[PATCH v17 0/5] shut down devices asynchronously

[PATCH v17 0/5] shut down devices asynchronously

[David Jeffery]

These patches are rebased against the driver-core tree's driver-core-next
branch and should also apply against recent linux-next. Changes for v17 are
contained in patches 2 and 3 which are most in need of reviewing.


This patchset allows the kernel to shutdown devices asynchronously and
unrelated async devices to be shut down in parallel to each other.

Only devices which explicitly enable it are shut down asynchronously. The
default is for a device to be shut down from the synchronous shutdown loop.

This can dramatically reduce system shutdown/reboot time on systems that
have multiple devices that take many seconds to shut down (like certain
NVMe drives). On one system tested, the shutdown time went from 11 minutes
without this patch to 55 seconds with the patch. And on another system from
80 seconds to 11.

And thank you to everyone who has spent some of their valuable time
providing reviews, suggestions, criticisms, or tests on the various
iterations of this patchset.

Changes from V16:

Drop spinlock before async subsystem call which uses GFP_KERNEL
Handle that async shutdown can widen races between device shutdown and deletion
  * __shutdown_one_device will immediately return if a device is dead
  * Set shutdown device completion to complete when marking a device dead to
      prevent waiting on a dead device
  * Only late-access a parent pointer if device is in a non-dead state to
      ensure the pointer is still valid

Changes from V15:

The async_shutdown bit field is converted to a device flags bit
Convert all patches to use the flag bit accessor macros to set or check if
  async shutdown should be used
Added documentation on the kernel parameter to control use of async shutdown

Changes from V14:

Remove unneeded use of '!!' with boolean type

Changes from V13:

Remove duplicate flagging of async shutdown on scsi hosts/targets/devices

Changes from V12:

Only acquire a parent reference if acquiring the parent's lock
device_enable_async_shutdown should return void
Minor comment and description cleanups

Changes from V11:

  * Swap the order of the first two patches
  * Rework conditional parent locking so that lock and unlock no longer use
    separate conditional checks
  * Remove an used variable
  * Comment and description text cleanups

Changes from V10:

Reworked to more closely match the design used for async suspend
  * No longer uses async subsystem cookies for synchronization
  * Minimized changes to struct device
  * Enable async shutdown for pci and scsi devices which support async suspend

Changes from V9:

Address resource and timing issues when spawning a unique async thread
for every device during shutdown:
  * Make the asynchronous threads able to shut down multiple devices,
    instead of spawning a unique thread for every device.
  * Modify core kernel async code with a custom wake function so it
    doesn't wake up a thread waiting to synchronize on a cookie until
    the cookie has reached the desired value, instead of waking up
    every waiting thread to check the cookie every time an async thread
    ends.

Changes from V8:

Deal with shutdown hangs resulting when a parent/supplier device is
  later in the devices_kset list than its children/consumers:
  * Ignore sync_state_only devlinks for shutdown dependencies
  * Ignore shutdown_after for devices that don't want async shutdown
  * Add a sanity check to revert to sync shutdown for any device that
    would otherwise wait for a child/consumer shutdown that hasn't
    already been scheduled

Changes from V7:

Do not expose driver async_shutdown_enable in sysfs.
Wrapped a long line.

Changes from V6:

Removed a sysfs attribute that allowed the async device shutdown to be
"on" (with driver opt-out), "safe" (driver opt-in), or "off"... what was
previously "safe" is now the only behavior, so drivers now only need to
have the option to enable or disable async shutdown.

Changes from V5:

Separated into multiple patches to make review easier.
Reworked some code to make it more readable
Made devices wait for consumers to shut down, not just children
  (suggested by David Jeffery)

Changes from V4:

Change code to use cookies for synchronization rather than async domains
Allow async shutdown to be disabled via sysfs, and allow driver opt-in or
  opt-out of async shutdown (when not disabled), with ability to control
  driver opt-in/opt-out via sysfs
  
Changes from V3:

Bug fix (used "parent" not "dev->parent" in device_shutdown)
 
Changes from V2:
 
Removed recursive functions to schedule children to be shutdown before
  parents, since existing device_shutdown loop will already do this
 
Changes from V1:

Rewritten using kernel async code (suggested by Lukas Wunner)


