtracked, vector of five 11-bit records
@@ -509,6 +510,8 @@ struct bpf_verifier_state {
 
 	bool speculative;
 	bool in_sleepable;
+	bool unwinding; /* an exception is in flight */
+	u8 unwind_frameno; /* the frame whose landing pad it entered */
 
 	/* first and last insn idx of this verifier state */
 	u32 first_insn_idx;
@@ -991,6 +994,7 @@ struct bpf_verifier_env {
 	} cfg;
 	struct backtrack_state bt;
 	struct bpf_jmp_history_entry *cur_hist_ent;
+	u8 unwind_frames; /* scratch: pops for the insn about to be recorded */
 	/* Per-callsite copy of parent's converged at_stack_in for cross-frame fills. */
 	struct arg_track **callsite_at_stack;
 	u32 pass_cnt; /* number of times do_check() was called */
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/backtrack.c b/kernel/bpf/backtrack.c
index 507a366dffa4..c19e4fe247ce 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/backtrack.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/backtrack.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
 #include <linux/bitmap.h>
+#include "exception.h"
 
 #define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
 
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ int bpf_push_jmp_history(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state
 	p->flags = insn_flags;
 	p->spi = spi;
 	p->frame = frame;
+	p->unwind_frames = 0;
 	p->linked_regs = linked_regs;
 	cur->jmp_history_cnt = cnt;
 	env->cur_hist_ent = p;
@@ -419,10 +421,12 @@ static int backtrack_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int idx, int subseq_idx,
 				 * extra instructions from subprog; the next
 				 * instruction after call to global subprog
 				 * should be literally next instruction in
-				 * caller program
+				 * caller program -- or, if the callee threw,
+				 * the landing pad of this call site
 				 */
-				verifier_bug_if(idx + 1 != subseq_idx, env,
-						"extra insn from subprog");
+				verifier_bug_if(idx + 1 != subseq_idx &&
+						bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(env, idx) != subseq_idx,
+						env, "extra insn from subprog");
 				/* global subprog always sets R0 */
 				bt_clear_reg(bt, BPF_REG_0);
 				/* and if it does not set R2, main pass would catch it */
@@ -888,11 +892,11 @@ int bpf_mark_chain_precision(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		}
 
 		for (i = last_idx;;) {
+			hist = get_jmp_hist_entry(st, history, i);
 			if (skip_first) {
 				err = 0;
 				skip_first = false;
 			} else {
-				hist = get_jmp_hist_entry(st, history, i);
 				err = backtrack_insn(env, i, subseq_idx, hist, bt);
 			}
 			if (err == -ENOTSUPP) {
@@ -909,6 +913,15 @@ int bpf_mark_chain_precision(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 				 */
 				return 0;
 			subseq_idx = i;
+			/* An exception unwind reached this insn, a landing
+			 * pad, from a throw or a resume that many frames
+			 * deeper. There is no insn in between to backtrack
+			 * over, so enter those frames here, the way BPF_EXIT
+			 * does one at a time.
+			 */
+			for (fr = 0; hist && fr < hist->unwind_frames; fr++)
+				if (bt_subprog_enter(bt))
+					return -EFAULT;
 			i = get_prev_insn_idx(st, i, &history);
 			if (i == -ENOENT)
 				break;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/states.c b/kernel/bpf/states.c
index 66fb11b6c6a7..b101baa43171 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/states.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/states.c
@@ -996,6 +996,12 @@ static bool states_equal(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 	if (old->in_sleepable != cur->in_sleepable)
 		return false;
 
+	if (old->unwinding != cur->unwinding)
+		return false;
+
+	if (old->unwinding && old->unwind_frameno != cur->unwind_frameno)
+		return false;
+
 	if (!refsafe(old, cur, &env->idmap_scratch))
 		return false;
 
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 48fa94a582e7..6ca242d70a4c 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/btf.h>
+#include <linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h>
 #include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
 #include <net/netlink.h>
@@ -1715,6 +1716,8 @@ int bpf_copy_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *dst_state,
 		return err;
 	dst_state->speculative = src->speculative;
 	dst_state->in_sleepable = src->in_sleepable;
+	dst_state->unwinding = src->unwinding;
+	dst_state->unwind_frameno = src->unwind_frameno;
 	dst_state->curframe = src->curframe;
 	dst_state->branches = src->branches;
 	dst_state->parent = src->parent;
@@ -10558,8 +10561,8 @@ static int push_callback_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *ins
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-				 bool *do_print_state, bool exception_exit);
+static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, bool *do_print_state);
+static int unwind_step(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 callsite, int *insn_idx);
 
 static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
 			   int *insn_idx)
@@ -10649,7 +10652,7 @@ static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
 				verbose(env, "failed to push state for global subprog exception path\n");
 				return PTR_ERR(branch);
 			}
-			return process_bpf_exit_full(env, NULL, true);
+			return unwind_step(env, *insn_idx, insn_idx);
 		}
 
 		/* continue with next insn after call */
@@ -14550,7 +14553,7 @@ static int check_kfunc_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
 		env->prog->call_session_cookie = true;
 
 	if (bpf_is_throw_kfunc(insn))
-		return process_bpf_exit_full(env, NULL, true);
+		return unwind_step(env, insn_idx, &env->insn_idx);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -18475,9 +18478,103 @@ enum {
 	INSN_IDX_UPDATED = 2,
 };
 
-static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-				 bool *do_print_state,
-				 bool exception_exit)
+static u32 unwind_pop_frame(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
+	struct bpf_func_state *callee = state->frame[state->curframe];
+	u32 callsite = callee->callsite;
+	struct bpf_func_state *caller;
+
+	caller = state->frame[state->curframe - 1];
+	account_processed_insns(env, callee, caller);
+	free_func_state(callee);
+	state->frame[state->curframe--] = NULL;
+	invalidate_outgoing_stack_args(env, caller);
+	return callsite;
+}
+
+static void unwind_enter_pad(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
+	struct bpf_func_state *frame = cur_func(env);
+
+	state->unwind_frameno = state->curframe;
+	clear_caller_saved_regs(env, frame->regs);
+	mark_reg_unknown(env, frame->regs, BPF_REG_0);
+	__mark_reg_known(&frame->regs[BPF_REG_0], BPF_PAD_ENTRY_R0);
+}
+
+static int unwind_finish(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+	int err = check_resource_leak(env, true, true, "bpf_throw");
+
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+	return PROCESS_BPF_EXIT;
+}
+
+static int unwind_step(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 callsite, int *insn_idx)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
+	u8 popped = 0;
+
+	state->unwinding = true;
+	for (;;) {
+		int pad = bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(env, callsite);
+
+		if (pad >= 0) {
+			unwind_enter_pad(env);
+			/*
+			 * The edge from @callsite to the pad crosses @popped
+			 * frames, and nothing in the instruction stream says
+			 * so. Record it for mark_chain_precision(), which has
+			 * to walk back through the same frames.
+			 */
+			env->unwind_frames = popped;
+			*insn_idx = pad;
+			return INSN_IDX_UPDATED;
+		}
+		if (!state->curframe)
+			return unwind_finish(env);
+		callsite = unwind_pop_frame(env);
+		popped++;
+	}
+}
+
+static int process_cleanup_resume(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int *insn_idx)
+{
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
+	int err;
+
+	/* A pad entered by ordinary control flow. */
+	if (!state->unwinding) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"bpf_unwind_resume() at insn %d reached without an exception in flight\n",
+			*insn_idx);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * A resume in a subprogram the pad called, which has a landing pad of
+	 * its own and reached it by ordinary control flow. A JIT lowers a
+	 * resume as the way back out of a pad, which reaches the walker only
+	 * from the frame whose pad it called.
+	 */
+	if (state->curframe != state->unwind_frameno) {
+		verbose(env,
+			"bpf_unwind_resume() at insn %d is in frame %d, not frame %d whose landing pad the exception entered\n",
+			*insn_idx, state->curframe, state->unwind_frameno);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	if (!state->curframe)
+		return unwind_finish(env);
+	err = unwind_step(env, unwind_pop_frame(env), insn_idx);
+	/* unwind_step() counted the frames it popped, not this one. */
+	if (err == INSN_IDX_UPDATED)
+		env->unwind_frames++;
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, bool *do_print_state)
 {
 	struct bpf_func_state *cur_frame = cur_func(env);
 
@@ -18487,25 +18584,11 @@ static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 	 * for which reference_state must match caller reference
 	 * state when it exits.
 	 */
-	int err = check_resource_leak(env, exception_exit,
-				      exception_exit || !env->cur_state->curframe,
-				      exception_exit ? "bpf_throw" :
+	int err = check_resource_leak(env, false, !env->cur_state->curframe,
 				      "BPF_EXIT instruction in main prog");
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
-	/* The side effect of the prepare_func_exit which is
-	 * being skipped is that it frees bpf_func_state.
-	 * Typically, process_bpf_exit will only be hit with
-	 * outermost exit. copy_verifier_state in pop_stack will
-	 * handle freeing of any extra bpf_func_state left over
-	 * from not processing all nested function exits. We
-	 * also skip return code checks as they are not needed
-	 * for exceptional exits.
-	 */
-	if (exception_exit)
-		return PROCESS_BPF_EXIT;
-
 	if (env->cur_state->curframe) {
 		/* exit from nested function */
 		err = prepare_func_exit(env, &env->insn_idx);
@@ -18679,6 +18762,8 @@ static int do_check_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, bool *do_print_state)
 
 		env->jmps_processed++;
 		if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
+			if (bpf_is_unwind_resume_kfunc(insn))
+				return process_cleanup_resume(env, &env->insn_idx);
 			if (env->cur_state->active_locks) {
 				if ((insn->src_reg == BPF_REG_0 &&
 				     insn->imm != BPF_FUNC_spin_unlock &&
@@ -18712,7 +18797,7 @@ static int do_check_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, bool *do_print_state)
 				env->insn_idx += insn->imm + 1;
 			return INSN_IDX_UPDATED;
 		} else if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
-			return process_bpf_exit_full(env, do_print_state, false);
+			return process_bpf_exit_full(env, do_print_state);
 		}
 		return check_cond_jmp_op(env, insn, &env->insn_idx);
 	}
@@ -18749,10 +18834,14 @@ static int do_check(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	for (;;) {
 		struct bpf_insn *insn;
 		struct bpf_insn_aux_data *insn_aux;
+		u8 unwind_frames;
 		int err;
 
 		/* reset current history entry on each new instruction */
 		env->cur_hist_ent = NULL;
+		/* frames the unwind popped to reach this insn, if it is a pad */
+		unwind_frames = env->unwind_frames;
+		env->unwind_frames = 0;
 
 		env->prev_insn_idx = prev_insn_idx;
 		if (env->insn_idx >= insn_cnt) {
@@ -18816,10 +18905,16 @@ static int do_check(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (bpf_is_jmp_point(env, env->insn_idx)) {
+		/*
+		 * A landing pad is a jump point, but record the edge even if
+		 * that ever stops being true: it is the only place the frames
+		 * the unwind popped are written down.
+		 */
+		if (bpf_is_jmp_point(env, env->insn_idx) || unwind_frames) {
 			err = bpf_push_jmp_history(env, state, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 			if (err)
 				return err;
+			env->cur_hist_ent->unwind_frames = unwind_frames;
 		}
 
 		if (signal_pending(current))
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 09/20] bpf: Refuse a private stack for a program with an exception cleanup table

[Yonghong Song]

A private stack is hard to support together with an exception cleanup
table on x86-64: a landing pad runs on the bpf_throw() walker's stack with
its frame's registers put back from a spill area, and carrying the private
stack's frame pointer through there as well would cost a register that
architecture cannot spare.

Refuse the combination in check_max_stack_depth(), where the choice is
made, and refuse it on every architecture for now rather than just x86-64.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 6ca242d70a4c..b978e710d7b6 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -5592,6 +5592,14 @@ static int check_max_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		}
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * A pad rebuilds its frame from a spill area, and on x86-64 a private
+	 * stack's frame pointer lives in r9, which no spill area holds.
+	 * Refused on every arch rather than just that one.
+	 */
+	if (env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		priv_stack_mode = NO_PRIV_STACK;
+
 	if (priv_stack_mode == PRIV_STACK_UNKNOWN)
 		priv_stack_mode = bpf_enable_priv_stack(env->prog);
 
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 10/20] bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from bpf_throw()

[Yonghong Song]

Stop discarding the frames an exception unwinds through. bpf_throw()
already walks the BPF call stack with arch_bpf_stack_walk() to find the
exception boundary; have it look each frame's return address up in that
(sub)program's cleanup table on the way and run the landing pad a matching
record names.

A pad is run as a subroutine of the walker, not jumped to. It executes with
the unwinding frame's frame pointer and BPF callee-saved registers, so
everything it reads is that frame's, but on the current stack far below it,
so nothing it calls can disturb the frame it is cleaning up after. It ends
in what the JIT emits for its bpf_unwind_resume(), which hands control back
to the walker rather than to the frame's caller. That is exactly the
procedure the LLVM commit emitting the section describes.

Restoring the frame's r6-r9 is what makes this work, and it is only
possible because the callee about to be discarded spilled them in its own
prologue. bpf_cleanup_force_spill() tells a JIT to make that spill
unconditional and of a known shape for every subprogram of a program
carrying a cleanup table, and aux->exc->spill_off records where it starts,
so the walker needs no per-frame metadata. The frame that called
bpf_throw() has no callee to have spilled anything and never runs its own
epilogue, so the JIT spills that frame's registers at the throw site
instead, in the area aux->exc->throw_spill_off names.

The main program needs the table handed to it rather than built for it.
jit_subprogs() compiles it as func[0], but the ksym covering that image is
the one bpf_prog_load() registers for the outer bpf_prog, and that is what
the walker finds -- so without the handover a landing pad in the main
program's own frame is never dispatched, silently, since the exception
still reaches the boundary and the cookie still comes back.

Which instructions a JIT has to lower its own way reach it as indices into
the (sub)program, aux->exc->throw_at and ->resume_at, carried there from
the insn_aux_data marks so that patching keeps them pointing at the right
instruction.

All of it hangs off bpf_prog_aux by a single pointer. bpf_prog_aux is on
every BPF program and this is a niche feature, so struct bpf_exception_info
exists only for a program that carries a table, and aux->exc being set is
what says the program carries one at all.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 include/linux/bpf.h    |  84 +++++++++++++++++++++
 include/linux/filter.h |   1 +
 kernel/bpf/core.c      |  30 +++++++-
 kernel/bpf/exception.c | 163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/exception.h |   7 ++
 kernel/bpf/fixups.c    | 141 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/bpf/helpers.c   |  34 +++++++++
 7 files changed, 457 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
index 5033b934ffd9..0502b9fc4a6d 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
@@ -1774,6 +1774,89 @@ enum bpf_sig_keyring {
 	BPF_SIG_KEYRING_BPF,
 };
 
+/*
+ * One cleanup region of a JITed (sub)program: @pad is the landing pad to run
+ * for a return address in (begin, end], the native code of its call sites.
+ */
+struct bpf_cleanup_range {
+	u64 begin;
+	u64 end;
+	u64 pad;
+};
+
+struct bpf_exception_info {
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *info;
+	struct bpf_cleanup_range *ranges;
+	/* Landing pad instruction indices, sorted and deduplicated. */
+	u32 *pad_at;
+	/* bpf_throw() call instruction indices, sorted. */
+	u32 *throw_at;
+	/* Likewise for bpf_unwind_resume(), the way back out of a pad. */
+	u32 *resume_at;
+	/* One bit per instruction that only runs while unwinding. */
+	unsigned long *pad_body;
+	u32 nr_info;
+	u32 nr_ranges;
+	u32 nr_pad_at;
+	u32 nr_throw_at;
+	u32 nr_resume_at;
+	u32 nr_pad_body;
+	/* Offset from a frame's FP to the caller's spilled r6-r9. */
+	s32 spill_off;
+	/* Likewise, to the registers a frame spills before calling bpf_throw(). */
+	s32 throw_spill_off;
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL
+bool bpf_cleanup_force_spill(const struct bpf_prog *prog);
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx);
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_in_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx);
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_throw(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx);
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_resume(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx);
+int bpf_cleanup_attach_main_prog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *prog);
+void bpf_cleanup_fill_native_ranges(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 *addrs, void *image);
+void bpf_cleanup_free_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux);
+#else
+static inline bool bpf_cleanup_force_spill(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool bpf_cleanup_insn_in_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_throw(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_resume(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline int bpf_cleanup_attach_main_prog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+					       struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void bpf_cleanup_fill_native_ranges(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 *addrs, void *image)
+{
+}
+
+static inline void bpf_cleanup_free_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 struct bpf_prog_aux {
 	atomic64_t refcnt;
 	u32 used_map_cnt;
@@ -1854,6 +1937,7 @@ struct bpf_prog_aux {
 	char name[BPF_OBJ_NAME_LEN];
 	u64 (*bpf_exception_cb)(u64 cookie, u64 sp, u64 bp, u64, u64);
 	u16 stack_arg_sp_adjust;
+	struct bpf_exception_info *exc;
 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
 	void *security;
 #endif
diff --git a/include/linux/filter.h b/include/linux/filter.h
index 2582a7606e46..b0c495e94f74 100644
--- a/include/linux/filter.h
+++ b/include/linux/filter.h
@@ -1243,6 +1243,7 @@ bool bpf_jit_supports_arena_args(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_far_kfunc_call(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_exceptions(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void);
+void arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad(u64 pad, u64 frame_fp, u64 spill_base);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_ptr_xchg(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_arena(void);
 bool bpf_jit_supports_insn(struct bpf_insn *insn, bool in_arena);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/core.c b/kernel/bpf/core.c
index a379cd1ec4c6..f19712be12a7 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/core.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/core.c
@@ -292,6 +292,7 @@ void __bpf_prog_free(struct bpf_prog *fp)
 		mutex_destroy(&fp->aux->dst_mutex);
 		mutex_destroy(&fp->aux->st_ops_assoc_mutex);
 		kfree(fp->aux->poke_tab);
+		bpf_cleanup_free_info(fp->aux);
 		kfree(fp->aux);
 	}
 	free_percpu(fp->stats);
@@ -2625,13 +2626,21 @@ static bool bpf_prog_select_interpreter(struct bpf_prog *fp)
 	return select_interpreter;
 }
 
-static struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog_jit_compile(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *prog)
+static struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog_jit_compile(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *prog,
+					     int *err)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_BPF_JIT
 	struct bpf_prog *orig_prog;
+	int ret;
 
-	if (!bpf_prog_need_blind(prog))
+	if (!bpf_prog_need_blind(prog)) {
+		ret = bpf_cleanup_attach_main_prog(env, prog);
+		if (ret) {
+			*err = ret;
+			return prog;
+		}
 		return bpf_int_jit_compile(env, prog);
+	}
 
 	orig_prog = prog;
 	prog = bpf_jit_blind_constants(env, prog);
@@ -2642,6 +2651,13 @@ static struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog_jit_compile(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struc
 	if (IS_ERR(prog))
 		goto out_restore;
 
+	ret = bpf_cleanup_attach_main_prog(env, prog);
+	if (ret) {
+		*err = ret;
+		bpf_jit_prog_release_other(orig_prog, prog);
+		goto out_restore;
+	}
+
 	prog = bpf_int_jit_compile(env, prog);
 	if (prog->jited) {
 		bpf_jit_prog_release_other(prog, orig_prog);
@@ -2681,8 +2697,10 @@ struct bpf_prog *__bpf_prog_select_runtime(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct
 		if (*err)
 			return fp;
 
-		fp = bpf_prog_jit_compile(env, fp);
+		fp = bpf_prog_jit_compile(env, fp, err);
 		bpf_prog_jit_attempt_done(fp);
+		if (*err)
+			return fp;
 		if (!fp->jited && jit_needed) {
 			*err = -ENOTSUPP;
 			return fp;
@@ -3480,6 +3498,12 @@ bool __weak bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void)
 	return false;
 }
 
+/* Call @pad with the frame pointer @frame_fp and r6-r9 spilled at @spill_base. */
+void __weak arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad(u64 pad, u64 frame_fp, u64 spill_base)
+{
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+}
+
 bool __weak bpf_jit_supports_timed_may_goto(void)
 {
 	return false;
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
index 4859d6484cc8..d4dcbcf4fb25 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 /* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <linux/bitmap.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
+#include <linux/bsearch.h>
 #include <linux/btf.h>
 #include <linux/btf_ids.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
@@ -499,3 +501,164 @@ int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
 
 	return pad ? (int)pad - 1 : -1;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Every subprogram of a cleanup-carrying program spills the BPF callee-saved
+ * registers, even one that never throws: a frame's spill holds its caller's
+ * registers, and that is what the walker restores before running the caller's
+ * pad. The exception callback does not, because it reuses the boundary frame
+ * rather than building one of its own.
+ */
+bool bpf_cleanup_force_spill(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+	return prog->aux->exc && !prog->aux->exception_cb;
+}
+
+const struct bpf_cleanup_range *bpf_cleanup_pad_for_ip(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u64 ip)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+	u32 l = 0, r = exc ? exc->nr_ranges : 0;
+
+	while (l < r) {
+		u32 m = l + (r - l) / 2;
+		const struct bpf_cleanup_range *rec = &exc->ranges[m];
+
+		if (ip <= rec->begin)
+			r = m;
+		else if (ip > rec->end)
+			l = m + 1;
+		else
+			return rec;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static int cmp_u32(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	u32 x = *(const u32 *)a, y = *(const u32 *)b;
+
+	return x < y ? -1 : x > y;
+}
+
+int bpf_cleanup_alloc_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux)
+{
+	if (aux->exc)
+		return 0;
+	aux->exc = kzalloc_obj(struct bpf_exception_info, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	return aux->exc ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+int bpf_cleanup_attach_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux, struct bpf_cleanup_info *recs, u32 cnt)
+{
+	struct bpf_exception_info *exc = aux->exc;
+	struct bpf_cleanup_range *ranges;
+	u32 i, n_at, *at;
+
+	if (!cnt) {
+		kvfree(recs);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	ranges = kvcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*ranges), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!ranges) {
+		kvfree(recs);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	/* The pads on their own, sorted and deduplicated. */
+	at = kvmalloc_array(cnt, sizeof(*at), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!at) {
+		kvfree(ranges);
+		kvfree(recs);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
+		at[i] = recs[i].landing_pad_off;
+	sort(at, cnt, sizeof(*at), cmp_u32, NULL);
+	for (i = 0, n_at = 0; i < cnt; i++)
+		if (!n_at || at[n_at - 1] != at[i])
+			at[n_at++] = at[i];
+
+	exc->pad_at = at;
+	exc->nr_pad_at = n_at;
+	exc->info = recs;
+	exc->nr_info = cnt;
+	exc->ranges = ranges;
+	/* Withheld until the JIT has filled the table in. */
+	exc->nr_ranges = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void bpf_cleanup_fill_native_ranges(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 *addrs, void *image)
+{
+	struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+	u32 i, n;
+
+	if (!exc || !exc->nr_info || !exc->ranges)
+		return;
+
+	n = exc->nr_info;
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		const struct bpf_cleanup_info *rec = &exc->info[i];
+
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(rec->begin_off >= prog->len ||
+				 rec->end_off > prog->len ||
+				 rec->landing_pad_off >= prog->len))
+			return;
+		exc->ranges[i].begin = (u64)(long)image + addrs[rec->begin_off];
+		exc->ranges[i].end = (u64)(long)image + addrs[rec->end_off];
+		exc->ranges[i].pad = (u64)(long)image + addrs[rec->landing_pad_off];
+	}
+	exc->nr_ranges = n;
+}
+
+void bpf_cleanup_free_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux)
+{
+	struct bpf_exception_info *exc = aux->exc;
+
+	if (!exc)
+		return;
+	kvfree(exc->ranges);
+	kvfree(exc->info);
+	kvfree(exc->pad_at);
+	kvfree(exc->throw_at);
+	kvfree(exc->resume_at);
+	bitmap_free(exc->pad_body);
+	kfree(exc);
+	aux->exc = NULL;
+}
+
+/* Is @idx in the sorted array @at of @n instruction indices? */
+static bool insn_idx_in(const u32 *at, u32 n, u32 idx)
+{
+	return bsearch(&idx, at, n, sizeof(*at), cmp_u32);
+}
+
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+
+	return exc && insn_idx_in(exc->pad_at, exc->nr_pad_at, idx);
+}
+
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_throw(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+
+	return exc && insn_idx_in(exc->throw_at, exc->nr_throw_at, idx);
+}
+
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_is_resume(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+
+	return exc && insn_idx_in(exc->resume_at, exc->nr_resume_at, idx);
+}
+
+bool bpf_cleanup_insn_in_pad(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+
+	return exc && exc->pad_body && idx < exc->nr_pad_body &&
+	       test_bit(idx, exc->pad_body);
+}
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.h b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
index 7313dd2b65a1..c0e68ce227c8 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/exception.h
+++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.h
@@ -5,11 +5,18 @@
 
 #include <linux/types.h>
 
+struct bpf_cleanup_info;
+struct bpf_cleanup_range;
+struct bpf_prog;
+struct bpf_prog_aux;
 struct bpf_verifier_env;
 
 int bpf_prepare_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_check_cleanup_exceptions(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_cleanup_check_callback(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog);
 int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx);
+int bpf_cleanup_alloc_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux);
+int bpf_cleanup_attach_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux, struct bpf_cleanup_info *recs, u32 cnt);
+const struct bpf_cleanup_range *bpf_cleanup_pad_for_ip(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u64 ip);
 
 #endif /* _LINUX_BPF_EXCEPTION_H */
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
index 558653d3046d..169cbf9f4415 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 /* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <linux/bitmap.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/btf.h>
 #include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
 #include <net/xdp.h>
 #include "disasm.h"
+#include "exception.h"
 
 #define verbose(env, fmt, args...) bpf_verifier_log_write(env, fmt, ##args)
 
@@ -257,6 +259,14 @@ static void adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 			data[i].non_stack_access =
 				data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access;
 			data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access = false;
+			data[i].cleanup_throw_site =
+				data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_throw_site;
+			data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_throw_site = false;
+			data[i].cleanup_resume_site =
+				data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_resume_site;
+			data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_resume_site = false;
+			data[i].cleanup_pad = data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad;
+			data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad = 0;
 		} else if (bpf_is_mem_insn(insn + i)) {
 			data[i].non_stack_access = true;
 		}
@@ -1114,6 +1124,129 @@ static void bpf_restore_subprog_starts(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 *orig_s
 	env->subprog_info[env->subprog_cnt].start = env->prog->len;
 }
 
+static bool cleanup_kfunc_site(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux, bool resume)
+{
+	return resume ? aux->cleanup_resume_site : aux->cleanup_throw_site;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_kfunc_sites_for_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 start, u32 end,
+					   bool resume, u32 **at_p, u32 *nr_p)
+{
+	u32 i, cnt = 0, *at;
+
+	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
+		if (cleanup_kfunc_site(&env->insn_aux_data[i], resume))
+			cnt++;
+	if (!cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	at = kvmalloc_array(cnt, sizeof(*at), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!at)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	for (i = start, cnt = 0; i < end; i++) {
+		if (!cleanup_kfunc_site(&env->insn_aux_data[i], resume))
+			continue;
+		at[cnt++] = i - start;
+	}
+
+	*at_p = at;
+	*nr_p = cnt;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_pad_body_for_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *sub,
+					u32 start, u32 end)
+{
+	unsigned long *bits;
+	u32 i, cnt = 0;
+
+	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
+		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
+			cnt++;
+	if (!cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	bits = bitmap_zalloc(end - start, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!bits)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
+		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
+			__set_bit(i - start, bits);
+
+	sub->aux->exc->pad_body = bits;
+	sub->aux->exc->nr_pad_body = end - start;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cleanup_info_for_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *sub,
+				    u32 start, u32 end)
+{
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *recs;
+	u32 i, cnt = 0;
+	int err;
+
+	if (!env->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	err = bpf_cleanup_alloc_info(sub->aux);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	err = cleanup_kfunc_sites_for_subprog(env, start, end, false,
+					      &sub->aux->exc->throw_at,
+					      &sub->aux->exc->nr_throw_at);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	err = cleanup_kfunc_sites_for_subprog(env, start, end, true,
+					      &sub->aux->exc->resume_at,
+					      &sub->aux->exc->nr_resume_at);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	err = cleanup_pad_body_for_subprog(env, sub, start, end);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
+		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].cleanup_pad)
+			cnt++;
+	if (!cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	recs = kvmalloc_array(cnt, sizeof(*recs), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+	if (!recs)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	for (i = start, cnt = 0; i < end; i++) {
+		u32 pad = env->insn_aux_data[i].cleanup_pad;
+
+		if (!pad)
+			continue;
+		pad--;
+		if (verifier_bug_if(pad < start || pad >= end, env,
+				    "insn %u is covered by a landing pad at %u outside its subprog [%u, %u)",
+				    i, pad, start, end)) {
+			kvfree(recs);
+			return -EFAULT;
+		}
+		recs[cnt].begin_off = i - start;
+		recs[cnt].end_off = i - start + 1;
+		recs[cnt].landing_pad_off = pad - start;
+		cnt++;
+	}
+	return bpf_cleanup_attach_info(sub->aux, recs, cnt);
+}
+
+int bpf_cleanup_attach_main_prog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+	if (!env || env->subprog_cnt > 1)
+		return 0;
+	return cleanup_info_for_subprog(env, prog, 0, prog->len);
+}
+
 static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 {
 	struct bpf_prog *prog = env->prog, **func, *tmp;
@@ -1251,6 +1384,10 @@ static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		func[i]->aux->token = prog->aux->token;
 		if (!i)
 			func[i]->aux->exception_boundary = env->seen_exception;
+		err = cleanup_info_for_subprog(env, func[i], subprog_start,
+					       subprog_end);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_free;
 		func[i] = bpf_int_jit_compile(env, func[i]);
 		if (!func[i]->jited) {
 			err = -ENOTSUPP;
@@ -1355,6 +1492,8 @@ static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	prog->aux->bpf_exception_cb = (void *)func[env->exception_callback_subprog]->bpf_func;
 	prog->aux->exception_boundary = func[0]->aux->exception_boundary;
 	prog->aux->stack_arg_sp_adjust = func[0]->aux->stack_arg_sp_adjust;
+	prog->aux->exc = func[0]->aux->exc;
+	func[0]->aux->exc = NULL;
 	bpf_prog_jit_attempt_done(prog);
 	return 0;
 out_free:
@@ -1935,6 +2074,8 @@ int bpf_do_misc_fixups(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 			goto next_insn;
 		if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
 			goto next_insn;
+		if (env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].cleanup_resume_site)
+			goto next_insn;
 		if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_KFUNC_CALL) {
 			ret = bpf_fixup_kfunc_call(env, insn, insn_buf, i + delta, &cnt);
 			if (ret)
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
index 2163fd40f349..d639dfbc3cbb 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <linux/buildid.h>
 
 #include "../../lib/kstrtox.h"
+#include "exception.h"
 
 /* If kernel subsystem is allowing eBPF programs to call this function,
  * inside its own verifier_ops->get_func_proto() callback it should return
@@ -3398,8 +3399,36 @@ struct bpf_throw_ctx {
 	u64 sp;
 	u64 bp;
 	int cnt;
+	const struct bpf_prog *callee;
+	u64 callee_fp;
 };
 
+static void bpf_run_cleanup_pad(struct bpf_throw_ctx *ctx, const struct bpf_prog *prog,
+				u64 ip, u64 fp)
+{
+	const struct bpf_exception_info *exc = prog->aux->exc;
+	const struct bpf_cleanup_range *rec;
+	u64 spill_base;
+
+	if (!exc || !exc->nr_ranges)
+		return;
+	rec = bpf_cleanup_pad_for_ip(prog, ip);
+	if (!rec)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * The callee is always another subprogram of this program -- the walk
+	 * ends at any frame that is not one -- so its prologue spilled these
+	 * registers and its exc is there to say where.
+	 */
+	if (ctx->callee)
+		spill_base = ctx->callee_fp + ctx->callee->aux->exc->spill_off;
+	else
+		spill_base = fp + exc->throw_spill_off;
+
+	arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad(rec->pad, fp, spill_base);
+}
+
 static bool bpf_stack_walker(void *cookie, u64 ip, u64 sp, u64 bp)
 {
 	struct bpf_throw_ctx *ctx = cookie;
@@ -3416,6 +3445,11 @@ static bool bpf_stack_walker(void *cookie, u64 ip, u64 sp, u64 bp)
 	if (!prog)
 		return !ctx->cnt;
 	ctx->cnt++;
+
+	bpf_run_cleanup_pad(ctx, prog, ip, bp);
+	ctx->callee = prog;
+	ctx->callee_fp = bp;
+
 	if (bpf_is_subprog(prog))
 		return true;
 	ctx->aux = prog->aux;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 11/20] bpf, x86: Dispatch exception cleanup pads at run time

[Yonghong Song]

Provide the arch half for x86-64: force the full callee-saved spill for a
program carrying a cleanup table so the walker can find a frame's r6-r9 in
its callee's prologue, record where that spill area starts, build the
native cleanup table from the JIT's addrs[], emit a bare return for a pad's
bpf_unwind_resume(), and hand control to a pad from
arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad().

Support is gated on CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC, the same requirement
arch_bpf_stack_walk() and therefore bpf_throw() already have here, and
bpf_cleanup_pad.o is built only there. Nothing else can call it, and a
frame-pointer build would have objtool validate a routine that has to carry
BPF r10 in rbp rather than a frame pointer ("call without frame pointer
save/setup", an error under CONFIG_OBJTOOL_WERROR).

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 arch/x86/net/Makefile          |  3 ++
 arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c    | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S

diff --git a/arch/x86/net/Makefile b/arch/x86/net/Makefile
index dddbefc0f439..8bb22644ba10 100644
--- a/arch/x86/net/Makefile
+++ b/arch/x86/net/Makefile
@@ -7,4 +7,7 @@ ifeq ($(CONFIG_X86_32),y)
         obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += bpf_jit_comp32.o
 else
         obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += bpf_jit_comp.o bpf_timed_may_goto.o
+        ifdef CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC
+                obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += bpf_cleanup_pad.o
+        endif
 endif
diff --git a/arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S b/arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..025a54e718a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include <linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h>
+#include <linux/linkage.h>
+#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>
+
+/*
+ * The x86-64 BPF JIT prologue spills, once bpf_cleanup_force_spill() makes it
+ * unconditional, r12, rbx, r13, r14 and r15 in that order -- so within the
+ * spill area the lowest address holds r15 and the highest r12. The throw-site
+ * spill the JIT emits uses the same layout, so the routine below reads both
+ * the same way:
+ *
+ *	spill_base + 0		BPF r9  (r15)
+ *	spill_base + 8		BPF r8  (r14)
+ *	spill_base + 16		BPF r7  (r13)
+ *	spill_base + 24		BPF r6  (rbx)
+ *	spill_base + 32		r12 (arena base, not a BPF register)
+ */
+
+	.code64
+	.section .text, "ax"
+
+/*
+ * void arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad(u64 pad, u64 frame_fp, u64 spill_base)
+ *
+ * rdi = native address of the landing pad
+ * rsi = frame pointer of the frame the pad belongs to
+ * rdx = spill area holding that frame's BPF callee-saved registers
+ *
+ * Give the pad the register state of its own frame and call it. The pad ends
+ * in the bare return the JIT emits for its bpf_unwind_resume(), so it comes
+ * back here rather than returning to its frame's caller. It runs on this
+ * stack, far below the frame it is cleaning up after, so nothing it calls can
+ * reach into that frame.
+ *
+ * rbp addresses the pad's frame and rsp this one, so the two are not the
+ * neighbours a JITed frame expects them to be. That is why
+ * cleanup_check_pad_insn() refuses a call in a pad that passes an argument on
+ * the stack: the JIT stages those relative to rbp, and the callee reads them
+ * relative to rsp.
+ */
+SYM_FUNC_START(arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad)
+	ANNOTATE_NOENDBR
+
+	pushq %rbp
+	pushq %rbx
+	pushq %r12
+	pushq %r13
+	pushq %r14
+	pushq %r15
+	/* Keep the pad's entry rsp congruent to a normal call's. */
+	subq $8, %rsp
+
+	movq 0(%rdx), %r15
+	movq 8(%rdx), %r14
+	movq 16(%rdx), %r13
+	movq 24(%rdx), %rbx
+	movq 32(%rdx), %r12
+	/* rbp is BPF r10, so this is the whole of the pad's frame setup. */
+	movq %rsi, %rbp
+
+	/* CALL_NOSPEC needs the target in a register; rcx is BPF r4, dead. */
+	movq %rdi, %rcx
+
+	/* BPF r0 on the way into a pad, not whatever the kernel left in rax. */
+	movl $BPF_PAD_ENTRY_R0, %eax
+
+	CALL_NOSPEC rcx
+
+	addq $8, %rsp
+	popq %r15
+	popq %r14
+	popq %r13
+	popq %r12
+	popq %rbx
+	popq %rbp
+	RET
+SYM_FUNC_END(arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad)
diff --git a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index d4a980140b48..04db7d7fc397 100644
--- a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -357,6 +357,12 @@ struct jit_context {
 /* Number of bytes that will be skipped on tailcall */
 #define X86_TAIL_CALL_OFFSET	(12 + ENDBR_INSN_SIZE)
 
+/*
+ * Throw-site spill: r15, r14, r13, rbx, r12 low to high, the layout the
+ * prologue's pushes leave, so arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad() reads both alike.
+ */
+#define X86_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ	(5 * 8)
+
 static void push_r9(u8 **pprog)
 {
 	u8 *prog = *pprog;
@@ -832,7 +838,7 @@ static void emit_bpf_tail_call_indirect(struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog,
 	/* Inc tail_call_cnt if the slot is populated. */
 	EMIT4(0x48, 0x83, 0x00, 0x01);            /* add qword ptr [rax], 1 */
 
-	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
 		pop_callee_regs(&prog, all_callee_regs_used);
 		pop_r12(&prog);
 	} else {
@@ -899,7 +905,7 @@ static void emit_bpf_tail_call_direct(struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog,
 	/* Inc tail_call_cnt if the slot is populated. */
 	EMIT4(0x48, 0x83, 0x00, 0x01);                /* add qword ptr [rax], 1 */
 
-	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
 		pop_callee_regs(&prog, all_callee_regs_used);
 		pop_r12(&prog);
 	} else {
@@ -1977,6 +1983,7 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 	u8 *ip, *prog = temp;
 	u32 stack_depth;
 	int callee_saved_size;
+	u32 throw_spill, prologue_depth;
 	s32 outgoing_arg_base;
 	int err;
 
@@ -2015,7 +2022,10 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 
 	detect_reg_usage(insn, insn_cnt, callee_regs_used);
 
-	emit_prologue(&prog, image, stack_depth,
+	throw_spill = bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog) ? X86_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ : 0;
+	prologue_depth = stack_depth + throw_spill;
+
+	emit_prologue(&prog, image, prologue_depth,
 		      bpf_prog_was_classic(bpf_prog), tail_call_reachable,
 		      bpf_is_subprog(bpf_prog), bpf_prog->aux->exception_cb);
 
@@ -2024,7 +2034,7 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 	/* Exception callback will clobber callee regs for its own use, and
 	 * restore the original callee regs from main prog's stack frame.
 	 */
-	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
 		/* We also need to save r12, which is not mapped to any BPF
 		 * register, as we throw after entry into the kernel, which may
 		 * overwrite r12.
@@ -2039,9 +2049,10 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 
 	/* Compute callee-saved register area size. */
 	callee_saved_size = 0;
-	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || arena_vm_start)
+	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog) ||
+	    arena_vm_start)
 		callee_saved_size += 8; /* r12 */
-	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+	if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
 		callee_saved_size += 4 * 8; /* rbx, r13, r14, r15 */
 	} else {
 		int j;
@@ -2063,7 +2074,19 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 	 * Note that tail_call_reachable is guaranteed to be false when
 	 * stack args exist, so tcc pushes need not be accounted for.
 	 */
-	outgoing_arg_base = -(round_up(stack_depth, 8) + callee_saved_size);
+	outgoing_arg_base = -(round_up(stack_depth, 8) + throw_spill + callee_saved_size);
+
+	/*
+	 * Lowest address of each spill area, as an offset from rbp; see
+	 * bpf_cleanup_pad.S for the layout. The 16 is the tail call counter
+	 * pair emit_prologue_tail_call() pushes above the callee-saved one.
+	 */
+	if (bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
+		bpf_prog->aux->exc->spill_off = -(round_up(stack_depth, 8) + throw_spill +
+						  (tail_call_reachable ? 16 : 0) +
+						  callee_saved_size);
+		bpf_prog->aux->exc->throw_spill_off = -(round_up(stack_depth, 8) + throw_spill);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Allocate outgoing stack arg area for args 7+ only.
@@ -2110,7 +2133,8 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 				dst_reg = X86_REG_R9;
 		}
 
-		if (bpf_insn_is_indirect_target(env, bpf_prog, i - 1))
+		if (bpf_insn_is_indirect_target(env, bpf_prog, i - 1) ||
+		    bpf_cleanup_insn_is_pad(bpf_prog, i - 1))
 			EMIT_ENDBR();
 
 		ip = image + addrs[i - 1] + (prog - temp);
@@ -2903,9 +2927,27 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 		case BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL: {
 			const struct btf_func_model *fm = NULL;
 
+			if (bpf_cleanup_insn_is_throw(bpf_prog, i - 1)) {
+				/* Spill r6-r9 and r12 where the bpf_throw() walker looks. */
+				s32 off = bpf_prog->aux->exc->throw_spill_off;
+				u8 *spill = prog;
+
+				emit_stx(&prog, BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, BPF_REG_9, off + 0);
+				emit_stx(&prog, BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, BPF_REG_8, off + 8);
+				emit_stx(&prog, BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, BPF_REG_7, off + 16);
+				emit_stx(&prog, BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, BPF_REG_6, off + 24);
+				emit_stx(&prog, BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, X86_REG_R12, off + 32);
+				ip += prog - spill;
+			}
+
+			if (bpf_cleanup_insn_is_resume(bpf_prog, i - 1)) {
+				emit_return(&prog, image + addrs[i - 1] + (prog - temp));
+				break;
+			}
+
 			func = (u8 *) __bpf_call_base + imm32;
 			if (src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL && tail_call_reachable) {
-				LOAD_TAIL_CALL_CNT_PTR(stack_depth);
+				LOAD_TAIL_CALL_CNT_PTR(prologue_depth);
 				ip += 7;
 			}
 			if (!imm32)
@@ -2948,13 +2990,13 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 							  &prog,
 							  ip,
 							  callee_regs_used,
-							  stack_depth,
+							  prologue_depth,
 							  ctx);
 			else
 				emit_bpf_tail_call_indirect(bpf_prog,
 							    &prog,
 							    callee_regs_used,
-							    stack_depth,
+							    prologue_depth,
 							    ip,
 							    ctx);
 			break;
@@ -3215,7 +3257,8 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *
 			}
 			/* Deallocate outgoing args 7+ area. */
 			emit_add_rsp(&prog, outgoing_rsp);
-			if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+			if (bpf_prog->aux->exception_boundary ||
+			    bpf_cleanup_force_spill(bpf_prog)) {
 				pop_callee_regs(&prog, all_callee_regs_used);
 				pop_r12(&prog);
 			} else {
@@ -4385,6 +4428,13 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_int_jit_compile(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_pr
 		 */
 		bpf_prog_update_insn_ptrs(prog, addrs, image);
 
+		/*
+		 * Same mapping, consumed by the bpf_throw() frame walker:
+		 * turn the cleanup records into native address ranges now
+		 * that the image is final.
+		 */
+		bpf_cleanup_fill_native_ranges(prog, addrs, image);
+
 		/*
 		 * ctx.prog_offset is used when CFI preambles put code *before*
 		 * the function. See emit_cfi(). For FineIBT specifically this code
@@ -4501,6 +4551,11 @@ bool bpf_jit_supports_exceptions(void)
 	return IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC);
 }
 
+bool bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void)
+{
+	return IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC);
+}
+
 bool bpf_jit_supports_private_stack(void)
 {
 	return true;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 12/20] bpf, arm64: Dispatch exception cleanup pads at run time

[Yonghong Song]

The same arch half for arm64: force the full callee-saved spill, record
where it starts, build the native table from the JIT's byte offsets, and
hand control to a pad from arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad().

Unlike x86-64 a pad cannot simply return: every call it makes clobbers x30,
so no return address survives to its resume. x23 carries it instead.
bpf2a64[] maps nothing to x23 or x24 -- they are pushed only to keep the
frame shape the exception callback expects -- so nothing else in generated
code touches them, and being callee-saved they survive every kfunc the pad
calls. The JIT emits "br x23" for a pad's bpf_unwind_resume().

x24 is the other one, and it is what makes a pad able to touch its own
frame at all. Generated code addresses the BPF frame through the stack
pointer -- the frame sits directly on top of it, which turns every offset
positive and each access into one instruction -- and in a pad the stack
pointer is the walker's. So the JIT has a pad recompute the equivalent of
its frame's stack pointer from BPF r10 on entry, into x24, and addresses
the frame off x24 for every instruction the previous patches marked as
running only while unwinding. One instruction per pad, and the accesses
keep the shape and the immediate range they have everywhere else.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 arch/arm64/net/Makefile          |  2 +-
 arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c    | 91 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S

diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/Makefile b/arch/arm64/net/Makefile
index 3ae382bfca87..ebec2a44a52b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/net/Makefile
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/Makefile
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 #
 # ARM64 networking code
 #
-obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += bpf_jit_comp.o bpf_timed_may_goto.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += bpf_jit_comp.o bpf_timed_may_goto.o bpf_cleanup_pad.o
diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ef441241949e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_cleanup_pad.S
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include <linux/bpf_cleanup_abi.h>
+#include <linux/linkage.h>
+
+/*
+ * A frame's prologue pushes the tail call counter pair, and then -- once
+ * bpf_cleanup_force_spill() says so -- x19/x20, x21/x22, x23/x24, x25/x26 and
+ * x27/x28. Each A64_PUSH pre-decrements, so the lowest address of the spill
+ * area holds x27 and the highest x20:
+ *
+ *	spill_base + 0		x27 (private stack pointer)
+ *	spill_base + 8		x28 (arena base)
+ *	spill_base + 16		x25 (BPF r10, the frame pointer)
+ *	spill_base + 24		x26 (tail call counter pointer)
+ *	spill_base + 32		x23  -- the pad's own, see below
+ *	spill_base + 40		x24  -- likewise
+ *	spill_base + 48		x21 (BPF r8)
+ *	spill_base + 56		x22 (BPF r9)
+ *	spill_base + 64		x19 (BPF r6)
+ *	spill_base + 72		x20 (BPF r7)
+ *
+ * Neither x23 nor x24 is restored from that spill: the pad has its own use for
+ * both. bpf2a64[] maps nothing to either -- they are pushed only to keep the
+ * frame shape the exception callback expects -- so nothing else in generated
+ * code touches them, and being callee-saved they survive every call the pad
+ * makes.
+ *
+ * x23 is the pad's return address. Unlike x86-64 a pad cannot simply return:
+ * every call it makes clobbers x30, so nothing is left to return through by
+ * the time it reaches its resume. The JIT emits "br x23" for the pad's
+ * bpf_unwind_resume() and this routine puts .Lcleanup_pad_done there.
+ *
+ * x24 is where the pad's frame is anchored. Generated code addresses the BPF
+ * frame through the stack pointer, which here is this routine's rather than
+ * the unwinding frame's, so the JIT has the pad recompute the equivalent from
+ * BPF r10 on entry and address its frame off x24 for as long as it runs.
+ *
+ * Both of those branches are indirect, so both targets carry a BTI landing
+ * marker: the JIT emits one at each pad, and .Lcleanup_pad_done below has one
+ * of its own.
+ */
+
+	.text
+
+/*
+ * void arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad(u64 pad, u64 frame_fp, u64 spill_base)
+ *
+ * x0 = native address of the landing pad
+ * x1 = frame pointer of the frame the pad belongs to (unused here: BPF r10 is
+ *      x25, which the spill area already holds)
+ * x2 = spill area holding that frame's BPF callee-saved registers
+ *
+ * Give the pad the register state of its own frame and call it. It runs on
+ * this stack, far below the frame it is cleaning up after, so nothing it
+ * calls can reach into that frame.
+ */
+SYM_FUNC_START(arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad)
+	/* Save the kernel's callee-saved registers; the pad owns them next. */
+	stp	x29, x30, [sp, #-96]!
+	mov	x29, sp
+	stp	x19, x20, [sp, #16]
+	stp	x21, x22, [sp, #32]
+	stp	x23, x24, [sp, #48]
+	stp	x25, x26, [sp, #64]
+	stp	x27, x28, [sp, #80]
+
+	/* x9 is BPF_REG_AX, so the pad's address does not stay in BPF r1. */
+	mov	x9, x0
+
+	ldp	x27, x28, [x2, #0]
+	ldp	x25, x26, [x2, #16]
+	ldp	x21, x22, [x2, #48]
+	ldp	x19, x20, [x2, #64]
+
+	/* BPF r0 (x8) on the way into a pad, not whatever the kernel left. */
+	mov	x8, #BPF_PAD_ENTRY_R0
+
+	/* Where the pad's resume branches back to. */
+	adr	x23, .Lcleanup_pad_done
+
+	br	x9
+
+.Lcleanup_pad_done:
+	/* Reached by the pad's "br x23", so it is an indirect branch target. */
+	bti	j
+	ldp	x19, x20, [sp, #16]
+	ldp	x21, x22, [sp, #32]
+	ldp	x23, x24, [sp, #48]
+	ldp	x25, x26, [sp, #64]
+	ldp	x27, x28, [sp, #80]
+	ldp	x29, x30, [sp], #96
+	ret
+SYM_FUNC_END(arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index 6c04fee46876..7d26e43e29c3 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <linux/bitfield.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/cfi.h>
+#include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
 #include <linux/memory.h>
 #include <linux/printk.h>
@@ -75,6 +76,19 @@ static const int bpf2a64[] = {
 	[ARENA_VM_START] = A64_R(28),
 };
 