Stuart Hayes (2):
  driver core: separate function to shutdown one device
  driver core: do not always lock parent in shutdown

David Jeffery (3):
  driver core: async device shutdown infrastructure
  PCI: Enable async shutdown support
  scsi: Enable async shutdown support

 .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt         |  10 +
 drivers/base/base.h                           |   2 +
 drivers/base/core.c                           | 214 +++++++++++++++---
 drivers/pci/probe.c                           |   2 +
 drivers/scsi/hosts.c                          |   2 +
 drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c                     |   3 +
 include/linux/device.h                        |   2 +
 7 files changed, 199 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

-- 
2.53.0

[PATCH 1/5] driver core: separate function to shutdown one device

[David Jeffery]

Make a separate function for the part of device_shutdown() that does the
shutown for a single device.  This is in preparation for making device
shutdown asynchronous.

Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
---
 drivers/base/core.c | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/base/core.c b/drivers/base/core.c
index 4d026682944f..74c693cd19cf 100644
--- a/drivers/base/core.c
+++ b/drivers/base/core.c
@@ -4865,12 +4865,48 @@ int device_change_owner(struct device *dev, kuid_t kuid, kgid_t kgid)
 	return error;
 }
 
+static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct device *parent = dev->parent;
+
+	/* hold lock to avoid race with probe/release */
+	if (parent)
+		device_lock(parent);
+	device_lock(dev);
+
+	/* Don't allow any more runtime suspends */
+	pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
+	pm_runtime_barrier(dev);
+
+	if (dev->class && dev->class->shutdown_pre) {
+		if (initcall_debug)
+			dev_info(dev, "shutdown_pre\n");
+		dev->class->shutdown_pre(dev);
+	}
+	if (dev->bus && dev->bus->shutdown) {
+		if (initcall_debug)
+			dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
+		dev->bus->shutdown(dev);
+	} else if (dev->driver && dev->driver->shutdown) {
+		if (initcall_debug)
+			dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
+		dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
+	}
+
+	device_unlock(dev);
+	if (parent)
+		device_unlock(parent);
+
+	put_device(parent);
+	put_device(dev);
+}
+
 /**
  * device_shutdown - call ->shutdown() on each device to shutdown.
  */
 void device_shutdown(void)
 {
-	struct device *dev, *parent;
+	struct device *dev;
 
 	wait_for_device_probe();
 	device_block_probing();
@@ -4892,7 +4928,7 @@ void device_shutdown(void)
 		 * prevent it from being freed because parent's
 		 * lock is to be held
 		 */
-		parent = get_device(dev->parent);
+		get_device(dev->parent);
 		get_device(dev);
 		/*
 		 * Make sure the device is off the kset list, in the
@@ -4901,36 +4937,7 @@ void device_shutdown(void)
 		list_del_init(&dev->kobj.entry);
 		spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
 
-		/* hold lock to avoid race with probe/release */
-		if (parent)
-			device_lock(parent);
-		device_lock(dev);
-
-		/* Don't allow any more runtime suspends */
-		pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
-		pm_runtime_barrier(dev);
-
-		if (dev->class && dev->class->shutdown_pre) {
-			if (initcall_debug)
-				dev_info(dev, "shutdown_pre\n");
-			dev->class->shutdown_pre(dev);
-		}
-		if (dev->bus && dev->bus->shutdown) {
-			if (initcall_debug)
-				dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
-			dev->bus->shutdown(dev);
-		} else if (dev->driver && dev->driver->shutdown) {
-			if (initcall_debug)
-				dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
-			dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
-		}
-
-		device_unlock(dev);
-		if (parent)
-			device_unlock(parent);
-
-		put_device(dev);
-		put_device(parent);
+		shutdown_one_device(dev);
 
 		spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
 	}
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 2/5] driver core: do not always lock parent in shutdown

[David Jeffery]

Don't lock a parent device unless it is needed in device_shutdown. This
is in preparation for making device shutdown asynchronous, when it will
be needed to allow children of a common parent to shut down
simultaneously.

And only acquire a reference to the parent device if the parent is to be
locked.

Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
---
 drivers/base/core.c | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/base/core.c b/drivers/base/core.c
index 74c693cd19cf..3b3d983b1747 100644
--- a/drivers/base/core.c
+++ b/drivers/base/core.c
@@ -4865,14 +4865,10 @@ int device_change_owner(struct device *dev, kuid_t kuid, kgid_t kgid)
 	return error;
 }
 
-static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
+static void __shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
 {
-	struct device *parent = dev->parent;
-
-	/* hold lock to avoid race with probe/release */
-	if (parent)
-		device_lock(parent);
-	device_lock(dev);
+	if (dev->p->dead)
+		return;
 
 	/* Don't allow any more runtime suspends */
 	pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
@@ -4892,12 +4888,32 @@ static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
 			dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
 		dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
 	}
+}
 
-	device_unlock(dev);
-	if (parent)
+static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct device *parent;
+
+	device_lock(dev);
+
+	/* use parent lock if needed to avoid race with probe/release */
+	if (dev->bus && dev->bus->need_parent_lock && !dev->p->dead &&
+	    (parent = get_device(dev->parent))) {
+		/* the parent lock needs to be acquired first, so re-lock */
+		device_unlock(dev);
+
+		device_lock(parent);
+		device_lock(dev);
+
+		__shutdown_one_device(dev);
+		device_unlock(dev);
 		device_unlock(parent);
+		put_device(parent);
+	} else {
+		__shutdown_one_device(dev);
+		device_unlock(dev);
+	}
 
-	put_device(parent);
 	put_device(dev);
 }
 
@@ -4923,12 +4939,6 @@ void device_shutdown(void)
 		dev = list_entry(devices_kset->list.prev, struct device,
 				kobj.entry);
 
-		/*
-		 * hold reference count of device's parent to
-		 * prevent it from being freed because parent's
-		 * lock is to be held
-		 */
-		get_device(dev->parent);
 		get_device(dev);
 		/*
 		 * Make sure the device is off the kset list, in the
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 3/5] driver core: async device shutdown infrastructure

[David Jeffery]

Patterned after async suspend, allow devices to mark themselves as wanting
to perform async shutdown. Devices using async shutdown wait only for their
dependencies to shutdown before executing their shutdown routine.

Sync shutdown devices are shut down one at a time and will only wait for an
async shutdown device if the async device is a dependency.

Enabled by default, async shutdown can be explicitly enabled or disabled
by using the kernel parameter "core.async_shutdown=<bool>"

Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
---
 .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt         |  10 ++
 drivers/base/base.h                           |   2 +
 drivers/base/core.c                           | 127 +++++++++++++++++-
 include/linux/device.h                        |   2 +
 4 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
index b5a51a36a048..dd912f47ace4 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -1019,6 +1019,16 @@ Kernel parameters
 			seconds. A value of 0 disables the blank timer.
 			Defaults to 0.
 
+	core.async_shutdown=
+			[KNL]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Enable or disable asynchronous shutdown support. When
+			enabled, on system shutdown unrelated devices flagged
+			as async shutdown compatible may be shut down in
+			parallel and asynchronously. When disabled, device
+			shutdown is performed in a serially and synchronously.
+			Enabled by default.
+
 	coredump_filter=
 			[KNL] Change the default value for
 			/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
diff --git a/drivers/base/base.h b/drivers/base/base.h
index a5b7abc10ff0..40dbf588a5d6 100644
--- a/drivers/base/base.h
+++ b/drivers/base/base.h
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ struct driver_private {
  *			   dev_err_probe() for later retrieval via debugfs
  * @device: pointer back to the struct device that this structure is
  *	    associated with.
+ * @complete: completion for device shutdown ordering
  * @dead: This device is currently either in the process of or has been
  *	  removed from the system. Any asynchronous events scheduled for this
  *	  device should exit without taking any action.
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ struct device_private {
 	const struct device_driver *async_driver;
 	char *deferred_probe_reason;
 	struct device *device;
+	struct completion complete;
 	u8 dead:1;
 };
 #define to_device_private_parent(obj)	\
diff --git a/drivers/base/core.c b/drivers/base/core.c
index 3b3d983b1747..751fe2e13b3a 100644
--- a/drivers/base/core.c
+++ b/drivers/base/core.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <linux/acpi.h>
+#include <linux/async.h>
 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
 #include <linux/cleanup.h>
 #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
@@ -37,6 +38,10 @@
 #include "physical_location.h"
 #include "power/power.h"
 