+/*
+ * Throw-site spill: the five pairs push_callee_regs() forces on, same size and
+ * slot order, so arch_bpf_run_cleanup_pad() reads both alike.
+ */
+#define A64_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ	(5 * 16)
+
+/*
+ * Where a landing pad's frame is anchored, since the stack pointer generated
+ * code normally addresses it through is the walker's inside a pad. bpf2a64[]
+ * maps nothing to x24, so nothing else in generated code touches it.
+ */
+#define A64_CLEANUP_FP		A64_R(24)
+
 struct jit_ctx {
 	const struct bpf_prog *prog;
 	int idx;
@@ -87,6 +101,8 @@ struct jit_ctx {
 	__le32 *ro_image;
 	u32 stack_size;
 	u16 stack_arg_size;
+	/* Bytes reserved for the throw-site spill; see bpf_cleanup_force_spill(). */
+	u32 throw_spill;
 	u64 user_vm_start;
 	u64 arena_vm_start;
 	bool fp_used;
@@ -432,7 +448,7 @@ static void push_callee_regs(struct jit_ctx *ctx)
 	 * Callee-saved registers as the exception callback needs to recover
 	 * all ARM64 Callee-saved registers in its epilogue.
 	 */
-	if (ctx->prog->aux->exception_boundary) {
+	if (ctx->prog->aux->exception_boundary || bpf_cleanup_force_spill(ctx->prog)) {
 		emit(A64_PUSH(A64_R(19), A64_R(20), A64_SP), ctx);
 		emit(A64_PUSH(A64_R(21), A64_R(22), A64_SP), ctx);
 		emit(A64_PUSH(A64_R(23), A64_R(24), A64_SP), ctx);
@@ -466,7 +482,8 @@ static void pop_callee_regs(struct jit_ctx *ctx)
 	 * program's stack frame, so recover these extra registers in the above
 	 * two cases.
 	 */
-	if (aux->exception_boundary || aux->exception_cb) {
+	if (aux->exception_boundary || aux->exception_cb ||
+	    bpf_cleanup_force_spill(ctx->prog)) {
 		emit(A64_POP(A64_R(27), A64_R(28), A64_SP), ctx);
 		emit(A64_POP(A64_R(25), A64_R(26), A64_SP), ctx);
 		emit(A64_POP(A64_R(23), A64_R(24), A64_SP), ctx);
@@ -602,6 +619,20 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
 		emit(A64_SUB_I(1, A64_SP, A64_FP, 96), ctx);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Lowest address of each spill area, as an offset from A64_FP; see
+	 * bpf_cleanup_pad.S for the layout. The 16 is the tail call counter
+	 * pair pushed just below the frame record, and the throw-site area
+	 * sits below the callee-saved one rather than in the program stack.
+	 */
+	if (bpf_cleanup_force_spill(prog)) {
+		prog->aux->exc->spill_off = -(16 + A64_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ);
+		ctx->throw_spill = A64_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ;
+		emit(A64_SUB_I(1, A64_SP, A64_SP, ctx->throw_spill), ctx);
+		prog->aux->exc->throw_spill_off =
+			-(16 + A64_CLEANUP_SPILL_SZ) - ctx->throw_spill;
+	}
+
 	/* Stack must be multiples of 16B */
 	ctx->stack_size = round_up(prog->aux->stack_depth, 16);
 
@@ -691,6 +722,10 @@ static int emit_bpf_tail_call(struct jit_ctx *ctx)
 	if (ctx->stack_size && !ctx->priv_sp_used)
 		emit(A64_ADD_I(1, A64_SP, A64_SP, ctx->stack_size), ctx);
 
+	/* Release it for the same reason build_epilogue() does. */
+	if (ctx->throw_spill)
+		emit(A64_ADD_I(1, A64_SP, A64_SP, ctx->throw_spill), ctx);
+
 	pop_callee_regs(ctx);
 
 	/* goto *(prog->bpf_func + prologue_offset); */
@@ -1055,6 +1090,9 @@ static void build_epilogue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool was_classic)
 	if (ctx->stack_size && !ctx->priv_sp_used)
 		emit(A64_ADD_I(1, A64_SP, A64_SP, ctx->stack_size), ctx);
 
+	if (ctx->throw_spill)
+		emit(A64_ADD_I(1, A64_SP, A64_SP, ctx->throw_spill), ctx);
+
 	pop_callee_regs(ctx);
 
 	emit(A64_POP(A64_ZR, ptr, A64_SP), ctx);
@@ -1367,6 +1405,8 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 	const s16 off = insn->off;
 	const s32 imm = insn->imm;
 	const int i = insn - ctx->prog->insnsi;
+	const bool in_pad = bpf_cleanup_insn_in_pad(ctx->prog, i);
+	const bool pad_head = bpf_cleanup_insn_is_pad(ctx->prog, i);
 	const bool is64 = BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_ALU64 ||
 			  BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_JMP;
 	u8 jmp_cond;
@@ -1378,9 +1418,13 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 	int ret;
 	bool sign_extend;
 
-	if (bpf_insn_is_indirect_target(env, ctx->prog, i))
+	if (bpf_insn_is_indirect_target(env, ctx->prog, i) || pad_head)
 		emit_bti(A64_BTI_J, ctx);
 
+	if (pad_head)
+		emit(A64_SUB_I(1, A64_CLEANUP_FP, fp,
+			       ctx->stack_size + ctx->stack_arg_size), ctx);
+
 	switch (code) {
 	/* dst = src */
 	case BPF_ALU | BPF_MOV | BPF_X:
@@ -1743,6 +1787,26 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 		u64 func_addr;
 		u32 cpu_offset;
 
+		if (bpf_cleanup_insn_is_throw(ctx->prog, i)) {
+			/* Spill where the bpf_throw() walker looks. */
+			const s32 off = ctx->prog->aux->exc->throw_spill_off;
+
+			emit(A64_SUB_I(1, tmp, A64_FP, -off), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[PRIVATE_SP], tmp, 0), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[ARENA_VM_START], tmp, 8), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[BPF_REG_FP], tmp, 16), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[TCCNT_PTR], tmp, 24), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[BPF_REG_8], tmp, 48), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[BPF_REG_9], tmp, 56), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[BPF_REG_6], tmp, 64), ctx);
+			emit(A64_STR64I(bpf2a64[BPF_REG_7], tmp, 72), ctx);
+		}
+
+		if (bpf_cleanup_insn_is_resume(ctx->prog, i)) {
+			emit(A64_BR(A64_R(23)), ctx);
+			break;
+		}
+
 		/* Implement helper call to bpf_get_smp_processor_id() inline */
 		if (insn->src_reg == 0 && insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_get_smp_processor_id) {
 			cpu_offset = offsetof(struct thread_info, cpu);
@@ -1854,7 +1918,8 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 			src = tmp2;
 		}
 		if (src == fp) {
-			src_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp : A64_SP;
+			src_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp :
+				  in_pad ? A64_CLEANUP_FP : A64_SP;
 			off_adj = off + ctx->stack_size;
 			if (!ctx->priv_sp_used)
 				off_adj += ctx->stack_arg_size;
@@ -1952,7 +2017,8 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 			dst = tmp3;
 		}
 		if (dst == fp) {
-			dst_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp : A64_SP;
+			dst_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp :
+				  in_pad ? A64_CLEANUP_FP : A64_SP;
 			off_adj = off + ctx->stack_size;
 			if (!ctx->priv_sp_used)
 				off_adj += ctx->stack_arg_size;
@@ -2021,7 +2087,8 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_insn
 			dst = tmp2;
 		}
 		if (dst == fp) {
-			dst_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp : A64_SP;
+			dst_adj = ctx->priv_sp_used ? priv_sp :
+				  in_pad ? A64_CLEANUP_FP : A64_SP;
 			off_adj = off + ctx->stack_size;
 			if (!ctx->priv_sp_used)
 				off_adj += ctx->stack_arg_size;
@@ -2410,6 +2477,13 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_int_jit_compile(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_pr
 		 * reasons, expects to point to the next instruction)
 		 */
 		bpf_prog_update_insn_ptrs(prog, ctx.offset, ctx.ro_image);
+
+		/*
+		 * Same byte offsets, consumed by the bpf_throw() frame walker:
+		 * turn the cleanup records into native address ranges now that
+		 * the image is final.
+		 */
+		bpf_cleanup_fill_native_ranges(prog, ctx.offset, ctx.ro_image);
 out_off:
 		if (!ro_header && priv_stack_ptr) {
 			free_percpu(priv_stack_ptr);
@@ -3385,6 +3459,11 @@ bool bpf_jit_supports_exceptions(void)
 	return true;
 }
 
+bool bpf_jit_supports_cleanup_pads(void)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
 bool bpf_jit_supports_arena(void)
 {
 	return true;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 13/20] libbpf: Resolve the compiler's _Unwind_Resume to the kernel's kfunc

[Yonghong Song]

LLVM terminates a cleanup landing pad with a call to _Unwind_Resume: the
base unwind ABI's entry point for carrying an unwind on once a frame's
cleanups have run. The kernel provides that terminator as a kfunc, but
not under that name: claiming _Unwind_Resume in the kernel's own symbol
table, for a function whose body never runs, would be needlessly confusing,
so it is called bpf_unwind_resume.

Both load paths take the detour. A direct load resolves the name against
the kernel's BTF while libbpf runs. A light skeleton instead writes the
name into the loader program's blob of bytes, for that program to resolve
when it runs, so the name recorded there has to be translated as well.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
index 2f53afc985cf..2fa27e78aaab 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
@@ -8351,6 +8351,15 @@ static void fixup_verifier_log(struct bpf_program *prog, char *buf, size_t buf_s
 	}
 }
 
+/* LLVM terminates a cleanup landing pad with a call to _Unwind_Resume, the
+ * base unwind ABI's entry point for carrying an unwind on once a frame's
+ * cleanups have run. The kernel knows it as bpf_unwind_resume.
+ */
+static const char *kern_extern_name(const char *name)
+{
+	return strcmp(name, "_Unwind_Resume") ? name : "bpf_unwind_resume";
+}
+
 static int bpf_program_record_relos(struct bpf_program *prog)
 {
 	struct bpf_object *obj = prog->obj;
@@ -8367,12 +8376,12 @@ static int bpf_program_record_relos(struct bpf_program *prog)
 				continue;
 			kind = btf_is_var(btf__type_by_id(obj->btf, ext->btf_id)) ?
 				BTF_KIND_VAR : BTF_KIND_FUNC;
-			bpf_gen__record_extern(obj->gen_loader, ext->name,
+			bpf_gen__record_extern(obj->gen_loader, kern_extern_name(ext->name),
 					       ext->is_weak, !ext->ksym.type_id,
 					       true, kind, relo->insn_idx);
 			break;
 		case RELO_EXTERN_CALL:
-			bpf_gen__record_extern(obj->gen_loader, ext->name,
+			bpf_gen__record_extern(obj->gen_loader, kern_extern_name(ext->name),
 					       ext->is_weak, false, false, BTF_KIND_FUNC,
 					       relo->insn_idx);
 			break;
@@ -8812,17 +8821,19 @@ static int bpf_object__resolve_ksym_func_btf_id(struct bpf_object *obj,
 	struct module_btf *mod_btf = NULL;
 	const struct btf_type *kern_func;
 	struct btf *kern_btf = NULL;
+	const char *kern_name;
 	int ret;
 
 	local_func_proto_id = ext->ksym.type_id;
 
-	kfunc_id = find_ksym_btf_id(obj, ext->essent_name ?: ext->name, BTF_KIND_FUNC, &kern_btf,
-				    &mod_btf);
+	kern_name = kern_extern_name(ext->essent_name ?: ext->name);
+
+	kfunc_id = find_ksym_btf_id(obj, kern_name, BTF_KIND_FUNC, &kern_btf, &mod_btf);
 	if (kfunc_id < 0) {
 		if (kfunc_id == -ESRCH && ext->is_weak)
 			return 0;
 		pr_warn("extern (func ksym) '%s': not found in kernel or module BTFs\n",
-			ext->name);
+			strcmp(kern_name, "bpf_unwind_resume") ? ext->name : kern_name);
 		return kfunc_id;
 	}
 
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 14/20] libbpf: Add cleanup_info to bpf_prog_load_opts

[Yonghong Song]

Let a caller hand the kernel an exception cleanup table. Extend struct
bpf_prog_load_opts with cleanup_info, cleanup_info_cnt and
cleanup_info_rec_size, pass them through to BPF_PROG_LOAD, and grow the
attr size bpf_prog_load() computes to cover the new fields.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c | 6 +++++-
 tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h | 7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
index a9de7f107cf7..f11d042a2850 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 		  const struct bpf_insn *insns, size_t insn_cnt,
 		  struct bpf_prog_load_opts *opts)
 {
-	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, keyring_id);
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, cleanup_info_cnt);
 	void *finfo = NULL, *linfo = NULL;
 	const char *func_info, *line_info;
 	__u32 log_size, log_level, attach_prog_fd, attach_btf_obj_fd;
@@ -370,6 +370,10 @@ int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 	attr.fd_array = ptr_to_u64(OPTS_GET(opts, fd_array, NULL));
 	attr.fd_array_cnt = OPTS_GET(opts, fd_array_cnt, 0);
 
+	attr.cleanup_info = ptr_to_u64(OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info, NULL));
+	attr.cleanup_info_cnt = OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info_cnt, 0);
+	attr.cleanup_info_rec_size = OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info_rec_size, 0);
+
 	if (log_level) {
 		attr.log_buf = ptr_to_u64(log_buf);
 		attr.log_size = log_size;
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
index 490e8cb4ba53..ec542fd68f63 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
@@ -128,9 +128,14 @@ struct bpf_prog_load_opts {
 
 	/* if set, provides the length of fd_array */
 	__u32 fd_array_cnt;
+
+	/* exception cleanup table, from the .bpf_cleanup section */
+	const void *cleanup_info;
+	__u32 cleanup_info_cnt;
+	__u32 cleanup_info_rec_size;
 	size_t :0;
 };
-#define bpf_prog_load_opts__last_field fd_array_cnt
+#define bpf_prog_load_opts__last_field cleanup_info_rec_size
 
 LIBBPF_API int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 			     const char *prog_name, const char *license,
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 15/20] libbpf: Collect .bpf_cleanup records and pass them to the kernel

[Yonghong Song]

Parse the compiler-emitted .bpf_cleanup section and hand the resulting
table to BPF_PROG_LOAD.

Each record is three 4-byte fields, and each field is a byte offset into
some code section named by a matching .rel.bpf_cleanup relocation.
bpf_object__init_cleanup_info() resolves both halves once at open time and
keeps (section, instruction index) pairs; it rejects a record whose field
has no relocation, whose relocation is not one of the two 32-bit types that
spell a data reference to a code section -- R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 from LLVM,
R_BPF_64_ABS32 from GNU as -- or whose offset is not instruction aligned.

The records are sorted by begin_off once the offsets are final: the kernel
wants the table sorted with disjoint ranges so that it can find the record
covering a call site with a binary search, and records arrive in
.bpf_cleanup order, which says nothing about where the subprograms they
describe were appended. Overlapping ranges are reported here, where the
program name and both regions are still at hand.

bpf_object_load_prog() then passes the per-program table through the
bpf_prog_load() options added in the previous patch, with the record size
carried on the program the way func_info and line_info carry theirs rather
than taken from a sizeof() at the call site. bpf_program__clone() carries
it too. That is a second load path -- the one veristat uses -- and without
the table the kernel sees landing pads nothing reaches and refuses the
program with "unreachable insn".

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c          | 299 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h |   3 +
 2 files changed, 302 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
index 2fa27e78aaab..a8da2b680685 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
@@ -514,6 +514,11 @@ struct bpf_program {
 	void *line_info;
 	__u32 line_info_rec_size;
 	__u32 line_info_cnt;
+
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *cleanup_info;
+	__u32 cleanup_info_rec_size;
+	__u32 cleanup_info_cnt;
+
 	__u32 prog_flags;
 	__u8  hash[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
 
@@ -549,6 +554,7 @@ struct bpf_struct_ops {
 #define STRUCT_OPS_SEC ".struct_ops"
 #define STRUCT_OPS_LINK_SEC ".struct_ops.link"
 #define ARENA_SEC ".addr_space.1"
+#define CLEANUP_SEC ".bpf_cleanup"
 
 enum libbpf_map_type {
 	LIBBPF_MAP_UNSPEC,
@@ -677,6 +683,25 @@ struct elf_sec_desc {
 	Elf_Data *data;
 };
 
+#define CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS	(sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info) / sizeof(__u32))
+
+/* Index of each field of struct bpf_cleanup_info, read as an array of __u32. */
+enum {
+	CLEANUP_REC_BEGIN,
+	CLEANUP_REC_END,
+	CLEANUP_REC_PAD,
+};
+
+/* One (begin, end, landing_pad) triple from .bpf_cleanup, with each field
+ * resolved from its relocation to an ELF section plus a section-relative
+ * instruction index. The mapping to final program instruction indices can only
+ * happen after subprogram placement, which differs per main program.
+ */
+struct cleanup_raw_rec {
+	int sec_idx[CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS];
+	size_t insn_idx[CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS];
+};
+
 struct elf_state {
 	int fd;
 	const void *obj_buf;
@@ -696,6 +721,8 @@ struct elf_state {
 	bool has_st_ops;
 	int arena_data_shndx;
 	int jumptables_data_shndx;
+	Elf_Data *cleanup_data;
+	int cleanup_shndx;
 };
 
 struct usdt_manager;
@@ -771,6 +798,9 @@ struct bpf_object {
 	void *jumptables_data;
 	size_t jumptables_data_sz;
 
+	struct cleanup_raw_rec *cleanup_recs;
+	size_t cleanup_rec_cnt;
+
 	struct {
 		struct bpf_program *prog;
 		unsigned int sym_off;
@@ -817,7 +847,10 @@ static void bpf_program__exit(struct bpf_program *prog)
 	zfree(&prog->sec_name);
 	zfree(&prog->insns);
 	zfree(&prog->reloc_desc);
+	zfree(&prog->cleanup_info);
 
+	prog->cleanup_info_rec_size = 0;
+	prog->cleanup_info_cnt = 0;
 	prog->nr_reloc = 0;
 	prog->insns_cnt = 0;
 	prog->sec_idx = -1;
@@ -1559,6 +1592,7 @@ static struct bpf_object *bpf_object__new(const char *path,
 	obj->efile.obj_buf = obj_buf;
 	obj->efile.obj_buf_sz = obj_buf_sz;
 	obj->efile.btf_maps_shndx = -1;
+	obj->efile.cleanup_shndx = -1;
 	obj->kconfig_map_idx = -1;
 	obj->arena_map_idx = -1;
 
@@ -4045,6 +4079,9 @@ static int bpf_object__elf_collect(struct bpf_object *obj)
 				sec_desc->shdr = sh;
 				sec_desc->data = data;
 				obj->efile.has_st_ops = true;
+			} else if (strcmp(name, CLEANUP_SEC) == 0) {
+				obj->efile.cleanup_data = data;
+				obj->efile.cleanup_shndx = idx;
 			} else if (strcmp(name, ARENA_SEC) == 0) {
 				obj->efile.arena_data = data;
 				obj->efile.arena_data_shndx = idx;
@@ -4072,6 +4109,7 @@ static int bpf_object__elf_collect(struct bpf_object *obj)
 			    strcmp(name, ".rel" STRUCT_OPS_LINK_SEC) &&
 			    strcmp(name, ".rel?" STRUCT_OPS_SEC) &&
 			    strcmp(name, ".rel?" STRUCT_OPS_LINK_SEC) &&
+			    strcmp(name, ".rel" CLEANUP_SEC) &&
 			    strcmp(name, ".rel" MAPS_ELF_SEC)) {
 				pr_info("elf: skipping relo section(%d) %s for section(%d) %s\n",
 					idx, name, targ_sec_idx,
@@ -4852,6 +4890,229 @@ static struct bpf_program *find_prog_by_sec_insn(const struct bpf_object *obj,
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+static int bpf_object__init_cleanup_info(struct bpf_object *obj)
+{
+	Elf_Data *data = obj->efile.cleanup_data;
+	Elf_Data *relo = NULL;
+	size_t i, nrels, nslots, nrecs;
+	struct cleanup_raw_rec *recs;
+	int *slot_sec, ret = 0;
+	size_t *slot_val;
+	const __u32 *vals;
+	bool native;
+
+	if (!data || obj->efile.cleanup_shndx < 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	native = is_native_endianness(obj);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < obj->efile.sec_cnt; i++) {
+		struct elf_sec_desc *sd = &obj->efile.secs[i];
+
+		if (sd->sec_type == SEC_RELO && sd->shdr &&
+		    sd->shdr->sh_info == (Elf64_Word)obj->efile.cleanup_shndx) {
+			relo = sd->data;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!relo) {
+		pr_warn("%s present without relocations\n", CLEANUP_SEC);
+		return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+	}
+	if (data->d_size % sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info)) {
+		pr_warn("%s size %zu is not a multiple of the record size %zu\n",
+			CLEANUP_SEC, data->d_size, sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info));
+		return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+	}
+
+	vals = data->d_buf;
+	nslots = data->d_size / sizeof(__u32);
+	nrecs = data->d_size / sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info);
+
+	slot_sec = calloc(nslots, sizeof(*slot_sec));
+	slot_val = calloc(nslots, sizeof(*slot_val));
+	recs = calloc(nrecs ?: 1, sizeof(*recs));
+	if (!slot_sec || !slot_val || !recs) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < nslots; i++)
+		slot_sec[i] = -1;
+
+	/* One relocation per 4-byte field, naming the section it points into. */
+	nrels = relo->d_size / sizeof(Elf64_Rel);
+	for (i = 0; i < nrels; i++) {
+		Elf64_Rel *rel = elf_rel_by_idx(relo, i);
+		Elf64_Sym *sym = elf_sym_by_idx(obj, ELF64_R_SYM(rel->r_info));
+		size_t type = ELF64_R_TYPE(rel->r_info);
+		size_t slot = rel->r_offset / sizeof(__u32);
+
+		if (type != R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 && type != R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
+			pr_warn("%s: relocation %zu has unexpected type %zu\n",
+				CLEANUP_SEC, i, type);
+			ret = -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (!sym || slot >= nslots || rel->r_offset % sizeof(__u32)) {
+			pr_warn("%s: bad relocation %zu\n", CLEANUP_SEC, i);
+			ret = -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		slot_sec[slot] = sym->st_shndx;
+		/* The addend lives in the section data, which libelf leaves in
+		 * the object's byte order; a non-section symbol additionally
+		 * contributes its own value.
+		 */
+		slot_val[slot] = (native ? vals[slot] : bswap_32(vals[slot])) +
+				 sym->st_value;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nslots; i++) {
+		struct cleanup_raw_rec *rec = &recs[i / CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS];
+		size_t field = i % CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS;
+
+		if (slot_sec[i] < 0) {
+			pr_warn("%s: field %zu has no relocation\n", CLEANUP_SEC, i);
+			ret = -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (slot_val[i] % BPF_INSN_SZ) {
+			pr_warn("%s: field %zu offset %zu is not instruction aligned\n",
+				CLEANUP_SEC, i, slot_val[i]);
+			ret = -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		rec->sec_idx[field] = slot_sec[i];
+		rec->insn_idx[field] = slot_val[i] / BPF_INSN_SZ;
+	}
+
+	obj->cleanup_recs = recs;
+	obj->cleanup_rec_cnt = nrecs;
+	recs = NULL;
+out:
+	free(recs);
+	free(slot_val);
+	free(slot_sec);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int cmp_cleanup_info(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	const struct bpf_cleanup_info *x = a, *y = b;
+
+	if (x->begin_off == y->begin_off)
+		return 0;
+	return x->begin_off < y->begin_off ? -1 : 1;
+}
+
+static int bpf_prog_collect_cleanup_info(struct bpf_object *obj,
+					 struct bpf_program *prog)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	int j;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < obj->cleanup_rec_cnt; i++) {
+		struct cleanup_raw_rec *raw = &obj->cleanup_recs[i];
+		struct bpf_program *owner = NULL;
+		struct bpf_cleanup_info ci = {};
+		__u32 fields[CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS];
+		void *tmp;
+
+		if (raw->sec_idx[CLEANUP_REC_BEGIN] == raw->sec_idx[CLEANUP_REC_END] &&
+		    raw->insn_idx[CLEANUP_REC_BEGIN] >= raw->insn_idx[CLEANUP_REC_END]) {
+			pr_warn("%s: record %zu is an empty range [%zu,%zu)\n",
+				CLEANUP_SEC, i, raw->insn_idx[CLEANUP_REC_BEGIN],
+				raw->insn_idx[CLEANUP_REC_END]);
+			return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < CLEANUP_REC_FIELDS; j++) {
+			size_t idx = raw->insn_idx[j], final;
+			struct bpf_program *p;
+
+			/* The end of a range is exclusive, so it may name the
+			 * instruction just past the last one of a function,
+			 * which belongs to the next function or to nothing at
+			 * all. Ask about the last instruction the range covers,
+			 * the way the kernel does.
+			 */
+			if (j == CLEANUP_REC_END) {
+				if (!idx) {
+					pr_warn("%s: record %zu ends at instruction 0\n",
+						CLEANUP_SEC, i);
+					return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+				}
+				idx--;
+			}
+
+			p = find_prog_by_sec_insn(obj, raw->sec_idx[j], idx);
+			if (!p) {
+				pr_warn("%s: record %zu field %d is not inside a function\n",
+					CLEANUP_SEC, i, j);
+				return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			}
+			if (!owner) {
+				owner = p;
+			} else if (owner != p) {
+				pr_warn("%s: record %zu spans functions '%s' and '%s'\n",
+					CLEANUP_SEC, i, owner->name, p->name);
+				return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+			}
+
+			if (owner == prog) {
+				final = raw->insn_idx[j] - prog->sec_insn_off;
+			} else if (prog_is_subprog(obj, owner) && owner->sub_insn_off) {
+				/* sub_insn_off is where this subprogram was
+				 * appended to the main program being relocated;
+				 * zero means it is not part of it.
+				 */
+				final = owner->sub_insn_off +
+					raw->insn_idx[j] - owner->sec_insn_off;
+			} else {
+				owner = NULL;
+				break;
+			}
+			fields[j] = final;
+		}
+		if (!owner)
+			continue;
+
+		ci.begin_off = fields[CLEANUP_REC_BEGIN];
+		ci.end_off = fields[CLEANUP_REC_END];
+		ci.landing_pad_off = fields[CLEANUP_REC_PAD];
+
+		tmp = libbpf_reallocarray(prog->cleanup_info, prog->cleanup_info_cnt + 1,
+					  sizeof(*prog->cleanup_info));
+		if (!tmp)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+		prog->cleanup_info = tmp;
+		prog->cleanup_info_rec_size = sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info);
+		prog->cleanup_info[prog->cleanup_info_cnt++] = ci;
+
+		pr_debug("prog '%s': cleanup region [%u,%u) -> landing pad %u\n",
+			 prog->name, ci.begin_off, ci.end_off, ci.landing_pad_off);
+	}
+
+	if (!prog->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		return 0;
+
+	qsort(prog->cleanup_info, prog->cleanup_info_cnt,
+	      sizeof(*prog->cleanup_info), cmp_cleanup_info);
+	for (i = 1; i < prog->cleanup_info_cnt; i++) {
+		struct bpf_cleanup_info *prev = &prog->cleanup_info[i - 1];
+		struct bpf_cleanup_info *cur = &prog->cleanup_info[i];
+
+		if (cur->begin_off < prev->end_off) {
+			pr_warn("prog '%s': overlapping cleanup regions [%u,%u) and [%u,%u)\n",
+				prog->name, prev->begin_off, prev->end_off,
+				cur->begin_off, cur->end_off);
+			return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__FORMAT;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int
 bpf_object__collect_prog_relos(struct bpf_object *obj, Elf64_Shdr *shdr, Elf_Data *data)
 {
@@ -7561,6 +7822,13 @@ static int bpf_object__relocate(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *targ_btf_pat
 					return err;
 			}
 		}
+
+		err = bpf_prog_collect_cleanup_info(obj, prog);
+		if (err) {
+			pr_warn("prog '%s': failed to collect cleanup info: %s\n",
+				prog->name, errstr(err));
+			return err;
+		}
 	}
 	for (i = 0; i < obj->nr_programs; i++) {
 		prog = &obj->programs[i];
@@ -7751,6 +8019,9 @@ static int bpf_object__collect_relos(struct bpf_object *obj)
 			return -LIBBPF_ERRNO__INTERNAL;
 		}
 