+static bool async_shutdown = true;
+module_param(async_shutdown, bool, 0644);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(async_shutdown, "Enable asynchronous device shutdown support");
+
 /* Device links support. */
 static LIST_HEAD(deferred_sync);
 static unsigned int defer_sync_state_count = 1;
@@ -3606,6 +3611,7 @@ static int device_private_init(struct device *dev)
 	klist_init(&dev->p->klist_children, klist_children_get,
 		   klist_children_put);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->p->deferred_probe);
+	init_completion(&dev->p->complete);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -3895,6 +3901,7 @@ bool kill_device(struct device *dev)
 	if (dev->p->dead)
 		return false;
 	dev->p->dead = true;
+	complete_all(&dev->p->complete);
 	return true;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kill_device);
@@ -4865,6 +4872,37 @@ int device_change_owner(struct device *dev, kuid_t kuid, kgid_t kgid)
 	return error;
 }
 
+static bool wants_async_shutdown(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return async_shutdown && dev_async_shutdown(dev);
+}
+
+static int wait_for_device_shutdown(struct device *dev, void *data)
+{
+	bool async = *(bool *)data;
+
+	if (async || wants_async_shutdown(dev))
+		wait_for_completion(&dev->p->complete);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void wait_for_shutdown_dependencies(struct device *dev, bool async)
+{
+	struct device_link *link;
+	int idx;
+
+	device_for_each_child(dev, &async, wait_for_device_shutdown);
+
+	idx = device_links_read_lock();
+
+	dev_for_each_link_to_consumer(link, dev)
+		if (!device_link_flag_is_sync_state_only(link->flags))
+			wait_for_device_shutdown(link->consumer, &async);
+
+	device_links_read_unlock(idx);
+}
+
 static void __shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
 {
 	if (dev->p->dead)
@@ -4888,6 +4926,8 @@ static void __shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
 			dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
 		dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
 	}
+
+	complete_all(&dev->p->complete);
 }
 
 static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
@@ -4917,6 +4957,80 @@ static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
 	put_device(dev);
 }
 
+static void async_shutdown_handler(void *data, async_cookie_t cookie)
+{
+	struct device *dev = data;
+
+	wait_for_shutdown_dependencies(dev, true);
+	shutdown_one_device(dev);
+}
+
+static bool shutdown_device_async(struct device *dev)
+{
+	if (async_schedule_dev_nocall(async_shutdown_handler, dev))
+		return true;
+
+	dev_clear_async_shutdown(dev);
+	return false;
+}
+
+
+static void start_async_shutdown_devices(void)
+{
+	struct device *dev, *next, *ndev, *needs_put = NULL;
+	bool clear_async = false;
+
+	if (!async_shutdown)
+		return;
+
+	spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
+restart:
+	list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(dev, next, &devices_kset->list,
+					 kobj.entry) {
+		if (wants_async_shutdown(dev)) {
+			if (clear_async) {
+				dev_clear_async_shutdown(dev);
+				continue;
+			}
+			get_device(dev);
+
+			if (!list_entry_is_head(next, &devices_kset->list,
+						kobj.entry))
+				ndev = get_device(next);
+			else
+				ndev = NULL;
+			spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
+
+			if (shutdown_device_async(dev)) {
+				list_del_init(&dev->kobj.entry);
+			} else {
+				/*
+				 * async failed, clean up extra reference
+				 * and run shutdown from the sync shutdown loop
+				 */
+				clear_async = true;
+				put_device(dev);
+			}
+			if (needs_put)
+				put_device(needs_put);
+			needs_put = ndev;
+			spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
+			/*
+			 * If the next device has been marked dead while the
+			 * spinlock was released, it may no longer be on the
+			 * devices_kset list. Restart the list walk to be safe
+			 */
+			if (ndev && ndev->p->dead)
+				goto restart;
+		}
+	}
+
+	spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
+
+	if (needs_put)
+		put_device(needs_put);
+}
+
 /**
  * device_shutdown - call ->shutdown() on each device to shutdown.
  */
@@ -4929,6 +5043,12 @@ void device_shutdown(void)
 
 	cpufreq_suspend();
 