+		if (idx == obj->efile.cleanup_shndx)
+			continue;
+
 		if (obj->efile.secs[idx].sec_type == SEC_ST_OPS)
 			err = bpf_object__collect_st_ops_relos(obj, shdr, data);
 		else if (idx == obj->efile.btf_maps_shndx)
@@ -8023,6 +8294,11 @@ static int bpf_object_load_prog(struct bpf_object *obj, struct bpf_program *prog
 		load_attr.line_info_rec_size = prog->line_info_rec_size;
 		load_attr.line_info_cnt = prog->line_info_cnt;
 	}
+	if (prog->cleanup_info_cnt) {
+		load_attr.cleanup_info = prog->cleanup_info;
+		load_attr.cleanup_info_cnt = prog->cleanup_info_cnt;
+		load_attr.cleanup_info_rec_size = prog->cleanup_info_rec_size;
+	}
 	load_attr.log_level = log_level;
 	load_attr.prog_flags = prog->prog_flags;
 	load_attr.fd_array = obj->fd_array;
@@ -8579,6 +8855,7 @@ static struct bpf_object *bpf_object_open(const char *path, const void *obj_buf,
 	err = err ? : bpf_object__init_maps(obj, opts);
 	err = err ? : bpf_object_init_progs(obj, opts);
 	err = err ? : bpf_object__collect_relos(obj);
+	err = err ? : bpf_object__init_cleanup_info(obj);
 	if (err)
 		goto out;
 
@@ -9692,6 +9969,9 @@ void bpf_object__close(struct bpf_object *obj)
 	zfree(&obj->jumptables_data);
 	obj->jumptables_data_sz = 0;
 
+	zfree(&obj->cleanup_recs);
+	obj->cleanup_rec_cnt = 0;
+
 	for (i = 0; i < obj->jumptable_map_cnt; i++)
 		close(obj->jumptable_maps[i].fd);
 	zfree(&obj->jumptable_maps);
@@ -10084,6 +10364,25 @@ int bpf_program__clone(struct bpf_program *prog, const struct bpf_prog_load_opts
 		attr.line_info_rec_size = info ? info_rec_size : prog->line_info_rec_size;
 	}
 
+	/* exception cleanup table */
+	info = OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info, NULL);
+	info_cnt = OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info_cnt, 0);
+	info_rec_size = OPTS_GET(opts, cleanup_info_rec_size, 0);
+	if (!!info != !!info_cnt || !!info != !!info_rec_size) {
+		pr_warn("prog '%s': cleanup_info, cleanup_info_cnt, and cleanup_info_rec_size must all be specified or all omitted\n",
+			prog->name);
+		return libbpf_err(-EINVAL);
+	}
+	if (info) {
+		attr.cleanup_info = info;
+		attr.cleanup_info_cnt = info_cnt;
+		attr.cleanup_info_rec_size = info_rec_size;
+	} else if (prog->cleanup_info_cnt) {
+		attr.cleanup_info = prog->cleanup_info;
+		attr.cleanup_info_cnt = prog->cleanup_info_cnt;
+		attr.cleanup_info_rec_size = prog->cleanup_info_rec_size;
+	}
+
 	/* Logging is caller-controlled; no fallback to prog/obj log settings */
 	attr.log_buf = OPTS_GET(opts, log_buf, NULL);
 	attr.log_size = OPTS_GET(opts, log_size, 0);
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
index cb4d96233844..3ba6d9090368 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@
 #ifndef R_BPF_64_ABS32
 #define R_BPF_64_ABS32 3
 #endif
+#ifndef R_BPF_64_NODYLD32
+#define R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 4
+#endif
 #ifndef R_BPF_64_32
 #define R_BPF_64_32 10
 #endif
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 16/20] libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton

[Yonghong Song]

A light skeleton does not call bpf_prog_load(). bpf_gen__prog_load() builds
its own union bpf_attr field by field, and the loader program it emits is
what issues BPF_PROG_LOAD when the skeleton runs -- so a program loaded
this way reached the kernel without the table the previous patch collected
for it. The load then fails, because the landing pads are code nothing
reaches and the verifier says so. It says "unreachable insn", which names
neither the skeleton nor the table.

Carry it the way func_info and line_info are carried: the records go into
the loader's blob of bytes, the count and record size into the attr, and a
relocation stores the blob's address into attr.cleanup_info once that
address is known. The attr grows to its new last field, cleanup_info_cnt.
Records are 4-byte fields like the other info blobs, so a cross-endian
build has to swap them too.

Growing the attr is what makes the relocation conditional. Every other
attr in this file stops at the last field it sets, and this one now runs
to the end of the union: a kernel that predates cleanup_info accepts an
attr longer than its own only while the tail it does not know reads as
zero. The count and the record size are already zero for a program with no
table, but the relocation stores a blob address, which never is, so a
program that has no landing pads only keeps loading on such a kernel if
the relocation is left out.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c      | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h |  7 +++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
index af3a04f161ac..2345fbdd46f5 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
@@ -981,13 +981,15 @@ static void cleanup_relos(struct bpf_gen *gen, int insns)
 	cleanup_core_relo(gen);
 }
 
-/* Convert func, line, and core relo info blobs to target endianness */
+/* Convert func, line, core relo and cleanup info blobs to target endianness */
 static void info_blob_bswap(struct bpf_gen *gen, int func_info, int line_info,
-			    int core_relos, struct bpf_prog_load_opts *load_attr)
+			    int core_relos, int cleanup_info,
+			    struct bpf_prog_load_opts *load_attr)
 {
 	struct bpf_func_info *fi = gen->data_start + func_info;
 	struct bpf_line_info *li = gen->data_start + line_info;
 	struct bpf_core_relo *cr = gen->data_start + core_relos;
+	struct bpf_cleanup_info *ci = gen->data_start + cleanup_info;
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->func_info_cnt; i++)
@@ -998,6 +1000,9 @@ static void info_blob_bswap(struct bpf_gen *gen, int func_info, int line_info,
 
 	for (i = 0; i < gen->core_relo_cnt; i++)
 		bpf_core_relo_bswap(cr++);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt; i++)
+		bpf_cleanup_info_bswap(ci++);
 }
 
 void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
@@ -1011,8 +1016,11 @@ void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
 			       load_attr->line_info_rec_size;
 	int core_relo_tot_sz = gen->core_relo_cnt *
 			       sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo);
+	int cleanup_info_tot_sz = load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt *
+				  load_attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;
 	int prog_load_attr, license_off, insns_off, func_info, line_info, core_relos;
-	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, core_relo_rec_size);
+	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, cleanup_info_cnt);
+	int cleanup_info;
 	union bpf_attr attr;
 
 	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);
@@ -1061,9 +1069,17 @@ void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
 		 core_relos, gen->core_relo_cnt,
 		 sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo));
 
+	attr.cleanup_info_rec_size = tgt_endian(load_attr->cleanup_info_rec_size);
+	attr.cleanup_info_cnt = tgt_endian(load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt);
+	cleanup_info = add_data(gen, load_attr->cleanup_info, cleanup_info_tot_sz);
+	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: cleanup_info: off %d cnt %u rec size %u\n",
+		 cleanup_info, load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt,
+		 load_attr->cleanup_info_rec_size);
+
 	/* convert all info blobs to target endianness */
 	if (gen->swapped_endian && !gen->error)
-		info_blob_bswap(gen, func_info, line_info, core_relos, load_attr);
+		info_blob_bswap(gen, func_info, line_info, core_relos, cleanup_info,
+				load_attr);
 
 	libbpf_strlcpy(attr.prog_name, prog_name, sizeof(attr.prog_name));
 	prog_load_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
@@ -1085,6 +1101,11 @@ void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
 	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to core_relos */
 	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, core_relos), core_relos);
 
+	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to cleanup_info, if there is one */
+	if (load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt)
+		emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, cleanup_info),
+			       cleanup_info);
+
 	/* populate union bpf_attr fd_array with a pointer to data where map_fds are saved */
 	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, fd_array), gen->fd_array);
 
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
index 3ba6d9090368..78519f24fb40 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
@@ -572,6 +572,13 @@ static inline void bpf_core_relo_bswap(struct bpf_core_relo *i)
 	i->kind = bswap_32(i->kind);
 }
 
+static inline void bpf_cleanup_info_bswap(struct bpf_cleanup_info *i)
+{
+	i->begin_off = bswap_32(i->begin_off);
+	i->end_off = bswap_32(i->end_off);
+	i->landing_pad_off = bswap_32(i->landing_pad_off);
+}
+
 enum btf_field_iter_kind {
 	BTF_FIELD_ITER_IDS,
 	BTF_FIELD_ITER_STRS,
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 17/20] libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

[Yonghong Song]

An object that carries a compiler-emitted exception cleanup table cannot be
linked today. The table's fields are byte offsets into a code section,
materialised by a 32-bit relocation against that section's symbol with the
offset itself as the implicit addend, and the linker rejects both halves of
that: the relocation type is not in the list it accepts, and a relocation
against an STT_SECTION symbol from a non-executable section is an outright
error.

Both spellings of that relocation have to be taken. LLVM emits
R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 for a .long against a section symbol; GNU as emits
R_BPF_64_ABS32, which is what bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps BFD_RELOC_32 to.
They describe the same value, and the selftests are built with both
compilers.

Taking them is keyed on the relocation type rather than on the section
name, so any non-executable section could reach the new arm, and what it
replaces is an unconditional refusal. Check what the refusal used to make
unnecessary: a relocated section may be SHT_NOBITS, which extend_sec()
leaves with no raw_data, and r_offset is checked for alignment only where
the section holds instructions. Refuse those rather than write through
them.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/linker.c | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
index 78f92c39290a..fac7390bd109 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
@@ -1036,7 +1036,8 @@ static int linker_sanity_check_elf_relos(struct src_obj *obj, struct src_sec *se
 		size_t sym_type = ELF64_R_TYPE(relo->r_info);
 
 		if (sym_type != R_BPF_64_64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_32 &&
-		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
+		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32 &&
+		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_NODYLD32) {
 			pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu has unexpected type %zu in %s\n",
 				i, sec->sec_idx, sym_type, obj->filename);
 			return -EINVAL;
@@ -2274,6 +2275,39 @@ static int linker_append_elf_relos(struct bpf_linker *linker, struct src_obj *ob
 						insn->imm += sec->dst_off / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
 					else
 						insn->imm += sec->dst_off;
+				} else if (sym_type == R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 ||
+					   sym_type == R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
+					__u32 *val;
+
+					/* Two spellings of the one thing: LLVM
+					 * emits NODYLD32 for a .long against a
+					 * section symbol, GNU as emits ABS32
+					 * (bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps
+					 * BFD_RELOC_32 to it), and the value
+					 * they describe is the same.
+					 */
+
+					/* An SHT_NOBITS section has no
+					 * raw_data, and r_offset is sanity
+					 * checked only for sections holding
+					 * instructions. Check both here
+					 * before writing.
+					 */
+					if (!dst_linked_sec->raw_data ||
+					    dst_rel->r_offset % sizeof(*val) ||
+					    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) >
+					    (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz) {
+						pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu points outside the data of section '%s' in %s\n",
+							j, src_sec->sec_idx,
+							dst_linked_sec->sec_name,
+							obj->filename);
+						return -EINVAL;
+					}
+					val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;
+					if (linker->swapped_endian)
+						*val = bswap_32(bswap_32(*val) + sec->dst_off);
+					else
+						*val += sec->dst_off;
 				} else {
 					pr_warn("relocation against STT_SECTION in non-exec section is not supported!\n");
 					return -EINVAL;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 18/20] selftests/bpf: Add an end-to-end .bpf_cleanup exception test

[Yonghong Song]

C has no unwinding, so nothing here comes out of the frontend: the frames
that own a resource are written as __naked inline assembly, which spells
out by hand exactly what a frontend emits -- a call site bracketed by two
labels, a landing pad unreachable in the compiler's CFG, and a .bpf_cleanup
record tying them together. The assembler turns ".long <text label>" into
the same R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 relocation the BPF AsmPrinter emits, so libbpf
and the kernel see an object indistinguishable from a compiler-generated
one.

Call chain: entry -> foo1 -> foo1v -> foo2 -> foo3. foo3 holds a
non-preemptible section and throws inside it; foo2 holds an RCU read lock
and has two call sites sharing one pad, one of them its own throw; foo1v is
a void frame whose pad ends in a jump to a resume block placed after an
unrelated block that ends in a plain exit; foo1 owns nothing and gets no
record; entry is the boundary.

There are also some shapes the kernel refuses -- the ones with no correct
answer, and the ones a pad running on the bpf_throw() walker's stack cannot
express -- plus the return-value rejection that delivering an exception at
the boundary of a program type which constrains its return value produces.
The test skips rather than fails where the JIT cannot dispatch a landing
pad at all.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 .../selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h        |  29 +
 .../bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c       |  80 +++
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c  | 152 ++++
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c       | 662 ++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 923 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..630d2e207119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#ifndef __EXCEPTIONS_CLEANUP_H__
+#define __EXCEPTIONS_CLEANUP_H__
+
+#define THROW_COOKIE		0x100
+
+/* progs/exceptions_cleanup.c: one bit per frame that reports it ran. */
+#define RAN_FOO3_PREEMPT	0x1
+#define RAN_FOO2_RCU		0x2
+#define RAN_FOO1V_PREEMPT	0x4
+#define RAN_FOO2_DROP		0x8
+#define RAN_BUMP		0x10
+
+#define CLEANUP_REC(begin, end, landing_pad)			\
+	".pushsection .bpf_cleanup,\"a\",@progbits;"		\
+	".long " begin ";"					\
+	".long " end ";"					\
+	".long " landing_pad ";"				\
+	".popsection;"
+
+/* Set a bit in @pads_ran. */
+#define PAD_RAN(bit)						\
+	"r1 = %[pads_ran] ll;"					\
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"				\
+	"r2 |= " bit ";"					\
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;"
+
+#endif /* __EXCEPTIONS_CLEANUP_H__ */
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a951045d2135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <test_progs.h>
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_fail.skel.h"
+
+/* foo3 threw: every frame that has a pad ran it. */
+#define PADS_FOO3_THREW \
+	(RAN_FOO3_PREEMPT | RAN_FOO2_RCU | RAN_FOO1V_PREEMPT | RAN_FOO2_DROP)
+
+/* foo2 threw after foo3 returned normally: foo3's pad must not run. */
+#define PADS_FOO2_THREW \
+	(RAN_FOO2_RCU | RAN_FOO1V_PREEMPT | RAN_FOO2_DROP)
+
+static void run(struct exceptions_cleanup *skel, __u64 input, __u32 retval,
+		__u64 pads)
+{
+	__u64 ctx = 0;
+	int err;
+
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, topts,
+		    .ctx_in = &ctx,
+		    .ctx_size_in = sizeof(ctx),
+	);
+
+	skel->bss->input = input;
+	skel->bss->pads_ran = 0;
+	skel->bss->result = 0;
+
+	err = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.entry), &topts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "run"))
+		return;
+	ASSERT_EQ(topts.retval, retval, "retval");
+	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pads_ran, pads | RAN_BUMP, "pads_ran");
+}
+
+void test_exceptions_cleanup(void)
+{
+	char log[8192] = {};
+
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts,
+		    .kernel_log_buf = log,
+		    .kernel_log_size = sizeof(log));
+	struct exceptions_cleanup *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	skel = exceptions_cleanup__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "open"))
+		return;
+
+	err = exceptions_cleanup__load(skel);
+	if (err) {
+		if (err == -EOPNOTSUPP &&
+		    strstr(log, "exception cleanup needs a JIT that can dispatch landing pads"))
+			test__skip();
+		else if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "load"))
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s", log);
+		exceptions_cleanup__destroy(skel);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* No throw: foo3 returns 1 ^ 1 == 0, foo2 adds one, no pad runs. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("no_throw"))
+		run(skel, 1, 1, 0);
+
+	/* foo3 throws; every pad runs and the cookie is delivered at entry. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("throw_from_foo3"))
+		run(skel, 101, THROW_COOKIE, PADS_FOO3_THREW);
+
+	/* foo3 returns 2 ^ 1 == 3, so foo2 throws from its own second region;
+	 * foo3's frame is long gone, so its pad must not run.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("throw_from_foo2"))
+		run(skel, 2, THROW_COOKIE, PADS_FOO2_THREW);
+
+	exceptions_cleanup__destroy(skel);
+
+	RUN_TESTS(exceptions_cleanup_fail);
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..95199a2828fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0);
+	bpf_rcu_read_lock();
+	bpf_rcu_read_unlock();
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	bpf_unwind_resume();
+}
+
+__u64 input = 0;
+__u64 pads_ran = 0;
+__u64 result = 0;
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 foo3(__u64 x)
+{
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	if (x > 100)
+		asm volatile (
+		"r1 = %[cookie];"
+	"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+	"2:"
+		"goto 3f;"
+	"4:"					/* landing pad */
+		"r7 = r0;"
+		"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+		PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+		"r1 = r7;"
+		"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"3:"
+		CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "4b")
+		:
+		: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_FOO3_PREEMPT),
+		  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+		: __clobber_all);
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	return x ^ 1;
+}
+
+__u64 never = 0;
+
+static __used __naked __noinline void drop_glue(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_FOO2_DROP), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 foo2(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"
+	"r1 = r6;"
+"1:"	"call foo3;"			/* cleanup region #1 */
+"2:"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"if r6 == 0 goto 5f;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"3:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region #2 */
+"4:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"5:"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	"r0 = r6;"
+	"r0 += 1;"
+	"exit;"
+"6:"					/* landing pad, shared by both regions */
+	"call drop_glue;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran_rcu]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "6b")
+	CLEANUP_REC("3b", "4b", "6b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran_rcu]"i"(RAN_FOO2_RCU),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline void foo1v(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call foo2;"			/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r1 = %[result] ll;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r6;"
+	"goto 7f;"
+"8:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"goto 9f;"
+"7:"					/* the frame's own exit block */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"9:"					/* shared resume block */
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "8b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_FOO1V_PREEMPT), __imm_addr(input),
+	  __imm_addr(result), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline void bump(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"r1 = %[never] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+"1:"
+	"exit;"				/* r0 deliberately left alone */
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_BUMP), __imm_addr(never), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+__noinline __u64 foo1(void)
+{
+	bump();
+	foo1v();
+	return result;
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry(void *ctx)
+{
+	return foo1();
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..db6ac7d8bd6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_experimental.h"
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+#include "../test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+__u64 input = 0;
+
+static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0);
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	bpf_unwind_resume();
+}
+
+/* 1. A subprogram that may unwind, also used as a helper callback:
+ * bpf_loop()'s own kernel frame would end the walk before it found a
+ * boundary.
+ */
+static int throwing_cb(__u32 idx, void *ctx)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0xbad);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 cb_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call throwing_cb;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("may unwind and is used as a callback")
+int callback_may_unwind(void *ctx)
+{
+	bpf_loop(1, throwing_cb, NULL, 0);
+	return cb_frame();
+}
+
+/* 2. A landing pad that reaches both an unwind resume and a plain exit, so
+ * nothing says whether it is a cleanup pad or a catch pad.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 inner_throw(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 ambiguous_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad: two ways out */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"if r6 > 10 goto 4f;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+"4:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("reaches both bpf_unwind_resume() and a plain exit")
+int ambiguous_landing_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return ambiguous_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 3. A throw from inside a landing pad: a second walk over the frames the
+ * first one is in the middle of discarding.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 throw_in_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad that throws again */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r1 = 2;"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("can throw while an exception is in flight")
+int throw_from_landing_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return throw_in_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 4. A cleanup table in a program that also installs an exception callback,
+ * two different answers to what runs on the way out.
+ */
+__noinline int unused_exc_cb(u64 cookie)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 cb_and_table_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 9;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__exception_cb(unused_exc_cb)
+__failure __msg("cannot be combined with an exception callback")
+int table_with_exception_cb(void *ctx)
+{
+	return cb_and_table_frame();
+}
+
+__u64 never;
+
+/* 5. A landing pad that calls a subprogram which can throw. Not case 3: the
+ * throw is in another subprogram, so what catches it is the walk of the pad's
+ * body, off subprog_info.might_throw.
+ */
+static __used __noinline void pad_callee_that_throws(void)
+{
+	if (never)
+		bpf_throw(0);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 pad_calls_thrower_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 11;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call pad_callee_that_throws;"	/* ...which can throw: refused */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("which can throw while an exception is in flight")
+int pad_calls_thrower(void *ctx)
+{
+	return pad_calls_thrower_frame();
+}
+
+/* 6. A catch pad: it ends in a plain exit rather than a resume, and a walker
+ * that calls pads as subroutines cannot hand a frame back its own execution.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 catch_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 12;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* catch pad: no resume, it stops here */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is not supported yet, only cleanup pads that resume")
+int catch_landing_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return catch_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 7. An exception reaching the boundary of a program type that constrains its
+ * return value: delivery makes the cookie that return value, and fentry has
+ * to return 0.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 boundary_throw_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 7;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?fentry/bpf_fentry_test1")
+__failure __msg("the register R1 has smin=7 smax=7 should have been in [0, 0]")
+int boundary_delivers(void *ctx)
+{
+	return boundary_throw_frame();
+}
+
+/* 8. A bpf_unwind_resume() outside any landing pad. Both JITs lower it as the
+ * way back out of a pad, which in ordinary code leaves a live frame standing
+ * with its epilogue skipped.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 stray_resume_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 13;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is not in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+int resume_outside_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	/* Never taken, but reachable, which is all the verifier needs. */
+	if (never)
+		bpf_unwind_resume();
+	return stray_resume_frame();
+}
+
+/* 9. A bpf_unwind_resume() in a subprogram a landing pad calls. The verifier's
+ * walk cannot tell it from a resume in the pad itself -- an exception is in
+ * flight either way -- so the rule is static: a resume sits in a pad body.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline void resume_in_callee(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 pad_calls_resumer_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = 14;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call resume_in_callee;"	/* ...which resumes: refused */
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is not in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+int resume_in_pad_callee(void *ctx)
+{
+	return pad_calls_resumer_frame();
+}
+
+/* 10. A bpf_unwind_resume() in a program carrying no cleanup table, where
+ * that static rule does not run at all. do_check() refuses it on the state
+ * not unwinding, and has to: the JITs lower every one of these the same way.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 no_table_resume_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("reached without an exception in flight")
+int resume_without_table(void *ctx)
+{
+	return no_table_resume_frame();
+}
+
+/* 11. A landing pad that is itself a covered call site, so an exception out
+ * of it would have nowhere to go. Hand-written only: LLVM sinks a function's
+ * pads past every range it emits.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 nested_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* first cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* first pad, second region's call */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+"4:"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+"5:"					/* second pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	CLEANUP_REC("3b", "4b", "5b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is inside the call-site range of")
+int nested_landing_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return nested_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 12. A tail call in a landing pad: it unwinds the prologue off the stack
+ * pointer, which in a pad is the walker's.
+ */
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__uint(key_size, sizeof(__u32));
+	__uint(value_size, sizeof(__u32));
+} tc_map SEC(".maps");
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 tail_call_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r1 = r6;"
+	"r2 = %[tc_map] ll;"
+	"r3 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_tail_call];"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_tail_call), __imm_addr(tc_map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+int tail_call_in_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return tail_call_pad_frame();
+}
+
+#if defined(__BPF_FEATURE_STACK_ARGUMENT)
+
+/* 13. A call that passes an argument on the stack, in a landing pad: the
+ * outgoing area the callee reads is not the one the caller wrote, the frame
+ * being the unwinding one and the stack pointer the walker's.
+ */
+static __used __noinline __u64 six_args(__u64 a, __u64 b, __u64 c, __u64 d,
+					__u64 e, __u64 f)
+{
+	return a + b + c + d + e + f;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 stack_arg_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r2 = 2;"
+	"r3 = 3;"
+	"r4 = 4;"
+	"r5 = 5;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r11 - 8) = 6;"	/* the sixth argument */
+	"call six_args;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("on-stack call argument in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+int stack_arg_in_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return stack_arg_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 14. The same, reached the other way: a kfunc whose by-value argument runs
+ * past the five argument registers, where the JIT fills the outgoing area and
+ * the rule above has no store to catch. The C call gives the extern its BTF.
+ */
+static __used __noinline void __nofit_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	struct prog_test_pair_arg s = {};
+
+	bpf_kfunc_call_test_pair_arg_nofit(1, 2, 3, 4, s);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 kfunc_arg_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r2 = 2;"
+	"r3 = 3;"
+	"r4 = 4;"
+	"r5 = 5;"
+	"call bpf_kfunc_call_test_pair_arg_nofit;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("on-stack call argument in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+int kfunc_stack_arg_in_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return kfunc_arg_pad_frame();
+}
+
+#endif /* __BPF_FEATURE_STACK_ARGUMENT */
+
+/* 15. A landing pad entered by ordinary control flow, arriving with none of
+ * what the walker sets up. Nothing static sees it -- the resume really is in
+ * a pad body -- so do_check() refuses it on the state not unwinding.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 jump_into_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r6 > 7 goto 4f;"		/* an ordinary branch into the pad */
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+"4:"					/* ... and its second instruction */
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: __imm_addr(input)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("reached without an exception in flight")
+int jump_into_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return jump_into_pad_frame();
+}
+
+#if defined(__TARGET_ARCH_x86) || defined(__TARGET_ARCH_arm64)
+
+/* 16. A landing pad that reaches an indirect jump, which cannot be told from
+ * a catch pad. SEC("socket") because a jump table entry is an offset from the
+ * program's section symbol, and "?syscall" is not a name assembly can use.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline void gotox_thrower(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 15;"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__failure __msg("reaches an indirect jump")
+__naked void gotox_in_pad(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	".pushsection .jumptables,\"\",@progbits;"
+"jt0_%=:"
+	".quad l0_%= - socket;"
+	".quad l1_%= - socket;"
+	".size jt0_%=, 16;"
+	".global jt0_%=;"
+	".popsection;"
+
+"1:"	"call gotox_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r1 = jt0_%= ll;"
+	"r1 += 8;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	/* gotox r2, as a raw insn: the mnemonic only reached the LLVM
+	 * assembler in llvm 22, and BPF_RAW_INSN() needs <linux/bpf.h>, which
+	 * vmlinux.h rules out.
+	 */
+	".8byte 0x20d;"
+"l0_%=:"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+"l1_%=:"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+#endif /* x86 || arm64 */
+
+/* 17. A BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] in a landing pad. A failed load leaves the
+ * subprogram through the hidden "r0 = 0; exit" gen_ld_abs() patches in, and
+ * that exit is the epilogue, which unwinds a stack the pad does not own.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 ld_abs_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"			/* the skb BPF_LD_ABS reads */
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	/* r0 = *(u32 *)skb[0]. Spelled as a raw insn because BPF_LD_ABS()
+	 * needs <linux/filter.h>, which this file cannot have -- vmlinux.h
+	 * already defines the uapi enums.
+	 */
+	".8byte 0x20;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?tc")
+__failure __msg("is in an exception cleanup landing pad")
+__naked void ld_abs_in_pad(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call ld_abs_pad_frame;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 18. A bpf_unwind_resume() in a subprogram a landing pad called, which has a
+ * pad of its own and reached it by ordinary control flow. Not case 9: an
+ * exception is in flight, but this is not the frame whose pad the walker ran.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 own_pad_callee(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 == 0 goto 3f;"		/* an ordinary branch into its pad */
+"1:"	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"	/* cleanup region: nothing that throws */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* its landing pad */
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: __imm_addr(input)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 pad_calls_own_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+"1:"	"call inner_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad, which calls the above */
+	"call own_pad_callee;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("?syscall")
+__failure __msg("is in frame 2, not frame 1 whose landing pad the exception entered")
+int resume_in_callee_own_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return pad_calls_own_pad_frame();
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 19/20] selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not reach