+	/*
+	 * Start async device threads where possible to maximize potential
+	 * parallelism and minimize false dependency on unrelated sync devices
+	 */
+	start_async_shutdown_devices();
+
 	spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
 	/*
 	 * Walk the devices list backward, shutting down each in turn.
@@ -4947,11 +5067,16 @@ void device_shutdown(void)
 		list_del_init(&dev->kobj.entry);
 		spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
 
-		shutdown_one_device(dev);
+		if (!wants_async_shutdown(dev) || !shutdown_device_async(dev)) {
+			wait_for_shutdown_dependencies(dev, false);
+			shutdown_one_device(dev);
+		}
 
 		spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
 	}
 	spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
+
+	async_synchronize_full();
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/include/linux/device.h b/include/linux/device.h
index 7b2baffdd2f5..f913d72218f8 100644
--- a/include/linux/device.h
+++ b/include/linux/device.h
@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@ enum struct_device_flags {
 	DEV_FLAG_OF_NODE_REUSED = 7,
 	DEV_FLAG_OFFLINE_DISABLED = 8,
 	DEV_FLAG_OFFLINE = 9,
+	DEV_FLAG_ASYNC_SHUTDOWN = 10,
 
 	DEV_FLAG_COUNT
 };
@@ -827,6 +828,7 @@ __create_dev_flag_accessors(dma_coherent, DEV_FLAG_DMA_COHERENT);
 __create_dev_flag_accessors(of_node_reused, DEV_FLAG_OF_NODE_REUSED);
 __create_dev_flag_accessors(offline_disabled, DEV_FLAG_OFFLINE_DISABLED);
 __create_dev_flag_accessors(offline, DEV_FLAG_OFFLINE);
+__create_dev_flag_accessors(async_shutdown, DEV_FLAG_ASYNC_SHUTDOWN);
 
 #undef __create_dev_flag_accessors
 
-- 
2.54.0

Re: [PATCH 3/5] driver core: async device shutdown infrastructure

[David Jeffery]