[Yonghong Song]

The end-to-end test walks one call chain with a pad in most of its frames.
This adds the shapes that chain does not reach: what a cleanup table leaves
dead for the sweep, a callee called from both a covered and an uncovered
site, a pad that reads its frame's callee-saved registers, a
tail-call-reachable callee, a pad in the main program's own frame, a tail
call that is taken, an extension standing in for a covered call, a throwing
subprogram named by a BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC, a record covering bpf_throw()
itself, a pad that calls a subprogram an extension can replace, a covered
bpf_throw() the sweep leaves last, a region ending on a 16-byte
instruction, a pad that reloads from and writes to its own frame, a pad two
frames up, a record covering only a nounwind call, a pad terminated by
_Unwind_Resume rather than bpf_unwind_resume, a pad that calls a subprogram
which tail calls, the tail-call target carrying a table of its own, an
extension carrying a table of its own, a pad whose first instruction is a
nop, a pad that indexes its frame by a register the frame set before the
throwing call, and the same over a throwing global subprogram.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 .../selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h        |  23 +
 .../bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c       | 346 ++++++
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c  |  48 +
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c   |  17 +
 .../progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c   |  17 +
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c     | 984 ++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 1435 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
index 630d2e207119..383af9edf6f5 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #define __EXCEPTIONS_CLEANUP_H__
 
 #define THROW_COOKIE		0x100
+#define INNER_COOKIE		0x200
 
 /* progs/exceptions_cleanup.c: one bit per frame that reports it ran. */
 #define RAN_FOO3_PREEMPT	0x1
@@ -12,6 +13,28 @@
 #define RAN_FOO2_DROP		0x8
 #define RAN_BUMP		0x10
 
+/* progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c: one bit per shape, numbered its own way. */
+#define RAN_SWEEP		0x1
+#define RAN_SHARED		0x2
+#define RAN_REGS		0x4
+#define RAN_TAIL_CALL		0x8
+#define RAN_MAIN_PAD		0x10
+#define RAN_TC_TAKEN		0x20
+#define RAN_FREPLACE		0x40
+#define RAN_ADDR_TAKEN		0x80
+#define RAN_NO_SUBPROG		0x100
+#define RAN_PAD_CALLS		0x200
+#define RAN_PAD_FIRST		0x400
+#define RAN_WIDE_REC		0x800
+#define RAN_PAD_STACK		0x1000
+#define RAN_DEEP_PAD		0x2000
+#define RAN_NOUNWIND_REC	0x4000
+#define RAN_RESUME_ALIAS	0x8000
+#define RAN_PAD_TAIL_CALL	0x10000
+#define RAN_NOP_PAD		0x20000
+#define RAN_VAR_STACK		0x40000
+#define RAN_GLOBAL_PAD		0x80000
+
 #define CLEANUP_REC(begin, end, landing_pad)			\
 	".pushsection .bpf_cleanup,\"a\",@progbits;"		\
 	".long " begin ";"					\
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
index a951045d2135..e74b27ac655b 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
 #include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
 #include "exceptions_cleanup.skel.h"
 #include "exceptions_cleanup_fail.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_shapes.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_freplace.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.skel.h"
 
 /* foo3 threw: every frame that has a pad ran it. */
 #define PADS_FOO3_THREW \
@@ -35,6 +39,346 @@ static void run(struct exceptions_cleanup *skel, __u64 input, __u32 retval,
 	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pads_ran, pads | RAN_BUMP, "pads_ran");
 }
 
+static void run_shape(struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel, struct bpf_program *prog,
+		      __u64 input, __u32 retval, __u64 pads)
+{
+	__u64 ctx = 0;
+	int err;
+
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, topts,
+		    .ctx_in = &ctx,
+		    .ctx_size_in = sizeof(ctx),
+	);
+
+	skel->bss->input = input;
+	skel->bss->pads_ran = 0;
+
+	err = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(prog), &topts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "run"))
+		return;
+	ASSERT_EQ(topts.retval, retval, "retval");
+	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pads_ran, pads, "pads_ran");
+}
+
+static void test_freplace(struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel)
+{
+	struct exceptions_cleanup_freplace *fr;
+	struct bpf_link *link;
+	int tgt_fd;
+
+	tgt_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.entry_freplace);
+
+	fr = exceptions_cleanup_freplace__open();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(fr, "freplace open"))
+		return;
+
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_program__set_attach_target(fr->progs.new_fr_callee,
+						      tgt_fd, "fr_callee"),
+		       "set_attach_target"))
+		goto out;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(exceptions_cleanup_freplace__load(fr), "freplace load"))
+		goto out;
+
+	link = bpf_program__attach_freplace(fr->progs.new_fr_callee, tgt_fd,
+					    "fr_callee");
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(link, "attach_freplace"))
+		goto out;
+
+	run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_freplace, 101, THROW_COOKIE, 0);
+	bpf_link__destroy(link);
+out:
+	exceptions_cleanup_freplace__destroy(fr);
+}
+
+static void test_pad_calls_freplace(struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel)
+{
+	struct exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace *fr;
+	struct bpf_link *link;
+	__u64 ctx = 0;
+	int tgt_fd, err;
+
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, topts,
+		    .ctx_in = &ctx,
+		    .ctx_size_in = sizeof(ctx),
+	);
+
+	tgt_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.entry_pad_calls);
+
+	fr = exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace__open();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(fr, "pad freplace open"))
+		return;
+
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_program__set_attach_target(fr->progs.new_pad_callee,
+						      tgt_fd, "pad_callee"),
+		       "set_attach_target"))
+		goto out;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace__load(fr), "pad freplace load"))
+		goto out;
+
+	link = bpf_program__attach_freplace(fr->progs.new_pad_callee, tgt_fd,
+					    "pad_callee");
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(link, "attach_freplace"))
+		goto out;
+
+	skel->bss->input = 101;
+	skel->bss->pads_ran = 0;
+	skel->bss->pad_runs = 0;
+
+	err = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(tgt_fd, &topts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "run"))
+		goto out_link;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_runs, 1, "pad_runs");
+	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pads_ran, RAN_PAD_CALLS, "pads_ran");
+	ASSERT_EQ(topts.retval, THROW_COOKIE, "retval");
+out_link:
+	bpf_link__destroy(link);
+out:
+	exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace__destroy(fr);
+}
+
+static void test_ext_table(struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel)
+{
+	struct exceptions_cleanup_ext_table *fr;
+	struct bpf_link *link;
+	int tgt_fd;
+
+	tgt_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.entry_freplace);
+
+	fr = exceptions_cleanup_ext_table__open();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(fr, "ext table open"))
+		return;
+
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_program__set_attach_target(fr->progs.new_fr_callee,
+						      tgt_fd, "fr_callee"),
+		       "set_attach_target"))
+		goto out;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(exceptions_cleanup_ext_table__load(fr), "ext table load"))
+		goto out;
+
+	link = bpf_program__attach_freplace(fr->progs.new_fr_callee, tgt_fd,
+					    "fr_callee");
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(link, "attach_freplace"))
+		goto out;
+
+	fr->bss->ext_pad_ran = 0;
+	run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_freplace, 101, THROW_COOKIE, 0);
+	ASSERT_EQ(fr->bss->ext_pad_ran, 1, "ext_pad_ran");
+
+	bpf_link__destroy(link);
+out:
+	exceptions_cleanup_ext_table__destroy(fr);
+}
+
+static void test_shapes(void)
+{
+	struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel;
+
+	skel = exceptions_cleanup_shapes__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "shapes open_and_load"))
+		return;
+
+	/* The frame loads at all only if everything unreachable in it went. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("sweep_no_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_sweep, 1, 0, 0);
+	if (test__start_subtest("sweep_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_sweep, 101, THROW_COOKIE, RAN_SWEEP);
+
+	/* The covered call unwinds to the pad; the uncovered one walks past. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("shared_callee_no_throw")) {
+		skel->bss->outer_input = 0;
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_shared, 1, 2, 0);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("shared_callee_throw")) {
+		skel->bss->outer_input = 0;
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_shared, 101, THROW_COOKIE, RAN_SHARED);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("shared_callee_uncovered_throw")) {
+		skel->bss->outer_input = 101;
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_shared, 1, THROW_COOKIE, 0);
+		skel->bss->outer_input = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* The pad only sets its bit if it got the frame's own r6-r9 back. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_sees_callee_saved"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_regs, 101, THROW_COOKIE, RAN_REGS);
+
+	/* Same check, with a tail-call-reachable callee: its spill moves. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("tail_call_no_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_tail_call, 1, 0, 0);
+	if (test__start_subtest("tail_call_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_tail_call, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_TAIL_CALL);
+
+	/* A region around a nounwind call: no pad dispatched, still loads. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("nounwind_region"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_nounwind_rec, 1, 0, 0);
+
+	/* A pad in the main program's own frame, not in a subprogram. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("main_program_pad"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_main_pad, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_MAIN_PAD);
+
+	/* The same call site either way: the subprogram's throw unwinds into
+	 * this frame and runs its pad, an extension's stops at its own boundary.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("freplace_subprog_throws"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_freplace, 7, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_FREPLACE);
+	if (test__start_subtest("freplace_extension_throws"))
+		test_freplace(skel);
+
+	/* A tail call that is taken: the walk ends at the target, so the cookie
+	 * comes back from there and this frame's pad does not run -- though it
+	 * is reachable, so a walk past the boundary would find it.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("tail_call_taken")) {
+		int key = 0, prog_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.tc_target);
+
+		if (ASSERT_OK(bpf_map_update_elem(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.taken_table),
+						  &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY),
+			      "populate taken_table"))
+			run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_tail_taken, 101,
+				  THROW_COOKIE, 0);
+	}
+
+	/* A throwing subprog named by a BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC and handed to a
+	 * bpf_loop() the verifier never reaches: the callback check has to fire
+	 * on the helper call, not on the ld_imm64.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("addr_taken_no_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_addr_taken, 1, 2, 0);
+	if (test__start_subtest("addr_taken_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_addr_taken, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_ADDR_TAKEN);
+
+	/* A record covering bpf_throw() itself rather than a call to a frame
+	 * that throws: raised, caught up with and delivered in one frame.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("no_subprog_no_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_no_subprog, 1, 0, 0);
+	if (test__start_subtest("no_subprog_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_no_subprog, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_NO_SUBPROG);
+
+	/* A pad that calls a subprogram; with a throwing extension in its place,
+	 * the nested exception has to stop there, not restart this pad.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_calls_subprog")) {
+		skel->bss->pad_runs = 0;
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_calls, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_PAD_CALLS);
+		ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_runs, 1, "pad_runs");
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_calls_throwing_extension"))
+		test_pad_calls_freplace(skel);
+
+	/* A covered throw the sweep leaves last, where the default exception
+	 * callback is patched in; the pad's bit needs r6-r9 still spilled.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_before_throw"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_first, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_PAD_FIRST);
+
+	/* A region whose last instruction is a 16-byte one, so that end - 1
+	 * names the half of it that is not an instruction.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("region_ends_on_ldimm64"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_wide_rec, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_WIDE_REC);
+
+	/* A pad that reloads from and writes to its own frame's stack, which a
+	 * JIT addressing the frame through the stack pointer gets wrong.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_uses_own_frame"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_stack, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_PAD_STACK);
+
+	/* The same, with an uncovered frame between the throw and the pad. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_two_frames_up"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_deep_pad, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_DEEP_PAD);
+
+	/* An extension program with a cleanup table of its own. */
+	if (test__start_subtest("extension_carries_table"))
+		test_ext_table(skel);
+
+	/* A pad terminated by _Unwind_Resume, which libbpf maps onto the kfunc;
+	 * every other program here calls bpf_unwind_resume directly.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("resume_alias"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_resume_alias, 101,
+			  THROW_COOKIE, RAN_RESUME_ALIAS);
+
+	/* A pad that calls a subprogram which tail calls, array empty and then
+	 * populated: the tail call releases only the callee's own prologue.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_callee_tail_call")) {
+		int key = 0, prog_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.pad_tc_target);
+
+		skel->bss->pad_tc_target_ran = 0;
+		skel->bss->pad_runs = 0;
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_tail_call, 101,
+			  THROW_COOKIE, RAN_PAD_TAIL_CALL);
+		ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_tc_target_ran, 0, "target not run");
+		ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_runs, 1, "pad_runs");
+
+		if (ASSERT_OK(bpf_map_update_elem(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.pad_tc_table),
+						  &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY),
+			      "populate pad_tc_table")) {
+			skel->bss->pad_runs = 0;
+			run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_tail_call, 101,
+				  THROW_COOKIE, RAN_PAD_TAIL_CALL);
+			ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_tc_target_ran, 1, "target ran");
+			ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_runs, 1, "pad_runs");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* The same, into a target that carries a table and throws: that target
+	 * is a boundary, so the outer pad runs once, not twice.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_callee_tail_call_throws")) {
+		int key = 0, prog_fd = bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.pad_tc_throw_target);
+
+		if (ASSERT_OK(bpf_map_update_elem(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.pad_tc_table),
+						  &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY),
+			      "populate pad_tc_table")) {
+			skel->bss->pad_runs = 0;
+			skel->bss->tc_target_pad_runs = 0;
+			run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_pad_tail_call, 101,
+				  THROW_COOKIE, RAN_PAD_TAIL_CALL);
+			/* The target cleaned up after itself, once. */
+			ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->tc_target_pad_runs, 1,
+				  "tc_target_pad_runs");
+			/* And the outer pad was not started over. */
+			ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pad_runs, 1, "pad_runs");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* A pad whose first instruction opt_remove_nops() deletes: the record
+	 * has to follow the pad rather than be dropped with the nop.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("nop_at_pad_head"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_nop_pad, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_NOP_PAD);
+
+	/* A pad that indexes its frame's stack by a register the frame set
+	 * before the throwing call, marked precise back across the unwind edge.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_var_stack_offset"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_var_stack, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_VAR_STACK);
+
+	/* The same, where the throw is in a global subprogram, which the
+	 * verifier walks without a frame of its own.
+	 */
+	if (test__start_subtest("pad_over_global_subprog"))
+		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_global_pad, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
+			  RAN_GLOBAL_PAD);
+
+	exceptions_cleanup_shapes__destroy(skel);
+}
+
 void test_exceptions_cleanup(void)
 {
 	char log[8192] = {};
@@ -76,5 +420,7 @@ void test_exceptions_cleanup(void)
 
 	exceptions_cleanup__destroy(skel);
 