On Tue, Jun 16, 2026 at 11:23 AM David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com> wrote:
>
> Patterned after async suspend, allow devices to mark themselves as wanting
> to perform async shutdown. Devices using async shutdown wait only for their
> dependencies to shutdown before executing their shutdown routine.
>
> Sync shutdown devices are shut down one at a time and will only wait for an
> async shutdown device if the async device is a dependency.
>
> Enabled by default, async shutdown can be explicitly enabled or disabled
> by using the kernel parameter "core.async_shutdown=<bool>"
>
> Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
> Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
> Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
> ---
>  .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt         |  10 ++
>  drivers/base/base.h                           |   2 +
>  drivers/base/core.c                           | 127 +++++++++++++++++-
>  include/linux/device.h                        |   2 +
>  4 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> index b5a51a36a048..dd912f47ace4 100644
> --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
> @@ -1019,6 +1019,16 @@ Kernel parameters
>                         seconds. A value of 0 disables the blank timer.
>                         Defaults to 0.
>
> +       core.async_shutdown=
> +                       [KNL]
> +                       Format: <bool>
> +                       Enable or disable asynchronous shutdown support. When
> +                       enabled, on system shutdown unrelated devices flagged
> +                       as async shutdown compatible may be shut down in
> +                       parallel and asynchronously. When disabled, device
> +                       shutdown is performed in a serially and synchronously.
> +                       Enabled by default.
> +
>         coredump_filter=
>                         [KNL] Change the default value for
>                         /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
> diff --git a/drivers/base/base.h b/drivers/base/base.h
> index a5b7abc10ff0..40dbf588a5d6 100644
> --- a/drivers/base/base.h
> +++ b/drivers/base/base.h
> @@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ struct driver_private {
>   *                        dev_err_probe() for later retrieval via debugfs
>   * @device: pointer back to the struct device that this structure is
>   *         associated with.
> + * @complete: completion for device shutdown ordering
>   * @dead: This device is currently either in the process of or has been
>   *       removed from the system. Any asynchronous events scheduled for this
>   *       device should exit without taking any action.
> @@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ struct device_private {
>         const struct device_driver *async_driver;
>         char *deferred_probe_reason;
>         struct device *device;
> +       struct completion complete;
>         u8 dead:1;
>  };
>  #define to_device_private_parent(obj)  \
> diff --git a/drivers/base/core.c b/drivers/base/core.c
> index 3b3d983b1747..751fe2e13b3a 100644
> --- a/drivers/base/core.c
> +++ b/drivers/base/core.c
> @@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
>   */
>
>  #include <linux/acpi.h>
> +#include <linux/async.h>
>  #include <linux/blkdev.h>
>  #include <linux/cleanup.h>
>  #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
> @@ -37,6 +38,10 @@
>  #include "physical_location.h"
>  #include "power/power.h"
>
> +static bool async_shutdown = true;
> +module_param(async_shutdown, bool, 0644);
> +MODULE_PARM_DESC(async_shutdown, "Enable asynchronous device shutdown support");
> +
>  /* Device links support. */
>  static LIST_HEAD(deferred_sync);
>  static unsigned int defer_sync_state_count = 1;
> @@ -3606,6 +3611,7 @@ static int device_private_init(struct device *dev)
>         klist_init(&dev->p->klist_children, klist_children_get,
>                    klist_children_put);
>         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->p->deferred_probe);
> +       init_completion(&dev->p->complete);
>         return 0;
>  }
>
> @@ -3895,6 +3901,7 @@ bool kill_device(struct device *dev)
>         if (dev->p->dead)
>                 return false;
>         dev->p->dead = true;
> +       complete_all(&dev->p->complete);
>         return true;
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kill_device);
> @@ -4865,6 +4872,37 @@ int device_change_owner(struct device *dev, kuid_t kuid, kgid_t kgid)
>         return error;
>  }
>
> +static bool wants_async_shutdown(struct device *dev)
> +{
> +       return async_shutdown && dev_async_shutdown(dev);
> +}
> +
> +static int wait_for_device_shutdown(struct device *dev, void *data)
> +{
> +       bool async = *(bool *)data;
> +
> +       if (async || wants_async_shutdown(dev))
> +               wait_for_completion(&dev->p->complete);
> +
> +       return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static void wait_for_shutdown_dependencies(struct device *dev, bool async)
> +{
> +       struct device_link *link;
> +       int idx;
> +
> +       device_for_each_child(dev, &async, wait_for_device_shutdown);
> +
> +       idx = device_links_read_lock();
> +
> +       dev_for_each_link_to_consumer(link, dev)
> +               if (!device_link_flag_is_sync_state_only(link->flags))
> +                       wait_for_device_shutdown(link->consumer, &async);
> +
> +       device_links_read_unlock(idx);
> +}
> +
>  static void __shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
>  {
>         if (dev->p->dead)
> @@ -4888,6 +4926,8 @@ static void __shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
>                         dev_info(dev, "shutdown\n");
>                 dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
>         }
> +
> +       complete_all(&dev->p->complete);
>  }
>
>  static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
> @@ -4917,6 +4957,80 @@ static void shutdown_one_device(struct device *dev)
>         put_device(dev);
>  }
>
> +static void async_shutdown_handler(void *data, async_cookie_t cookie)
> +{
> +       struct device *dev = data;
> +
> +       wait_for_shutdown_dependencies(dev, true);
> +       shutdown_one_device(dev);
> +}
> +
> +static bool shutdown_device_async(struct device *dev)
> +{
> +       if (async_schedule_dev_nocall(async_shutdown_handler, dev))
> +               return true;
> +
> +       dev_clear_async_shutdown(dev);
> +       return false;
> +}
> +
> +
> +static void start_async_shutdown_devices(void)
> +{
> +       struct device *dev, *next, *ndev, *needs_put = NULL;
> +       bool clear_async = false;
> +
> +       if (!async_shutdown)
> +               return;
> +
> +       spin_lock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
> +restart:
> +       list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(dev, next, &devices_kset->list,
> +                                        kobj.entry) {
> +               if (wants_async_shutdown(dev)) {
> +                       if (clear_async) {
> +                               dev_clear_async_shutdown(dev);
> +                               continue;
> +                       }
> +                       get_device(dev);
> +
> +                       if (!list_entry_is_head(next, &devices_kset->list,
> +                                               kobj.entry))
> +                               ndev = get_device(next);
> +                       else
> +                               ndev = NULL;
> +                       spin_unlock(&devices_kset->list_lock);
> +
> +                       if (shutdown_device_async(dev)) {
> +                               list_del_init(&dev->kobj.entry);


Sashiko detected a locking error here. The lock rework made
list_del_init occur while not holding the spinlock, which is a
potential list corruption issue. This will be corrected in the next
iteration.