+	test_shapes();
+
 	RUN_TESTS(exceptions_cleanup_fail);
 }
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d14db48d6b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+__u64 ext_pad_ran = 0;
+
+/* Without a 32-bit int in BTF, libbpf's dummy_ksym var gets type id 0. */
+int btf_int_anchor;
+
+static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0);
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	bpf_unwind_resume();
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 ext_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r1 = %[ext_pad_ran] ll;"
+	"r2 = 1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), __imm_addr(ext_pad_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("freplace/fr_callee")
+__u64 new_fr_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	return ext_frame();
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..afb358fd3d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_freplace.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+/* Without a 32-bit int in BTF, libbpf's dummy_ksym var gets type id 0. */
+int btf_int_anchor;
+
+SEC("freplace/fr_callee")
+__u64 new_fr_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eabac6baabb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+/* Without a 32-bit int in BTF, libbpf's dummy_ksym var gets type id 0. */
+int btf_int_anchor;
+
+SEC("freplace/pad_callee")
+__u64 new_pad_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	bpf_throw(INNER_COOKIE);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..493f8e030652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
@@ -0,0 +1,984 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+#define PAD_COUNT						\
+	"r1 = %[pad_runs] ll;"					\
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"				\
+	"r2 += 1;"						\
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;"
+
+static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0);
+	bpf_rcu_read_lock();
+	bpf_rcu_read_unlock();
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	bpf_unwind_resume();
+}
+
+__u64 input = 0;
+__u64 outer_input = 0;
+__u64 magic = 0x5eed;
+__u64 pads_ran = 0;
+__u64 pad_runs = 0;
+
+/* 1. Everything a cleanup table leaves dead: a throw's continuation, the tail
+ * after a resume with an ld_imm64 and a branch in it, and the block only that
+ * continuation reaches.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 sweep_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"if r6 < 101 goto 6f;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"goto 3f;"
+"4:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"r1 = r7;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"r1 = %[pads_ran] ll;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r2 == 0 goto 5f;"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 7;"
+	"exit;"
+"5:"
+	"r0 = 8;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* dead: only the dead goto reaches it */
+	"r0 = 9;"
+	"exit;"
+"6:"					/* live: the ordinary return */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "4b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_SWEEP),
+	  __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_sweep(void *ctx)
+{
+	return sweep_frame();
+}
+
+/* 2. A callee called from both a covered and an uncovered site: the pad
+ * belongs to the call site, not the callee. Either site can throw, and the RCU
+ * lock between them is what an unwind out of the uncovered one leaks.
+ */
+static __used __noinline __u64 shared_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	if (x > 100)
+		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 shared_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r1 = %[outer_input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"call shared_callee;"		/* uncovered: no pad for its unwind */
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"
+	"r1 = r6;"
+"1:"	"call shared_callee;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	"r0 = r6;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"r1 = r7;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_SHARED), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(outer_input),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_shared(void *ctx)
+{
+	return shared_frame();
+}
+
+/* 3. A landing pad that reads its frame's callee-saved registers: the callee
+ * overwrites r6-r9 before it throws, so the check passes only if the walker
+ * found the spill in the discarded callee's prologue.
+ */
+#define LOAD_MAGIC_REGS						\
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"					\
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"				\
+	"r7 = r6;"						\
+	"r7 += 1;"						\
+	"r8 = r6;"						\
+	"r8 += 2;"						\
+	"r9 = r6;"						\
+	"r9 += 3;"
+
+/* Set @bit only if r6-r9 still hold what LOAD_MAGIC_REGS put there. */
+#define CHECK_MAGIC_REGS(bit)					\
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"					\
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"				\
+	"if r6 != r2 goto 9f;"					\
+	"r2 += 1;"						\
+	"if r7 != r2 goto 9f;"					\
+	"r2 += 1;"						\
+	"if r8 != r2 goto 9f;"					\
+	"r2 += 1;"						\
+	"if r9 != r2 goto 9f;"					\
+	PAD_RAN(bit)						\
+	"9:"
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 regs_thrower(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Not this frame's to keep, and that is the point. */
+	"r6 = 0xdead;"
+	"r7 = 0xbeef;"
+	"r8 = 0xcafe;"
+	"r9 = 0xf00d;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 regs_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	LOAD_MAGIC_REGS
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call regs_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	CHECK_MAGIC_REGS("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_REGS),
+	  __imm_addr(magic), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_regs(void *ctx)
+{
+	return regs_frame();
+}
+
+/* 4. The same, with a tail-call-reachable callee: its prologue pushes the tail
+ * call counter, which moves the spill the walker reads. The array is left
+ * empty; being reachable is the point.
+ */
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__uint(key_size, sizeof(__u32));
+	__uint(value_size, sizeof(__u32));
+} jmp_table SEC(".maps");
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 tc_thrower(void *ctx)
+{
+	/* Never taken; its presence is what makes this frame, whose spill the
+	 * walker reads, tail-call-reachable.
+	 */
+	bpf_tail_call_static(ctx, &jmp_table, 0);
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = 0xdead;"
+	"r7 = 0xbeef;"
+	"r8 = 0xcafe;"
+	"r9 = 0xf00d;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE)
+	: __clobber_all);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* The frame with the pad is the program itself, and __naked: r1 at entry is
+ * the only place to get a context for bpf_tail_call().
+ */
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_tail_call(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* the context, straight from entry */
+	LOAD_MAGIC_REGS
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 8f;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+"1:"	"call tc_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+"8:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	CHECK_MAGIC_REGS("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_TAIL_CALL), __imm_addr(input),
+	  __imm_addr(magic), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 5. A landing pad in the main program's own frame. jit_subprogs() compiles it
+ * as func[0], but the walker finds the outer bpf_prog's ksym, so the table has
+ * to be handed over or the pad is never dispatched.
+ */
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_main_pad(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	LOAD_MAGIC_REGS
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 8f;"
+"1:"	"call regs_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+"8:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	CHECK_MAGIC_REGS("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_MAIN_PAD), __imm_addr(input),
+	  __imm_addr(magic), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 6. A tail call that is really taken: the target is a program in its own
+ * right, so the walk ends there and this frame's pad does not run. The callee
+ * can also throw, which keeps the pad out of the sweep.
+ */
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__uint(key_size, sizeof(__u32));
+	__uint(value_size, sizeof(__u32));
+} taken_table SEC(".maps");
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int tc_target(void *ctx)
+{
+	bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 tc_taken_callee(void *ctx, __u64 x)
+{
+	/* Never true at run time; the verifier cannot know that, and its
+	 * unwind out of here is what keeps the caller's pad alive.
+	 */
+	if (x == 7)
+		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	bpf_tail_call_static(ctx, &taken_table, 0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_tail_taken(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* the context, straight from entry */
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	/* Unnarrowed, the way entry_freplace hands fr_callee its argument: a
+	 * guard here would prune the callee's throw and let the sweep take the
+	 * pad, leaving no record for a walk past the boundary to match.
+	 */
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+"1:"	"call tc_taken_callee;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"				/* the cookie, delivered at tc_target */
+"3:"					/* landing pad: must not run */
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_TC_TAKEN), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 7. An extension program over the callee of a covered call. The walk ends in
+ * the extension's frame, as it does for a tail call target, so the pad does
+ * not run; fr_callee() can also throw by itself.
+ */
+__noinline __u64 fr_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	if (x == 7)
+		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_freplace(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call fr_callee;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_FREPLACE), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 8. A throwing subprogram named by a BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC on a path never taken.
+ * Handing one to a helper is what is refused, not naming it.
+ */
+static __used __noinline int cb_thrower(__u32 idx, void *ctx)
+{
+	bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 addr_taken_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	if (x <= 100)
+		return x + 1;
+	bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return bpf_loop(1, cb_thrower, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_addr_taken(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call addr_taken_callee;"	/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_ADDR_TAKEN), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 9. A record that covers bpf_throw() itself: the throwing frame is both the
+ * frame the record covers and the boundary, so the pad runs on the way to
+ * delivering the cookie.
+ */
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_no_subprog(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 8f;"
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"8:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_NO_SUBPROG),
+	  __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 10. A landing pad that calls a subprogram an extension can replace. The
+ * load-time rule cannot see it coming, so what stops a nested exception is the
+ * walk ending in the extension's frame; pad_runs says the pad ran once.
+ */
+__noinline __u64 pad_callee(__u64 x)
+{
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 pc_thrower(__u64 x)
+{
+	if (x > 100)
+		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 pad_calls_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call pc_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"call pad_callee;"		/* an extension can stand in here */
+	PAD_COUNT
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"r1 = r6;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_PAD_CALLS), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran),
+	  __imm_addr(pad_runs)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_pad_calls(void *ctx)
+{
+	return pad_calls_frame();
+}
+
+/* 11. A covered bpf_throw() the sweep leaves last, where the exception
+ * callback patchlet -- the one that does not keep the call it replaced in the
+ * last slot -- has to carry the marks with it; r6-r9 reports a lost one.
+ */
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_pad_first(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	LOAD_MAGIC_REGS
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 7f;"
+	"goto 4f;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad, ahead of the call */
+	CHECK_MAGIC_REGS("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+"7:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"4:"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"				/* dead: swept, leaving the call last */
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_PAD_FIRST),
+	  __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 12. A cleanup region whose last instruction is a 16-byte one, so end - 1
+ * names the half that is not an instruction of its own. Well formed, and a
+ * rule against it would turn it away.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 wide_rec_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"
+	"r1 = r6;"
+"1:"	"call shared_callee;"		/* cleanup region begins */
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"		/* ... and ends on this pair */
+"2:"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	"r0 = r6;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+	"call bpf_rcu_read_unlock;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"r1 = r7;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_WIDE_REC), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_wide_rec(void *ctx)
+{
+	return wide_rec_frame();
+}
+
+/* 13. A pad that reloads from and stores to its own frame -- the shape every
+ * compiler-generated pad has. A JIT that addresses the frame through the stack
+ * pointer, arm64, has to find a pad's frame another way.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 pad_stack_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* what the pad will want */
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call pc_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"r7 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"	/* reload it out of the frame */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r7;"	/* and write the frame while here */
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r7 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	"r3 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 16);"
+	"if r3 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+"9:"
+	"r1 = r6;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_PAD_STACK), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_pad_stack(void *ctx)
+{
+	return pad_stack_frame();
+}
+
+/* 14. The same, with a frame in between that has no pad of its own, so the
+ * liveness query for an outer frame has more than one frame to walk.
+ */
+static __used __noinline __u64 deep_mid(__u64 x)
+{
+	return pc_thrower(x) + 1;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 deep_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* nothing but the pad reads this */
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call deep_mid;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	"r7 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r7 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+"9:"
+	"r1 = r6;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_DEEP_PAD), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_deep_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return deep_frame();
+}
+
+/* 15. A region around a call the kernel knows cannot unwind: no call site is
+ * marked, nothing reaches the pad, and the sweep removes it. The program is
+ * otherwise ordinary and has to load.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 nounwind_rec_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+"1:"	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"	/* cleanup region: nounwind */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad, never dispatched */
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_NOUNWIND_REC), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_nounwind_rec(void *ctx)
+{
+	return nounwind_rec_frame();
+}
+
+/* 16. The name a frontend gives the resume: LLVM emits _Unwind_Resume() and
+ * libbpf maps it onto bpf_unwind_resume(), which every other pad here calls.
+ */
+extern void _Unwind_Resume(void) __ksym;
+
+static __used __noinline void __resume_alias_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	_Unwind_Resume();
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 resume_alias_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+"1:"	"call regs_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call _Unwind_Resume;"		/* the frontend's name for it */
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_RESUME_ALIAS), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_resume_alias(void *ctx)
+{
+	return resume_alias_frame();
+}
+
+/* 17. A landing pad that calls a subprogram which tail calls. A tail call in
+ * the pad itself is refused, but the callee's prologue really did run, so its
+ * tail call releases exactly that and the target returns into the pad.
+ */
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__uint(key_size, sizeof(__u32));
+	__uint(value_size, sizeof(__u32));
+} pad_tc_table SEC(".maps");
+
+__u64 pad_tc_target_ran = 0;
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int pad_tc_target(void *ctx)
+{
+	pad_tc_target_ran += 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __used __noinline __u64 pad_tc_callee(void *ctx)
+{
+	/* Taken only once the test has populated the array. */
+	bpf_tail_call_static(ctx, &pad_tc_table, 0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* The frame with the pad is the program itself, and __naked: r1 at entry is
+ * the only place to get a context for bpf_tail_call(); the pad reloads it
+ * from the frame's stack.
+ */
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_pad_tail_call(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* the context, straight from entry */
+	LOAD_MAGIC_REGS
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 8f;"
+"1:"	"call regs_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+"8:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	PAD_COUNT
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"call pad_tc_callee;"
+	/* Only if the frame survived the callee's tail call. */
+	CHECK_MAGIC_REGS("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_PAD_TAIL_CALL), __imm_addr(input),
+	  __imm_addr(magic), __imm_addr(pads_ran), __imm_addr(pad_runs)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 18. The other target for that same tail call: a program with a table of its
+ * own, throwing inside the outer exception. The tail call made it a boundary,
+ * so the inner walk ends there and the outer pad, cookie and r6-r9 survive.
+ */
+__u64 tc_target_pad_runs = 0;
+__u64 inner_magic = 0xd00d;
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 inner_thrower(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Not this frame's to keep, the same as regs_thrower. */
+	"r6 = 0xf00d;"
+	"r7 = 0xcafe;"
+	"r8 = 0xbeef;"
+	"r9 = 0xdead;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(INNER_COOKIE)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int pad_tc_throw_target(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Distinct from the outer pad's, so neither can stand in for it. */
+	"r1 = %[inner_magic] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r7 = r6;"
+	"r7 += 1;"
+	"r8 = r6;"
+	"r8 += 2;"
+	"r9 = r6;"
+	"r9 += 3;"
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 8f;"
+"1:"	"call inner_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+"8:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	/* This frame's own r6-r9, not the outer pad's. */
+	"r1 = %[inner_magic] ll;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r6 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	"r2 += 1;"
+	"if r7 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	"r2 += 1;"
+	"if r8 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	"r2 += 1;"
+	"if r9 != r2 goto 9f;"
+	"r1 = %[tc_target_pad_runs] ll;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r2 += 1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;"
+"9:"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(inner_magic),
+	  __imm_addr(tc_target_pad_runs)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* 19. A landing pad whose first instruction is a nop. opt_remove_nops() runs
+ * long after the cleanup walk, so the record has to follow the pad to the
+ * instruction that takes its place rather than be dropped with the nop.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 nop_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"if r6 < 101 goto 6f;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+"6:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad: a nop, then its body */
+	"goto +0;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_NOP_PAD),
+	  __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_nop_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return nop_pad_frame();
+}
+
+/* 20. A landing pad that indexes its own frame's stack by a register the frame
+ * set before the throwing call. The offset is not a constant, so r6 has to be
+ * marked precise from inside the pad, back across the unwind edge.
+ */
+/* A thrower that touches none of r6-r9, so nothing in it can answer for the
+ * pad frame's r6 and the walk has to leave this frame to look.
+ */
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 var_thrower(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"if r1 < 101 goto 1f;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+	"call bpf_throw;"
+"1:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 var_stack_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"	/* the slot the pad will read... */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"	/* ...whichever of the two it is */
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r6 &= 1;"			/* an unknown slot number... */
+	"r6 <<= 3;"			/* ...as an aligned byte offset */
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call var_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += r6;"			/* variable offset into the frame */
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 - 16);"
+	"r3 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r3 = *(u64 *)(r3 + 0);"
+	"if r2 != r3 goto 9f;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+"9:"
+	"r1 = r7;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_VAR_STACK), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_var_stack(void *ctx)
+{
+	return var_stack_frame();
+}
+
+/* 21. The same walk, over a call to a global subprogram: the verifier enters
+ * no frame for one, so the exception arrives at the pad from the call site
+ * rather than from a throw some frames deeper.
+ */
+__noinline __u64 global_thrower(__u64 x)
+{
+	if (x > 100)
+		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
+	return x + 1;
+}
+
+static __used __naked __noinline __u64 global_pad_frame(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r6 &= 1;"
+	"r6 <<= 3;"
+	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+"1:"	"call global_thrower;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"r7 = r0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += r6;"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 - 16);"
+	"r3 = %[magic] ll;"
+	"r3 = *(u64 *)(r3 + 0);"
+	"if r2 != r3 goto 9f;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+"9:"
+	"r1 = r7;"
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [ran]"i"(RAN_GLOBAL_PAD), __imm_addr(input), __imm_addr(magic),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int entry_global_pad(void *ctx)
+{
+	return global_pad_frame();
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

[PATCH bpf-next v3 20/20] selftests/bpf: Load an exception cleanup program from a light skeleton

[Yonghong Song]

For a light skeleton, libbpf hands the records to bpf_gen__prog_load(),
which writes them into a blob and emits a loader program that issues
BPF_PROG_LOAD from inside the kernel. Nothing about that is shared with the
ordinary path: the attr is built field by field, and the kfunc names are
resolved by the loader program when it runs.

exceptions_cleanup_light.c is the smallest program that can tell whether a
table survives that trip: one record covering the bpf_throw() call itself,
one pad that sets a bit and resumes. If the table arrives, the pad runs and
the cookie comes back; if it does not, the program does not load at all.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  2 +-
 .../selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h        |  3 ++
 .../bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c       | 28 +++++++++++++
 .../bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c      | 39 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
index 7ea5ba1df29e..981cc2643049 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ LINKED_SKELS := test_static_linked.skel.h linked_funcs.skel.h		\
 LSKELS := fexit_sleep.c trace_printk.c trace_vprintk.c map_ptr_kern.c 	\
 	core_kern.c core_kern_overflow.c test_ringbuf.c			\
 	test_ringbuf_n.c test_ringbuf_map_key.c test_ringbuf_write.c    \
-	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c
+	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c exceptions_cleanup_light.c
 
 LSKELS_SIGNED := fentry_test.c fexit_test.c atomics.c
 
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
index 383af9edf6f5..e14b651263b8 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/exceptions_cleanup.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 #define RAN_VAR_STACK		0x40000
 #define RAN_GLOBAL_PAD		0x80000
 
+/* progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c: the one pad it has. */
+#define RAN_LIGHT		0x1
+
 #define CLEANUP_REC(begin, end, landing_pad)			\
 	".pushsection .bpf_cleanup,\"a\",@progbits;"		\
 	".long " begin ";"					\
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
index e74b27ac655b..b69be77b2e26 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "exceptions_cleanup_freplace.skel.h"
 #include "exceptions_cleanup_pad_freplace.skel.h"
 #include "exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.skel.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup_light.lskel.h"
 
 /* foo3 threw: every frame that has a pad ran it. */
 #define PADS_FOO3_THREW \
@@ -170,6 +171,30 @@ static void test_ext_table(struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel)
 	exceptions_cleanup_ext_table__destroy(fr);
 }
 
+static void test_light_skeleton(void)
+{
+	struct exceptions_cleanup_light_lskel *skel;
+	__u64 ctx = 0;
+	int err;
+
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, topts,
+		    .ctx_in = &ctx,
+		    .ctx_size_in = sizeof(ctx),
+	);
+
+	skel = exceptions_cleanup_light_lskel__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "light open_and_load"))
+		return;
+
+	err = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(skel->progs.entry_light.prog_fd, &topts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "run"))
+		goto out;
+	ASSERT_EQ(topts.retval, THROW_COOKIE, "retval");
+	ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->pads_ran, RAN_LIGHT, "pads_ran");
+out:
+	exceptions_cleanup_light_lskel__destroy(skel);
+}
+
 static void test_shapes(void)
 {
 	struct exceptions_cleanup_shapes *skel;
@@ -420,6 +445,9 @@ void test_exceptions_cleanup(void)
 
 	exceptions_cleanup__destroy(skel);
 
+	if (test__start_subtest("light_skeleton"))
+		test_light_skeleton();
+
 	test_shapes();
 
 	RUN_TESTS(exceptions_cleanup_fail);
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..de7ae478d67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
+
+static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
+{
+	bpf_throw(0);
+	bpf_preempt_disable();
+	bpf_preempt_enable();
+	bpf_unwind_resume();
+}
+
+__u64 pads_ran = 0;
+
+SEC("syscall")
+__naked int entry_light(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
+	"r1 = %[cookie];"
+"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
+"2:"
+	"exit;"
+"3:"					/* landing pad */
+	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
+	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
+	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
+	"exit;"
+	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
+	:
+	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_LIGHT),
+	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.53.0-Meta

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 01/20] bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
- [Medium] bpf: unbounded memory allocation in check_cleanup_info via cleanup_info_cnt
--

commit 18ab7230f0d26780fd3b40453aca2155a679f967
Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

This commit adds support for BPF exception handling cleanup tables generated
by LLVM. It introduces a new UAPI to pass the .bpf_cleanup table into the
kernel via BPF_PROG_LOAD, along with the necessary validation logic in
check_cleanup_info().

Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/192164 [1]

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
> index 0e8b3ccc7a5b9..d03dc791042a2 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -407,6 +407,149 @@ static int check_core_relo(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
>  	return err;
>  }
>  
> +static int cleanup_insn_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off)
> +{

[ ... ]

> +static int check_cleanup_info(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
> +			      const union bpf_attr *attr,
> +			      bpfptr_t uattr)
> +{
> +	u32 krec_size = sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info);
> +	u32 i, nrec, urec_size, min_size, prev_end = 0;
> +	struct bpf_cleanup_info *krecord;
> +	bpfptr_t urecord;
> +	int ret = -EINVAL;
> +
> +	nrec = attr->cleanup_info_cnt;
> +	if (!nrec)
> +		return 0;
> +	if (nrec > INT_MAX / krec_size)
> +		return -EINVAL;

[Severity: Medium]
Can an unprivileged user trigger a multi-gigabyte memory allocation here
by passing an artificially large attr->cleanup_info_cnt?

While the allocation below uses GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT and will not cause a CPU
lockup, kvcalloc() still attempts to allocate and zero up to ~2.1 GB of
memory.

Since each cleanup info record must cover at least one instruction and
they cannot overlap, is there a case where nrec could legitimately
exceed env->prog->len? Would it be safer to add a bounds check like
if (nrec > env->prog->len) before the allocation to prevent this
resource churn?

> +
> +	urec_size = attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;
> +	if (urec_size < MIN_BPF_CLEANUP_INFO_SIZE ||
> +	    urec_size > MAX_CLEANUP_INFO_REC_SIZE ||
> +	    urec_size % sizeof(u32)) {
> +		verbose(env, "invalid cleanup info rec size %u\n", urec_size);
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +	}
> +
> +	krecord = kvcalloc(nrec, krec_size, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);

[ ... ]

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260920054225.864535-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev?part=1

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 18/20] selftests/bpf: Add an end-to-end .bpf_cleanup exception test

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
- [Low] bpf: multi-line comments violate mandatory subsystem style
--

commit f500599d1234044cd45952e76c1ac50f7c35ab78
Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

selftests/bpf: Add an end-to-end .bpf_cleanup exception test

This commit introduces end-to-end tests for the .bpf_cleanup exception
handling mechanism. It verifies both successful cleanup paths and various
scenarios where the kernel correctly rejects invalid landing pads or unwind
behaviors.

> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000000000..a951045d21355
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
[ ... ]
> @@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ void test_exceptions_cleanup(void)
> +
> +	/* foo3 throws; every pad runs and the cookie is delivered at entry. */
> +	if (test__start_subtest("throw_from_foo3"))
> +		run(skel, 101, THROW_COOKIE, PADS_FOO3_THREW);
> +
> +	/* foo3 returns 2 ^ 1 == 3, so foo2 throws from its own second region;
> +	 * foo3's frame is long gone, so its pad must not run.
> +	 */

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a bug, but does this violate the BPF subsystem's multi-line
comment style in test_exceptions_cleanup()? The guidelines require the
opening /* to be on its own line.

> +	if (test__start_subtest("throw_from_foo2"))
> +		run(skel, 2, THROW_COOKIE, PADS_FOO2_THREW);
> +
> +	exceptions_cleanup__destroy(skel);

[ ... ]
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000000000..db6ac7d8bd6de
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_fail.c
[ ... ]
> @@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
> +	bpf_preempt_enable();
> +	bpf_unwind_resume();
> +}
> +
> +/* 1. A subprogram that may unwind, also used as a helper callback:
> + * bpf_loop()'s own kernel frame would end the walk before it found a
> + * boundary.
> + */

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a bug, but does this multi-line comment format violate the BPF
subsystem style just above throwing_cb()? Similar to the above, the opening
/* should be on its own line. It appears several other comments in this file
follow this same pattern.

> +static int throwing_cb(__u32 idx, void *ctx)
> +{
> +	bpf_throw(0xbad);
> +	return 0;

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260920054225.864535-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev?part=18

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 17/20] libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 3 potential issue(s) to consider:
- [High] libbpf: integer overflow in relocation bounds check allows out-of-bounds heap access
- [Low] libbpf: incompatible pointer cast to __u32 * violates strict aliasing
- [Low] bpf: newly added multi-line comments violate the BPF kernel comment style
--

commit c31e91765bc81fed1c51952c88d0792cd3b4c2bd
Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

This commit updates the static linker to accept and properly handle
R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 and R_BPF_64_ABS32 relocations against STT_SECTION
symbols in non-executable sections. This enables linking of objects
that contain compiler-emitted exception cleanup tables.

> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> index 78f92c39290af..fac7390bd109d 100644
> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -2274,6 +2275,39 @@ static int linker_append_elf_relos(struct bpf_linker *linker, struct src_obj *ob
>  						insn->imm += sec->dst_off / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
>  					else
>  						insn->imm += sec->dst_off;
> +				} else if (sym_type == R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 ||
> +					   sym_type == R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
> +					__u32 *val;
> +
> +					/* Two spellings of the one thing: LLVM
> +					 * emits NODYLD32 for a .long against a

[Severity: Low]
Does this multi-line comment format violate the BPF subsystem guidelines? The
BPF guidelines specify that multi-line comments must have the opening /* on
its own line, with the text starting on the next line.

> +					 * section symbol, GNU as emits ABS32
> +					 * (bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps
> +					 * BFD_RELOC_32 to it), and the value
> +					 * they describe is the same.
> +					 */
> +
> +					/* An SHT_NOBITS section has no
> +					 * raw_data, and r_offset is sanity

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a functional issue, but this comment also places text on the same
line as the opening /*.

> +					 * checked only for sections holding
> +					 * instructions. Check both here
> +					 * before writing.
> +					 */
> +					if (!dst_linked_sec->raw_data ||
> +					    dst_rel->r_offset % sizeof(*val) ||
> +					    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) >
> +					    (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz) {

[Severity: High]
Can this bounds check bypass validation due to an integer overflow?

If a malicious BPF ELF object provides an oversized r_offset (for example,
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC), adding sizeof(*val) could wrap around to 0. This bypasses
the check against dst_linked_sec->sec_sz and allows out-of-bounds heap memory
access.

> +						pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu points outside the data of section '%s' in %s\n",
> +							j, src_sec->sec_idx,
> +							dst_linked_sec->sec_name,
> +							obj->filename);
> +						return -EINVAL;
> +					}
> +					val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;
> +					if (linker->swapped_endian)
> +						*val = bswap_32(bswap_32(*val) + sec->dst_off);
> +					else
> +						*val += sec->dst_off;

[Severity: Low]
Does casting the raw byte buffer to a __u32 pointer violate strict aliasing
rules?

The tools/ build assumes strict aliasing, and accessing generic byte buffers
this way can lead to compiler misoptimization. Would it be safer to use memcpy
or unaligned access macros here?

>  				} else {
>  					pr_warn("relocation against STT_SECTION in non-exec section is not supported!\n");
>  					return -EINVAL;

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260920054225.864535-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev?part=17

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 16/20] libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
- [High] bpf: Integer overflow in cleanup_info_tot_sz leads to heap buffer overflow
--

commit ae662736be5da05d165c478a926196fe248e707a
Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton

This commit updates the light skeleton generator to emit BPF_PROG_LOAD
instructions that include the exception cleanup table. It stores the cleanup
records in the loader's bytes blob, calculates the needed buffer size, and
byte-swaps the records for cross-endian builds.

> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
> index af3a04f161ac1..2345fbdd46f56 100644
> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -998,6 +1000,9 @@ static void info_blob_bswap(struct bpf_gen *gen, int func_info, int line_info,
>  
>  	for (i = 0; i < gen->core_relo_cnt; i++)
>  		bpf_core_relo_bswap(cr++);
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt; i++)
> +		bpf_cleanup_info_bswap(ci++);

[Severity: High]
Does this loop write beyond the allocated buffer if cleanup_info_tot_sz
overflowed during its calculation?

If an untrusted user provides a malicious BPF ELF object with a very large
.bpf_cleanup section, load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt can be extremely large.
The loop uses this un-wrapped count to byte-swap entries, writing past the
end of the buffer if the allocation size was wrapped.

>  }
>  
>  void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
> @@ -1011,8 +1016,11 @@ void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
>  			       load_attr->line_info_rec_size;
>  	int core_relo_tot_sz = gen->core_relo_cnt *
>  			       sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo);
> +	int cleanup_info_tot_sz = load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt *
> +				  load_attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;

[Severity: High]
Can this multiplication overflow a 32-bit integer?

If load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt is a huge value (e.g., 0x15555556),
multiplying it by cleanup_info_rec_size (12) will wrap around a 32-bit
integer. 

This would result in a small wrapped value being assigned to
cleanup_info_tot_sz (e.g., 0x15555556 * 12 = 4294967304, wrapping to 8).
The resulting undersized allocation passed to add_data() would then lead
to the out-of-bounds write in info_blob_bswap().

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260920054225.864535-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev?part=16

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 19/20] selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not reach

[sashiko-bot]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
- [Low] bpf: multi-line comments violate the modern BPF subsystem style
--

commit 31d63d33bfdfb4e044e29aa2e2717a6f909808c9
Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not reach

This commit adds tests to cover exception cleanup scenarios that the call
chain doesn't reach. It introduces new shapes like dead continuations, shared
callees, and throwing subprograms in BPF selftests.

> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c
[ ... ]
> +	/* A pad in the main program's own frame, not in a subprogram. */
> +	if (test__start_subtest("main_program_pad"))
> +		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_main_pad, 101, THROW_COOKIE,
> +			  RAN_MAIN_PAD);
> +
> +	/* The same call site either way: the subprogram's throw unwinds into
> +	 * this frame and runs its pad, an extension's stops at its own boundary.
> +	 */

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a bug, but does this comment in test_shapes() violate the modern
BPF subsystem multi-line comment style? The opening /* is preferred to be
on its own line.

> +	if (test__start_subtest("freplace_subprog_throws"))
> +		run_shape(skel, skel->progs.entry_freplace, 7, THROW_COOKIE,
> +			  RAN_FREPLACE);
> +	if (test__start_subtest("freplace_extension_throws"))
> +		test_freplace(skel);
[ ... ]
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
[ ... ]
> +__u64 magic = 0x5eed;
> +__u64 pads_ran = 0;
> +__u64 pad_runs = 0;
> +
> +/* 1. Everything a cleanup table leaves dead: a throw's continuation, the tail
> + * after a resume with an ld_imm64 and a branch in it, and the block only that
> + * continuation reaches.
> + */

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a bug, but does this multi-line comment above sweep_frame() follow
the preferred BPF subsystem format? The opening /* should typically reside
on its own line.

> +static __used __naked __noinline __u64 sweep_frame(void)
> +{
[ ... ]
> +SEC("syscall")
> +int entry_sweep(void *ctx)
> +{
> +	return sweep_frame();
> +}
> +
> +/* 2. A callee called from both a covered and an uncovered site: the pad
> + * belongs to the call site, not the callee. Either site can throw, and the RCU
> + * lock between them is what an unwind out of the uncovered one leaks.
> + */

[Severity: Low]
This isn't a bug, but similarly, does this comment above shared_callee() need
the opening /* placed on its own line to match the modern BPF comment style?

> +static __used __noinline __u64 shared_callee(__u64 x)
> +{
> +	if (x > 100)

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260920054225.864535-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev?part=19

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 14/20] libbpf: Add cleanup_info to bpf_prog_load_opts

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 809 bytes --]

> Let a caller hand the kernel an exception cleanup table. Extend struct
> bpf_prog_load_opts with cleanup_info, cleanup_info_cnt and
> cleanup_info_rec_size, pass them through to BPF_PROG_LOAD, and grow the
> attr size bpf_prog_load() computes to cover the new fields.
> Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>

This isn't a bug, but would it help a future reader if the changelog
noted that cleanup_info_cnt is the last field of the BPF_PROG_LOAD attr
struct, so offsetofend() on it covers all three new fields, rather than
restating the three edits?


---
AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md

CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 20/20] selftests/bpf: Load an exception cleanup program from a light skeleton

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 3347 bytes --]

> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> index 7ea5ba1df29e..981cc2643049 100644
> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> @@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ LINKED_SKELS := test_static_linked.skel.h linked_funcs.skel.h		\
>  LSKELS := fexit_sleep.c trace_printk.c trace_vprintk.c map_ptr_kern.c 	\
>  	core_kern.c core_kern_overflow.c test_ringbuf.c			\
>  	test_ringbuf_n.c test_ringbuf_map_key.c test_ringbuf_write.c    \
> -	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c
> +	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c exceptions_cleanup_light.c

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..de7ae478d67f
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
> +#include <vmlinux.h>
> +#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
> +#include "bpf_misc.h"
> +#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
> +
> +static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
> +{
> +	bpf_throw(0);
> +	bpf_preempt_disable();
> +	bpf_preempt_enable();
> +	bpf_unwind_resume();
> +}

Are the kfunc declarations in scope here? The file includes only
<vmlinux.h>, <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>, "bpf_misc.h", and
"exceptions_cleanup.h".

bpf_throw(), bpf_preempt_disable(), and bpf_preempt_enable() are
normally declared with __ksym in tools/testing/selftests/bpf/
bpf_experimental.h, which is not included. bpf_unwind_resume() has no
declaration in any userspace header in the tree.

Without __ksym == __attribute__((section(".ksyms"))), these become
implicit function declarations, and libbpf's bpf_object__collect_externs()
will reject any extern not in a ".ksyms" DATASEC when it tries to
relocate the calls in the inline asm below.

The __kfunc_btf_anchor() function exists specifically to produce extern
BTF FUNCs that libbpf can relocate for the 'call bpf_throw' and
'call bpf_unwind_resume' sites in the inline asm. If the declarations
are implicit, either the compile fails or bpftool rejects the object when
generating the light skeleton.

Should this file include "bpf_experimental.h" and add a declaration for
bpf_unwind_resume()? The identical pattern appears in
progs/exceptions_cleanup.c, progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c, and
progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c from earlier commits in this series,
so the fix may need to be series-wide.

> +
> +__u64 pads_ran = 0;
> +
> +SEC("syscall")
> +__naked int entry_light(void)
> +{
> +	asm volatile (
> +	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
> +	"r1 = %[cookie];"
> +"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
> +"2:"
> +	"exit;"
> +"3:"					/* landing pad */
> +	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
> +	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
> +	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
> +	"exit;"
> +	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
> +	:
> +	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_LIGHT),
> +	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
> +	: __clobber_all);
> +}
> +
> +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";


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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 03/20] bpf: Add lookups for exception cleanup resumes and landing pads

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 3518 bytes --]

> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> index c08505b9ba82..f9bccd3e0f4d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> @@ -681,6 +681,11 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
>  	bool needs_zext; /* alu op needs to clear upper bits */
>  	bool non_sleepable; /* helper/kfunc may be called from non-sleepable context */
>  	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
> +	/*
> +	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
> +	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
> +	 */
> +	u32 cleanup_pad;
>  	bool call_with_percpu_alloc_ptr; /* {this,per}_cpu_ptr() with prog percpu alloc */
>  	u8 alu_state; /* used in combination with alu_limit */
>  	/* true if STX or LDX instruction is a part of a spill/fill

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> index 2add8001c3ec..dd1a6b5a6afd 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> @@ -261,6 +261,11 @@ static void adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
>  		}
>  	}
>
> +	if (env->cleanup_info_cnt)
> +		for (i = 0; i < prog_len; i++)
> +			if (data[i].cleanup_pad > off + 1)
> +				data[i].cleanup_pad += cnt - 1;
> +

Does this miss the case where the original instruction is not placed last
in the patch buffer? Looking at adjust_insn_aux_data(), there's logic
earlier in the function that handles non_stack_access when the patched
instructions contain the original:

kernel/bpf/fixups.c:adjust_insn_aux_data() {
    for (i = off; i < off + cnt - 1; i++) {
        /* Expand insni[off]'s seen count to the patched range. */
        data[i].seen = old_seen;
        data[i].zext_dst = bpf_insn_def32(new_prog, insn + i) >= 0;
        if (!memcmp(insn + i, original_insn, sizeof(struct bpf_insn))) {
            data[i].non_stack_access =
                data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access;
            data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access = false;
        } else if (bpf_is_mem_insn(insn + i)) {
            data[i].non_stack_access = true;
        }
    }
}

The memcmp branch transfers non_stack_access from data[off + cnt - 1] to
data[i] when it finds the original instruction. A bit further down,
indirect_target gets similar treatment.

cleanup_pad is a property of one specific call instruction (the landing
pad this call site unwinds to), not of an instruction slot. When
bpf_patch_insn_data() parks the original instruction's aux record in
data[off + cnt - 1] but the patch buffer places the original instruction
at position i (not last), shouldn't cleanup_pad be transferred the same
way?

Without this transfer, after such a patch the surviving call instruction
would have cleanup_pad == 0 (no landing pad) and an unrelated newly
generated instruction would carry the pad index instead. The CFG edge from
the call to its pad would disappear, and an exception unwinding through
that frame would silently skip its cleanup.

A later commit (d710bf82c5e9, "bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from
bpf_throw()") adds these lines to the memcmp branch:

    data[i].cleanup_pad = data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad;
    data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad = 0;

Should that transfer belong in this commit, which introduces the field and
claims to keep it in step?


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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 17/20] libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 4363 bytes --]

> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> index 78f92c39290a..fac7390bd109 100644
> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> @@ -1036,7 +1036,8 @@ static int linker_sanity_check_elf_relos(struct src_obj *obj, struct src_sec *se
>  		size_t sym_type = ELF64_R_TYPE(relo->r_info);
>
>  		if (sym_type != R_BPF_64_64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_32 &&
> -		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
> +		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32 &&
> +		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_NODYLD32) {
>  			pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu has unexpected type %zu in %s\n",
>  				i, sec->sec_idx, sym_type, obj->filename);
>  			return -EINVAL;
> @@ -2274,6 +2275,39 @@ static int linker_append_elf_relos(struct bpf_linker *linker, struct src_obj *ob
>  						insn->imm += sec->dst_off / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
>  					else
>  						insn->imm += sec->dst_off;
> +				} else if (sym_type == R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 ||
> +					   sym_type == R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
> +					__u32 *val;
> +
> +					/* Two spellings of the one thing: LLVM
> +					 * emits NODYLD32 for a .long against a
> +					 * section symbol, GNU as emits ABS32
> +					 * (bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps
> +					 * BFD_RELOC_32 to it), and the value
> +					 * they describe is the same.
> +					 */
> +
> +					/* An SHT_NOBITS section has no
> +					 * raw_data, and r_offset is sanity
> +					 * checked only for sections holding
> +					 * instructions. Check both here
> +					 * before writing.
> +					 */
> +					if (!dst_linked_sec->raw_data ||
> +					    dst_rel->r_offset % sizeof(*val) ||
> +					    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) >
> +					    (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz) {
                                                    ^^^^

Can the addition here wrap around? Since dst_rel->r_offset is Elf64_Addr
(uint64_t) and sizeof(*val) is size_t, the expression

    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) > (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz

is evaluated in unsigned 64-bit arithmetic. For r_offset == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
(that is, 2^64 - 4):

    r_offset % sizeof(*val)  is 0 (since 2^64 - 4 is a multiple of 4)
    r_offset + 4             wraps to 0
    0 > (size_t)sec_sz       is false

so all three sub-tests pass, and the code falls through to

    val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;   /* raw_data - 4 */
    *val += sec->dst_off;

which performs a 4-byte read-modify-write immediately before the buffer
obtained from realloc(), corrupting the heap chunk header.

r_offset is fully controlled by the input object and is never
bounds-checked. The existing r_offset validation in
linker_sanity_check_elf_relos() (near the top of this diff) is an
alignment-only test and applies only to SHF_EXECINSTR sections.
The .bpf_cleanup section is not executable, so nothing constrains
r_offset before this point.

Reached via: bpf_linker__add_file() -> bpf_linker_add_file() ->
linker_append_elf_relos() -> this arm. Triggered by any object with a
.rel.bpf_cleanup entry of type R_BPF_64_ABS32 or R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 against
an STT_SECTION symbol and r_offset == 2^64 - 4.

The commit message notes "r_offset is checked for alignment only where the
section holds instructions. Refuse those rather than write through them",
which suggests the guard is meant to close this hole. Ordering the
comparison so it cannot wrap fixes it:

    dst_rel->r_offset > (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz - sizeof(*val)

with sec_sz >= 4 established first, or an explicit test that r_offset does
not exceed sec_sz ahead of the addition.

> +						pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu points outside the data of section '%s' in %s\n",
> +							j, src_sec->sec_idx,
> +							dst_linked_sec->sec_name,
> +							obj->filename);
> +						return -EINVAL;
> +					}
> +					val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;
> +					if (linker->swapped_endian)
> +						*val = bswap_32(bswap_32(*val) + sec->dst_off);
> +					else
> +						*val += sec->dst_off;
>  				} else {
>  					pr_warn("relocation against STT_SECTION in non-exec section is not supported!\n");
>  					return -EINVAL;


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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 01/20] bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1918 bytes --]

> diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
> --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -1669,6 +1669,9 @@ union bpf_attr {
>  		 * verification.
>  		 */
>  		__s32		keyring_id;
> +		__aligned_u64	cleanup_info;	/* exception cleanup table */
> +		__u32		cleanup_info_rec_size; /* userspace bpf_cleanup_info size */
> +		__u32		cleanup_info_cnt; /* number of bpf_cleanup_info records */
>  	};
>
>  	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_OBJ_* commands */
> @@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
>  	__u32	line_col;
>  };
>
> +struct bpf_cleanup_info {
> +	__u32	begin_off;
> +	__u32	end_off;
> +	__u32	landing_pad_off;
> +};
> +

This isn't a bug, but would it be worth a short comment on struct
bpf_cleanup_info spelling out that the offsets are instruction indices,
that the range is [begin_off, end_off), and that records must arrive
sorted and non-overlapping with the landing pad outside every range?

A producer other than LLVM has to read check_cleanup_info() to discover
the rules, and insn_off in struct bpf_core_relo in the same header is
documented as a byte offset (line 7750: "instruction offset (in
bytes)"), so the unit is genuinely ambiguous at a glance.

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
> --- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
>  	__u32	line_col;
>  };
>
> +struct bpf_cleanup_info {
> +	__u32	begin_off;
> +	__u32	end_off;
> +	__u32	landing_pad_off;
> +};
> +

Same here.


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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 07/20] bpf: Refuse exception cleanup shapes bpf_throw() cannot dispatch

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 3902 bytes --]

> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> index 0cd7c27a50fa..382177b80745 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
> @@ -683,6 +683,7 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
>  	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
>  	bool cleanup_throw_site; /* call to bpf_throw() */
>  	bool cleanup_resume_site; /* call to bpf_unwind_resume() */
> +	bool in_cleanup_pad; /* only runs with an exception in flight */
>  	/*
>  	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
>  	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.

Does the in_cleanup_pad comment accurately describe what the field
represents at this commit? The comment says "only runs with an exception
in flight", but cleanup_mark_pad_bodies() marks reachability from a
landing pad without checking whether the pad is unreachable by ordinary
control flow.

For example, with a record {begin_off=0, end_off=1, landing_pad_off=1}:

    0: call pcall foo        /* covered by the record */
    1: r0 = 0                /* landing pad, also insn 0's fall-through */
    2: call bpf_unwind_resume
    3: exit

check_cleanup_info() permits this (it only rejects a pad that lies
*inside* a call-site range). cleanup_reachability() gives pad 1 only
CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME, cleanup_pad_is_catch() accepts it, and insns 1-2
get in_cleanup_pad = true. Yet on normal return from foo, execution falls
into insns 1-2 with no exception in flight.

The next commit (c046fa312ea4 "bpf: Walk the exception unwind in the
verifier") adds the state->unwinding check that actually refuses this
shape ("bpf_unwind_resume() at insn %d reached without an exception in
flight"). Should the field comment say "reachable from a landing pad"
rather than "only runs with an exception in flight" until that enforcement
is in place, or does the check belong in this commit since the changelog
promises to refuse every cleanup shape bpf_throw() cannot dispatch?

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> index cc7c8595dd64..4859d6484cc8 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -37,6 +162,255 @@ static void cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)

[ ... ]

> +/* What every instruction can reach along intra-subprog edges, for
> + * cleanup_pad_is_catch(). One backward walk over a predecessor index, rather
> + * than a forward walk from each landing pad, which would be quadratic.
> + */
> +static int cleanup_reachability(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = ctx->env;
> +	u32 len = env->prog->len;
> +	struct cleanup_cursor c = CLEANUP_CURSOR_INIT;
> +	u32 *head = NULL, *link = NULL;
> +	bool *queued = NULL;
> +	u32 i, sp = 0;
> +	void *scratch;
> +	const struct cleanup_alloc_req tab[] = {
> +		{ (void **)&head,   len,             sizeof(*head) },
> +		{ (void **)&link,   2 * (size_t)len, sizeof(*link) },
> +		{ (void **)&queued, len,             sizeof(*queued) },
> +	};
> +
> +	scratch = cleanup_alloc(tab, ARRAY_SIZE(tab));
> +	if (!scratch)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	/* Index the predecessors, and seed the walk at the terminators. */
> +	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {

[ ... ]

> +	}
> +
> +	/* Each instruction re-enters the worklist at most once per bit it
> +	 * gains, so this is linear in the number of edges.
> +	 */
> +	while (sp) {

This isn't a bug, but could the two multi-line comments in
cleanup_reachability() follow the BPF comment style with the opening /*
on its own line? The other multi-line comments added by this series use
that format, and the guide requires it for files under kernel/bpf/.


---
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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 10/20] bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from bpf_throw()

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 2798 bytes --]

> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
> index 5033b934ffd9..0502b9fc4a6d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> index 4859d6484cc8..d4dcbcf4fb25 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -499,3 +501,164 @@ int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
>
>  	return pad ? (int)pad - 1 : -1;
>  }
> +
> +int bpf_cleanup_alloc_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux)
> +{
> +	if (aux->exc)
> +		return 0;
> +	aux->exc = kzalloc_obj(struct bpf_exception_info, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
> +	return aux->exc ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
> +}
> +
> +int bpf_cleanup_attach_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux, struct bpf_cleanup_info *recs, u32 cnt)
> +{
> +	struct bpf_exception_info *exc = aux->exc;
> +	struct bpf_cleanup_range *ranges;
> +	u32 i, n_at, *at;
> +
> +	if (!cnt) {
> +		kvfree(recs);
> +		return 0;
> +	}

This isn't a bug, but bpf_cleanup_attach_info()'s only caller already
returns early when cnt is zero - is the `if (!cnt)` arm here reachable,
or would dropping it (and letting the caller keep owning that case) make
the recs ownership easier to follow?

> +
> +	ranges = kvcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*ranges), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> index 558653d3046d..169cbf9f4415 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c

[ ... ]

> @@ -1114,6 +1124,129 @@ static void bpf_restore_subprog_starts(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 *orig_s
>  	env->subprog_info[env->subprog_cnt].start = env->prog->len;
>  }
>
> +static int cleanup_pad_body_for_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *sub,
> +					u32 start, u32 end)
> +{
> +	unsigned long *bits;
> +	u32 i, cnt = 0;
> +
> +	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
> +		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
> +			cnt++;
> +	if (!cnt)
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	bits = bitmap_zalloc(end - start, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
> +	if (!bits)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
> +		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
> +			__set_bit(i - start, bits);
> +
> +	sub->aux->exc->pad_body = bits;
> +	sub->aux->exc->nr_pad_body = end - start;
> +	return 0;
> +}

This isn't a bug, but would naming this field after the bitmap size
rather than nr_pad_body make it clearer that it is the bit count and not
the number of pad-body instructions, given the nr_throw_at /
nr_resume_at siblings are true counts?

[ ... ]


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Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 19/20] selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not reach

[bot+bpf-ci]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 2180 bytes --]

> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..493f8e030652
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c

[ ... ]

> +/* 2. A callee called from both a covered and an uncovered site: the pad
> + * belongs to the call site, not the callee. Either site can throw, and the RCU
> + * lock between them is what an unwind out of the uncovered one leaks.
> + */
> +static __used __noinline __u64 shared_callee(__u64 x)
> +{
> +	if (x > 100)
> +		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
> +	return x + 1;
> +}
> +
> +static __used __naked __noinline __u64 shared_frame(void)
> +{
> +	asm volatile (
> +	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
> +	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
> +	"r1 = %[outer_input] ll;"
> +	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
> +	"call shared_callee;"		/* uncovered: no pad for its unwind */
> +	"call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"

Does the shape 2 header comment accurately describe what the code does?

The comment states "the RCU lock between them is what an unwind out of
the uncovered one leaks", but the uncovered call to shared_callee()
happens before bpf_rcu_read_lock() is invoked. When the uncovered site
throws (which prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c tests in the
shared_callee_uncovered_throw subtest with outer_input = 101, input = 1),
active_rcu_locks is 0 and there is nothing to leak.

The verifier would also reject a throw with the lock held via
check_resource_leak() in kernel/bpf/verifier.c, which checks at
unwind_finish() and refuses with "bpf_throw cannot be used inside
bpf_rcu_read_lock-ed region" if active_rcu_locks is set.

The lock sits between the two call sites so that only the covered one
unwinds with it held, making the pad's bpf_rcu_read_unlock() observable.

Should the comment describe that the lock is taken between the two sites
rather than before the uncovered one?


---
AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md

CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 03/20] bpf: Add lookups for exception cleanup resumes and landing pads

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:31 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> index c08505b9ba82..f9bccd3e0f4d 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> @@ -681,6 +681,11 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
>>   	bool needs_zext; /* alu op needs to clear upper bits */
>>   	bool non_sleepable; /* helper/kfunc may be called from non-sleepable context */
>>   	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
>> +	/*
>> +	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
>> +	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
>> +	 */
>> +	u32 cleanup_pad;
>>   	bool call_with_percpu_alloc_ptr; /* {this,per}_cpu_ptr() with prog percpu alloc */
>>   	u8 alu_state; /* used in combination with alu_limit */
>>   	/* true if STX or LDX instruction is a part of a spill/fill
> [ ... ]
>
>> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
>> index 2add8001c3ec..dd1a6b5a6afd 100644
>> --- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
>> +++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
>> @@ -261,6 +261,11 @@ static void adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
>>   		}
>>   	}
>>
>> +	if (env->cleanup_info_cnt)
>> +		for (i = 0; i < prog_len; i++)
>> +			if (data[i].cleanup_pad > off + 1)
>> +				data[i].cleanup_pad += cnt - 1;
>> +
> Does this miss the case where the original instruction is not placed last
> in the patch buffer? Looking at adjust_insn_aux_data(), there's logic
> earlier in the function that handles non_stack_access when the patched
> instructions contain the original:
>
> kernel/bpf/fixups.c:adjust_insn_aux_data() {
>      for (i = off; i < off + cnt - 1; i++) {
>          /* Expand insni[off]'s seen count to the patched range. */
>          data[i].seen = old_seen;
>          data[i].zext_dst = bpf_insn_def32(new_prog, insn + i) >= 0;
>          if (!memcmp(insn + i, original_insn, sizeof(struct bpf_insn))) {
>              data[i].non_stack_access =
>                  data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access;
>              data[off + cnt - 1].non_stack_access = false;
>          } else if (bpf_is_mem_insn(insn + i)) {
>              data[i].non_stack_access = true;
>          }
>      }
> }
>
> The memcmp branch transfers non_stack_access from data[off + cnt - 1] to
> data[i] when it finds the original instruction. A bit further down,
> indirect_target gets similar treatment.
>
> cleanup_pad is a property of one specific call instruction (the landing
> pad this call site unwinds to), not of an instruction slot. When
> bpf_patch_insn_data() parks the original instruction's aux record in
> data[off + cnt - 1] but the patch buffer places the original instruction
> at position i (not last), shouldn't cleanup_pad be transferred the same
> way?
>
> Without this transfer, after such a patch the surviving call instruction
> would have cleanup_pad == 0 (no landing pad) and an unrelated newly
> generated instruction would carry the pad index instead. The CFG edge from
> the call to its pad would disappear, and an exception unwinding through
> that frame would silently skip its cleanup.
>
> A later commit (d710bf82c5e9, "bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from
> bpf_throw()") adds these lines to the memcmp branch:
>
>      data[i].cleanup_pad = data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad;
>      data[off + cnt - 1].cleanup_pad = 0;
>
> Should that transfer belong in this commit, which introduces the field and
> claims to keep it in step?

You are right. We can transfer the above cleanup_pad in this commit to keep
the field consistent.

>
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 07/20] bpf: Refuse exception cleanup shapes bpf_throw() cannot dispatch

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:32 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> index 0cd7c27a50fa..382177b80745 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
>> @@ -683,6 +683,7 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
>>   	bool is_iter_next; /* bpf_iter_<type>_next() kfunc call */
>>   	bool cleanup_throw_site; /* call to bpf_throw() */
>>   	bool cleanup_resume_site; /* call to bpf_unwind_resume() */
>> +	bool in_cleanup_pad; /* only runs with an exception in flight */
>>   	/*
>>   	 * 1 + the instruction index of the exception cleanup landing pad this
>>   	 * call site unwinds to, or 0 for none.
> Does the in_cleanup_pad comment accurately describe what the field
> represents at this commit? The comment says "only runs with an exception
> in flight", but cleanup_mark_pad_bodies() marks reachability from a
> landing pad without checking whether the pad is unreachable by ordinary
> control flow.
>
> For example, with a record {begin_off=0, end_off=1, landing_pad_off=1}:
>
>      0: call pcall foo        /* covered by the record */
>      1: r0 = 0                /* landing pad, also insn 0's fall-through */
>      2: call bpf_unwind_resume
>      3: exit
>
> check_cleanup_info() permits this (it only rejects a pad that lies
> *inside* a call-site range). cleanup_reachability() gives pad 1 only
> CLEANUP_REACH_RESUME, cleanup_pad_is_catch() accepts it, and insns 1-2
> get in_cleanup_pad = true. Yet on normal return from foo, execution falls
> into insns 1-2 with no exception in flight.
>
> The next commit (c046fa312ea4 "bpf: Walk the exception unwind in the
> verifier") adds the state->unwinding check that actually refuses this
> shape ("bpf_unwind_resume() at insn %d reached without an exception in
> flight"). Should the field comment say "reachable from a landing pad"
> rather than "only runs with an exception in flight" until that enforcement
> is in place, or does the check belong in this commit since the changelog
> promises to refuse every cleanup shape bpf_throw() cannot dispatch?

You are right. The comment is not good. Let us do:
   bool in_cleanup_pad; /* reachable from an exception cleanup landing pad */

>
>> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
>> index cc7c8595dd64..4859d6484cc8 100644
>> --- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
>> +++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -37,6 +162,255 @@ static void cleanup_mark_kfunc_sites(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
> [ ... ]
>
>> +/* What every instruction can reach along intra-subprog edges, for
>> + * cleanup_pad_is_catch(). One backward walk over a predecessor index, rather
>> + * than a forward walk from each landing pad, which would be quadratic.
>> + */
>> +static int cleanup_reachability(struct cleanup_ctx *ctx)
>> +{
>> +	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = ctx->env;
>> +	u32 len = env->prog->len;
>> +	struct cleanup_cursor c = CLEANUP_CURSOR_INIT;
>> +	u32 *head = NULL, *link = NULL;
>> +	bool *queued = NULL;
>> +	u32 i, sp = 0;
>> +	void *scratch;
>> +	const struct cleanup_alloc_req tab[] = {
>> +		{ (void **)&head,   len,             sizeof(*head) },
>> +		{ (void **)&link,   2 * (size_t)len, sizeof(*link) },
>> +		{ (void **)&queued, len,             sizeof(*queued) },
>> +	};
>> +
>> +	scratch = cleanup_alloc(tab, ARRAY_SIZE(tab));
>> +	if (!scratch)
>> +		return -ENOMEM;
>> +
>> +	/* Index the predecessors, and seed the walk at the terminators. */
>> +	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
> [ ... ]
>
>> +	}
>> +
>> +	/* Each instruction re-enters the worklist at most once per bit it
>> +	 * gains, so this is linear in the number of edges.
>> +	 */
>> +	while (sp) {
> This isn't a bug, but could the two multi-line comments in
> cleanup_reachability() follow the BPF comment style with the opening /*
> on its own line? The other multi-line comments added by this series use
> that format, and the guide requires it for files under kernel/bpf/.
>
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 16/20] libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:01 PM, sashiko-bot@kernel.org wrote:
> Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
> - [High] bpf: Integer overflow in cleanup_info_tot_sz leads to heap buffer overflow
> --
>
> commit ae662736be5da05d165c478a926196fe248e707a
> Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
>
> libbpf: Carry the exception cleanup table through the light skeleton
>
> This commit updates the light skeleton generator to emit BPF_PROG_LOAD
> instructions that include the exception cleanup table. It stores the cleanup
> records in the loader's bytes blob, calculates the needed buffer size, and
> byte-swaps the records for cross-endian builds.
>
>> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
>> index af3a04f161ac1..2345fbdd46f56 100644
>> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
>> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -998,6 +1000,9 @@ static void info_blob_bswap(struct bpf_gen *gen, int func_info, int line_info,
>>   
>>   	for (i = 0; i < gen->core_relo_cnt; i++)
>>   		bpf_core_relo_bswap(cr++);
>> +
>> +	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt; i++)
>> +		bpf_cleanup_info_bswap(ci++);
> [Severity: High]
> Does this loop write beyond the allocated buffer if cleanup_info_tot_sz
> overflowed during its calculation?
>
> If an untrusted user provides a malicious BPF ELF object with a very large
> .bpf_cleanup section, load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt can be extremely large.
> The loop uses this un-wrapped count to byte-swap entries, writing past the
> end of the buffer if the allocation size was wrapped.
>
>>   }
>>   
>>   void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
>> @@ -1011,8 +1016,11 @@ void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
>>   			       load_attr->line_info_rec_size;
>>   	int core_relo_tot_sz = gen->core_relo_cnt *
>>   			       sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo);
>> +	int cleanup_info_tot_sz = load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt *
>> +				  load_attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;
> [Severity: High]
> Can this multiplication overflow a 32-bit integer?
>
> If load_attr->cleanup_info_cnt is a huge value (e.g., 0x15555556),
> multiplying it by cleanup_info_rec_size (12) will wrap around a 32-bit
> integer.
>
> This would result in a small wrapped value being assigned to
> cleanup_info_tot_sz (e.g., 0x15555556 * 12 = 4294967304, wrapping to 8).
> The resulting undersized allocation passed to add_data() would then lead
> to the out-of-bounds write in info_blob_bswap().

Overflow is indeed possible. Will fix it, e.g. with cleanup_info_tot_sz as __u64
and later check against INT32_MAX.

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 17/20] libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:00 PM, sashiko-bot@kernel.org wrote:
> Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 3 potential issue(s) to consider:
> - [High] libbpf: integer overflow in relocation bounds check allows out-of-bounds heap access
> - [Low] libbpf: incompatible pointer cast to __u32 * violates strict aliasing
> - [Low] bpf: newly added multi-line comments violate the BPF kernel comment style
> --
>
> commit c31e91765bc81fed1c51952c88d0792cd3b4c2bd
> Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
>
> libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations
>
> This commit updates the static linker to accept and properly handle
> R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 and R_BPF_64_ABS32 relocations against STT_SECTION
> symbols in non-executable sections. This enables linking of objects
> that contain compiler-emitted exception cleanup tables.
>
>> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
>> index 78f92c39290af..fac7390bd109d 100644
>> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
>> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -2274,6 +2275,39 @@ static int linker_append_elf_relos(struct bpf_linker *linker, struct src_obj *ob
>>   						insn->imm += sec->dst_off / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
>>   					else
>>   						insn->imm += sec->dst_off;
>> +				} else if (sym_type == R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 ||
>> +					   sym_type == R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
>> +					__u32 *val;
>> +
>> +					/* Two spellings of the one thing: LLVM
>> +					 * emits NODYLD32 for a .long against a
> [Severity: Low]
> Does this multi-line comment format violate the BPF subsystem guidelines? The
> BPF guidelines specify that multi-line comments must have the opening /* on
> its own line, with the text starting on the next line.
>
>> +					 * section symbol, GNU as emits ABS32
>> +					 * (bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps
>> +					 * BFD_RELOC_32 to it), and the value
>> +					 * they describe is the same.
>> +					 */
>> +
>> +					/* An SHT_NOBITS section has no
>> +					 * raw_data, and r_offset is sanity
> [Severity: Low]
> This isn't a functional issue, but this comment also places text on the same
> line as the opening /*.
>
>> +					 * checked only for sections holding
>> +					 * instructions. Check both here
>> +					 * before writing.
>> +					 */
>> +					if (!dst_linked_sec->raw_data ||
>> +					    dst_rel->r_offset % sizeof(*val) ||
>> +					    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) >
>> +					    (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz) {
> [Severity: High]
> Can this bounds check bypass validation due to an integer overflow?
>
> If a malicious BPF ELF object provides an oversized r_offset (for example,
> 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC), adding sizeof(*val) could wrap around to 0. This bypasses
> the check against dst_linked_sec->sec_sz and allows out-of-bounds heap memory
> access.

Yes, overflow is possible. Will fix.

>
>> +						pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu points outside the data of section '%s' in %s\n",
>> +							j, src_sec->sec_idx,
>> +							dst_linked_sec->sec_name,
>> +							obj->filename);
>> +						return -EINVAL;
>> +					}
>> +					val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;
>> +					if (linker->swapped_endian)
>> +						*val = bswap_32(bswap_32(*val) + sec->dst_off);
>> +					else
>> +						*val += sec->dst_off;
> [Severity: Low]
> Does casting the raw byte buffer to a __u32 pointer violate strict aliasing
> rules?
>
> The tools/ build assumes strict aliasing, and accessing generic byte buffers
> this way can lead to compiler misoptimization. Would it be safer to use memcpy
> or unaligned access macros here?

I think it should be okay. In the above we have
   struct bpf_insn *insn;
   ...
   insn = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;

>
>>   				} else {
>>   					pr_warn("relocation against STT_SECTION in non-exec section is not supported!\n");
>>   					return -EINVAL;

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 17/20] libbpf: Let the static linker carry .bpf_cleanup relocations

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:31 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
>> index 78f92c39290a..fac7390bd109 100644
>> --- a/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
>> +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/linker.c
>> @@ -1036,7 +1036,8 @@ static int linker_sanity_check_elf_relos(struct src_obj *obj, struct src_sec *se
>>   		size_t sym_type = ELF64_R_TYPE(relo->r_info);
>>
>>   		if (sym_type != R_BPF_64_64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_32 &&
>> -		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
>> +		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS64 && sym_type != R_BPF_64_ABS32 &&
>> +		    sym_type != R_BPF_64_NODYLD32) {
>>   			pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu has unexpected type %zu in %s\n",
>>   				i, sec->sec_idx, sym_type, obj->filename);
>>   			return -EINVAL;
>> @@ -2274,6 +2275,39 @@ static int linker_append_elf_relos(struct bpf_linker *linker, struct src_obj *ob
>>   						insn->imm += sec->dst_off / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
>>   					else
>>   						insn->imm += sec->dst_off;
>> +				} else if (sym_type == R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 ||
>> +					   sym_type == R_BPF_64_ABS32) {
>> +					__u32 *val;
>> +
>> +					/* Two spellings of the one thing: LLVM
>> +					 * emits NODYLD32 for a .long against a
>> +					 * section symbol, GNU as emits ABS32
>> +					 * (bpf_reloc_type_lookup() maps
>> +					 * BFD_RELOC_32 to it), and the value
>> +					 * they describe is the same.
>> +					 */
>> +
>> +					/* An SHT_NOBITS section has no
>> +					 * raw_data, and r_offset is sanity
>> +					 * checked only for sections holding
>> +					 * instructions. Check both here
>> +					 * before writing.
>> +					 */
>> +					if (!dst_linked_sec->raw_data ||
>> +					    dst_rel->r_offset % sizeof(*val) ||
>> +					    dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) >
>> +					    (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz) {
>                                                      ^^^^
>
> Can the addition here wrap around? Since dst_rel->r_offset is Elf64_Addr
> (uint64_t) and sizeof(*val) is size_t, the expression
>
>      dst_rel->r_offset + sizeof(*val) > (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz
>
> is evaluated in unsigned 64-bit arithmetic. For r_offset == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
> (that is, 2^64 - 4):
>
>      r_offset % sizeof(*val)  is 0 (since 2^64 - 4 is a multiple of 4)
>      r_offset + 4             wraps to 0
>      0 > (size_t)sec_sz       is false
>
> so all three sub-tests pass, and the code falls through to
>
>      val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;   /* raw_data - 4 */
>      *val += sec->dst_off;
>
> which performs a 4-byte read-modify-write immediately before the buffer
> obtained from realloc(), corrupting the heap chunk header.
>
> r_offset is fully controlled by the input object and is never
> bounds-checked. The existing r_offset validation in
> linker_sanity_check_elf_relos() (near the top of this diff) is an
> alignment-only test and applies only to SHF_EXECINSTR sections.
> The .bpf_cleanup section is not executable, so nothing constrains
> r_offset before this point.
>
> Reached via: bpf_linker__add_file() -> bpf_linker_add_file() ->
> linker_append_elf_relos() -> this arm. Triggered by any object with a
> .rel.bpf_cleanup entry of type R_BPF_64_ABS32 or R_BPF_64_NODYLD32 against
> an STT_SECTION symbol and r_offset == 2^64 - 4.
>
> The commit message notes "r_offset is checked for alignment only where the
> section holds instructions. Refuse those rather than write through them",
> which suggests the guard is meant to close this hole. Ordering the
> comparison so it cannot wrap fixes it:
>
>      dst_rel->r_offset > (size_t)dst_linked_sec->sec_sz - sizeof(*val)
>
> with sec_sz >= 4 established first, or an explicit test that r_offset does
> not exceed sec_sz ahead of the addition.

Yes, wrap arround is possible. Will fix.

>
>> +						pr_warn("ELF relo #%d in section #%zu points outside the data of section '%s' in %s\n",
>> +							j, src_sec->sec_idx,
>> +							dst_linked_sec->sec_name,
>> +							obj->filename);
>> +						return -EINVAL;
>> +					}
>> +					val = dst_linked_sec->raw_data + dst_rel->r_offset;
>> +					if (linker->swapped_endian)
>> +						*val = bswap_32(bswap_32(*val) + sec->dst_off);
>> +					else
>> +						*val += sec->dst_off;
>>   				} else {
>>   					pr_warn("relocation against STT_SECTION in non-exec section is not supported!\n");
>>   					return -EINVAL;
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 19/20] selftests/bpf: Cover the exception cleanup shapes the chain does not reach

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:46 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..493f8e030652
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> +/* 2. A callee called from both a covered and an uncovered site: the pad
>> + * belongs to the call site, not the callee. Either site can throw, and the RCU
>> + * lock between them is what an unwind out of the uncovered one leaks.
>> + */
>> +static __used __noinline __u64 shared_callee(__u64 x)
>> +{
>> +	if (x > 100)
>> +		bpf_throw(THROW_COOKIE);
>> +	return x + 1;
>> +}
>> +
>> +static __used __naked __noinline __u64 shared_frame(void)
>> +{
>> +	asm volatile (
>> +	"r1 = %[input] ll;"
>> +	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
>> +	"r1 = %[outer_input] ll;"
>> +	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
>> +	"call shared_callee;"		/* uncovered: no pad for its unwind */
>> +	"call bpf_rcu_read_lock;"
> Does the shape 2 header comment accurately describe what the code does?
>
> The comment states "the RCU lock between them is what an unwind out of
> the uncovered one leaks", but the uncovered call to shared_callee()
> happens before bpf_rcu_read_lock() is invoked. When the uncovered site
> throws (which prog_tests/exceptions_cleanup.c tests in the
> shared_callee_uncovered_throw subtest with outer_input = 101, input = 1),
> active_rcu_locks is 0 and there is nothing to leak.
>
> The verifier would also reject a throw with the lock held via
> check_resource_leak() in kernel/bpf/verifier.c, which checks at
> unwind_finish() and refuses with "bpf_throw cannot be used inside
> bpf_rcu_read_lock-ed region" if active_rcu_locks is set.
>
> The lock sits between the two call sites so that only the covered one
> unwinds with it held, making the pad's bpf_rcu_read_unlock() observable.
>
> Should the comment describe that the lock is taken between the two sites
> rather than before the uncovered one?

Yes, will change comment like
   ... the RCU lock is taken between them, so only the covered call unwinds holding it.

>
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 20/20] selftests/bpf: Load an exception cleanup program from a light skeleton

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:31 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> index 7ea5ba1df29e..981cc2643049 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> @@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ LINKED_SKELS := test_static_linked.skel.h linked_funcs.skel.h		\
>>   LSKELS := fexit_sleep.c trace_printk.c trace_vprintk.c map_ptr_kern.c 	\
>>   	core_kern.c core_kern_overflow.c test_ringbuf.c			\
>>   	test_ringbuf_n.c test_ringbuf_map_key.c test_ringbuf_write.c    \
>> -	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c
>> +	test_ringbuf_overwrite.c exceptions_cleanup_light.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..de7ae478d67f
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/exceptions_cleanup_light.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
>> +/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
>> +#include <vmlinux.h>
>> +#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
>> +#include "bpf_misc.h"
>> +#include "exceptions_cleanup.h"
>> +
>> +static __used __noinline void __kfunc_btf_anchor(void)
>> +{
>> +	bpf_throw(0);
>> +	bpf_preempt_disable();
>> +	bpf_preempt_enable();
>> +	bpf_unwind_resume();
>> +}
> Are the kfunc declarations in scope here? The file includes only
> <vmlinux.h>, <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>, "bpf_misc.h", and
> "exceptions_cleanup.h".
>
> bpf_throw(), bpf_preempt_disable(), and bpf_preempt_enable() are
> normally declared with __ksym in tools/testing/selftests/bpf/
> bpf_experimental.h, which is not included. bpf_unwind_resume() has no
> declaration in any userspace header in the tree.

I prefer to use vmlinux.h.

>
> Without __ksym == __attribute__((section(".ksyms"))), these become
> implicit function declarations, and libbpf's bpf_object__collect_externs()
> will reject any extern not in a ".ksyms" DATASEC when it tries to
> relocate the calls in the inline asm below.
>
> The __kfunc_btf_anchor() function exists specifically to produce extern
> BTF FUNCs that libbpf can relocate for the 'call bpf_throw' and
> 'call bpf_unwind_resume' sites in the inline asm. If the declarations
> are implicit, either the compile fails or bpftool rejects the object when
> generating the light skeleton.
>
> Should this file include "bpf_experimental.h" and add a declaration for
> bpf_unwind_resume()? The identical pattern appears in
> progs/exceptions_cleanup.c, progs/exceptions_cleanup_shapes.c, and
> progs/exceptions_cleanup_ext_table.c from earlier commits in this series,
> so the fix may need to be series-wide.
>
>> +
>> +__u64 pads_ran = 0;
>> +
>> +SEC("syscall")
>> +__naked int entry_light(void)
>> +{
>> +	asm volatile (
>> +	"call bpf_preempt_disable;"
>> +	"r1 = %[cookie];"
>> +"1:"	"call bpf_throw;"		/* cleanup region */
>> +"2:"
>> +	"exit;"
>> +"3:"					/* landing pad */
>> +	"call bpf_preempt_enable;"
>> +	PAD_RAN("%[ran]")
>> +	"call bpf_unwind_resume;"
>> +	"exit;"
>> +	CLEANUP_REC("1b", "2b", "3b")
>> +	:
>> +	: [cookie]"i"(THROW_COOKIE), [ran]"i"(RAN_LIGHT),
>> +	  __imm_addr(pads_ran)
>> +	: __clobber_all);
>> +}
>> +
>> +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 14/20] libbpf: Add cleanup_info to bpf_prog_load_opts

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:31 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> Let a caller hand the kernel an exception cleanup table. Extend struct
>> bpf_prog_load_opts with cleanup_info, cleanup_info_cnt and
>> cleanup_info_rec_size, pass them through to BPF_PROG_LOAD, and grow the
>> attr size bpf_prog_load() computes to cover the new fields.
>> Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
> This isn't a bug, but would it help a future reader if the changelog
> noted that cleanup_info_cnt is the last field of the BPF_PROG_LOAD attr
> struct, so offsetofend() on it covers all three new fields, rather than
> restating the three edits?

Okay, will explicit mention cleanup_info_cnt is the last field.

>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 01/20] bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:32 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
>> --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> @@ -1669,6 +1669,9 @@ union bpf_attr {
>>   		 * verification.
>>   		 */
>>   		__s32		keyring_id;
>> +		__aligned_u64	cleanup_info;	/* exception cleanup table */
>> +		__u32		cleanup_info_rec_size; /* userspace bpf_cleanup_info size */
>> +		__u32		cleanup_info_cnt; /* number of bpf_cleanup_info records */
>>   	};
>>
>>   	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_OBJ_* commands */
>> @@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
>>   	__u32	line_col;
>>   };
>>
>> +struct bpf_cleanup_info {
>> +	__u32	begin_off;
>> +	__u32	end_off;
>> +	__u32	landing_pad_off;
>> +};
>> +
> This isn't a bug, but would it be worth a short comment on struct
> bpf_cleanup_info spelling out that the offsets are instruction indices,
> that the range is [begin_off, end_off), and that records must arrive
> sorted and non-overlapping with the landing pad outside every range?

The above bpf_attr already has related information.

>
> A producer other than LLVM has to read check_cleanup_info() to discover
> the rules, and insn_off in struct bpf_core_relo in the same header is
> documented as a byte offset (line 7750: "instruction offset (in
> bytes)"), so the unit is genuinely ambiguous at a glance.
>
> [ ... ]
>
>> diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> index 6330b7d745c5..a69cc0427575 100644
>> --- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> +++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
>> @@ -7599,6 +7602,12 @@ struct bpf_line_info {
>>   	__u32	line_col;
>>   };
>>
>> +struct bpf_cleanup_info {
>> +	__u32	begin_off;
>> +	__u32	end_off;
>> +	__u32	landing_pad_off;
>> +};
>> +
> Same here.
>
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 01/20] bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 10:56 PM, sashiko-bot@kernel.org wrote:
> Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential issue(s) to consider:
> - [Medium] bpf: unbounded memory allocation in check_cleanup_info via cleanup_info_cnt
> --
>
> commit 18ab7230f0d26780fd3b40453aca2155a679f967
> Author: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
>
> bpf: Accept the compiler's exception cleanup table at program load
>
> This commit adds support for BPF exception handling cleanup tables generated
> by LLVM. It introduces a new UAPI to pass the .bpf_cleanup table into the
> kernel via BPF_PROG_LOAD, along with the necessary validation logic in
> check_cleanup_info().
>
> Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/192164 [1]
>
>> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
>> index 0e8b3ccc7a5b9..d03dc791042a2 100644
>> --- a/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
>> +++ b/kernel/bpf/check_btf.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -407,6 +407,149 @@ static int check_core_relo(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
>>   	return err;
>>   }
>>   
>> +static int cleanup_insn_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off)
>> +{
> [ ... ]
>
>> +static int check_cleanup_info(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
>> +			      const union bpf_attr *attr,
>> +			      bpfptr_t uattr)
>> +{
>> +	u32 krec_size = sizeof(struct bpf_cleanup_info);
>> +	u32 i, nrec, urec_size, min_size, prev_end = 0;
>> +	struct bpf_cleanup_info *krecord;
>> +	bpfptr_t urecord;
>> +	int ret = -EINVAL;
>> +
>> +	nrec = attr->cleanup_info_cnt;
>> +	if (!nrec)
>> +		return 0;
>> +	if (nrec > INT_MAX / krec_size)
>> +		return -EINVAL;
> [Severity: Medium]
> Can an unprivileged user trigger a multi-gigabyte memory allocation here
> by passing an artificially large attr->cleanup_info_cnt?
>
> While the allocation below uses GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT and will not cause a CPU
> lockup, kvcalloc() still attempts to allocate and zero up to ~2.1 GB of
> memory.
>
> Since each cleanup info record must cover at least one instruction and
> they cannot overlap, is there a case where nrec could legitimately
> exceed env->prog->len? Would it be safer to add a bounds check like
> if (nrec > env->prog->len) before the allocation to prevent this
> resource churn?

Okay, I will use the above condition to limit the upper bound of memory
allocation.

>
>> +
>> +	urec_size = attr->cleanup_info_rec_size;
>> +	if (urec_size < MIN_BPF_CLEANUP_INFO_SIZE ||
>> +	    urec_size > MAX_CLEANUP_INFO_REC_SIZE ||
>> +	    urec_size % sizeof(u32)) {
>> +		verbose(env, "invalid cleanup info rec size %u\n", urec_size);
>> +		return -EINVAL;
>> +	}
>> +
>> +	krecord = kvcalloc(nrec, krec_size, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
> [ ... ]
>

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v3 10/20] bpf: Dispatch exception cleanup pads from bpf_throw()

[Yonghong Song]

On 9/19/26 11:32 PM, bot+bpf-ci@kernel.org wrote:
>> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
>> index 5033b934ffd9..0502b9fc4a6d 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/bpf.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
> [ ... ]
>
>> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/exception.c b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
>> index 4859d6484cc8..d4dcbcf4fb25 100644
>> --- a/kernel/bpf/exception.c
>> +++ b/kernel/bpf/exception.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -499,3 +501,164 @@ int bpf_cleanup_pad_of_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx)
>>
>>   	return pad ? (int)pad - 1 : -1;
>>   }
>> +
>> +int bpf_cleanup_alloc_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux)
>> +{
>> +	if (aux->exc)
>> +		return 0;
>> +	aux->exc = kzalloc_obj(struct bpf_exception_info, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
>> +	return aux->exc ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
>> +}
>> +
>> +int bpf_cleanup_attach_info(struct bpf_prog_aux *aux, struct bpf_cleanup_info *recs, u32 cnt)
>> +{
>> +	struct bpf_exception_info *exc = aux->exc;
>> +	struct bpf_cleanup_range *ranges;
>> +	u32 i, n_at, *at;
>> +
>> +	if (!cnt) {
>> +		kvfree(recs);
>> +		return 0;
>> +	}
> This isn't a bug, but bpf_cleanup_attach_info()'s only caller already
> returns early when cnt is zero - is the `if (!cnt)` arm here reachable,
> or would dropping it (and letting the caller keep owning that case) make
> the recs ownership easier to follow?

Will drop the above if condition.

>
>> +
>> +	ranges = kvcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*ranges), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
> [ ... ]
>
>> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
>> index 558653d3046d..169cbf9f4415 100644
>> --- a/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
>> +++ b/kernel/bpf/fixups.c
> [ ... ]
>
>> @@ -1114,6 +1124,129 @@ static void bpf_restore_subprog_starts(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 *orig_s
>>   	env->subprog_info[env->subprog_cnt].start = env->prog->len;
>>   }
>>
>> +static int cleanup_pad_body_for_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_prog *sub,
>> +					u32 start, u32 end)
>> +{
>> +	unsigned long *bits;
>> +	u32 i, cnt = 0;
>> +
>> +	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
>> +		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
>> +			cnt++;
>> +	if (!cnt)
>> +		return 0;
>> +
>> +	bits = bitmap_zalloc(end - start, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN);
>> +	if (!bits)
>> +		return -ENOMEM;
>> +
>> +	for (i = start; i < end; i++)
>> +		if (env->insn_aux_data[i].in_cleanup_pad)
>> +			__set_bit(i - start, bits);
>> +
>> +	sub->aux->exc->pad_body = bits;
>> +	sub->aux->exc->nr_pad_body = end - start;
>> +	return 0;
>> +}
> This isn't a bug, but would naming this field after the bitmap size
> rather than nr_pad_body make it clearer that it is the bit count and not
> the number of pad-body instructions, given the nr_throw_at /
> nr_resume_at siblings are true counts?

Will rename to pad_body_bits.

>
> [ ... ]
>
>
> ---
> AI reviewed your patch. Please fix the bug or email reply why it's not a bug.
> See: https://github.com/kernel-patches/vmtest/blob/master/ci/claude/README.md
>
> CI run summary: https://github.com/kernel-patches/bpf/actions/runs/35492765538