David Jeffery

Re: [PATCH 3/5] driver core: async device shutdown infrastructure

[Randy Dunlap]

On 6/16/26 8:22 AM, David Jeffery wrote:
> +	core.async_shutdown=
> +			[KNL]
> +			Format: <bool>
> +			Enable or disable asynchronous shutdown support. When
> +			enabled, on system shutdown unrelated devices flagged
> +			as async shutdown compatible may be shut down in
> +			parallel and asynchronously. When disabled, device
> +			shutdown is performed in a serially and synchronously.

			            performed serially and synchronously.

> +			Enabled by default.

-- 
~Randy

[PATCH 4/5] PCI: Enable async shutdown support

[David Jeffery]

Like its async suspend support, allow PCI device shutdown to be performed
asynchronously to reduce shutdown time.

Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Reviewed-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
---
 drivers/pci/probe.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/pci/probe.c b/drivers/pci/probe.c
index b63cd0c310bc..7cf3dabc885e 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/probe.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/probe.c
@@ -1045,6 +1045,7 @@ static int pci_register_host_bridge(struct pci_host_bridge *bridge)
 
 	bus->bridge = get_device(&bridge->dev);
 	device_enable_async_suspend(bus->bridge);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(bus->bridge);
 	pci_set_bus_of_node(bus);
 	pci_set_bus_msi_domain(bus);
 	if (bridge->msi_domain && !dev_get_msi_domain(&bus->dev) &&
@@ -2753,6 +2754,7 @@ void pci_device_add(struct pci_dev *dev, struct pci_bus *bus)
 	pci_reassigndev_resource_alignment(dev);
 
 	pci_init_capabilities(dev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&dev->dev);
 
 	/*
 	 * Add the device to our list of discovered devices
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 5/5] scsi: Enable async shutdown support

[David Jeffery]

Like scsi's async suspend support, allow scsi devices to be shut down
asynchronously to reduce system shutdown time.

Signed-off-by: David Jeffery <djeffery@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stuart Hayes <stuart.w.hayes@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Reviewed-by: John Garry <john.g.garry@oracle.com>
---
 drivers/scsi/hosts.c      | 2 ++
 drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/scsi/hosts.c b/drivers/scsi/hosts.c
index e047747d4ecf..bf691acc7a67 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/hosts.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/hosts.c
@@ -273,6 +273,7 @@ int scsi_add_host_with_dma(struct Scsi_Host *shost, struct device *dev,
 	pm_runtime_set_active(&shost->shost_gendev);
 	pm_runtime_enable(&shost->shost_gendev);
 	device_enable_async_suspend(&shost->shost_gendev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&shost->shost_gendev);
 
 	error = device_add(&shost->shost_gendev);
 	if (error)
@@ -282,6 +283,7 @@ int scsi_add_host_with_dma(struct Scsi_Host *shost, struct device *dev,
 	get_device(shost->shost_gendev.parent);
 
 	device_enable_async_suspend(&shost->shost_dev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&shost->shost_dev);
 
 	get_device(&shost->shost_gendev);
 	error = device_add(&shost->shost_dev);
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c b/drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c
index dfc3559e7e04..8fd317aef37b 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c
@@ -1386,6 +1386,7 @@ static int scsi_target_add(struct scsi_target *starget)
 	pm_runtime_set_active(&starget->dev);
 	pm_runtime_enable(&starget->dev);
 	device_enable_async_suspend(&starget->dev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&starget->dev);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1412,6 +1413,7 @@ int scsi_sysfs_add_sdev(struct scsi_device *sdev)
 	transport_configure_device(&starget->dev);
 
 	device_enable_async_suspend(&sdev->sdev_gendev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&sdev->sdev_gendev);
 	scsi_autopm_get_target(starget);
 	pm_runtime_set_active(&sdev->sdev_gendev);
 	if (!sdev->rpm_autosuspend)
@@ -1431,6 +1433,7 @@ int scsi_sysfs_add_sdev(struct scsi_device *sdev)
 	}
 
 	device_enable_async_suspend(&sdev->sdev_dev);
+	dev_set_async_shutdown(&sdev->sdev_dev);
 	error = device_add(&sdev->sdev_dev);
 	if (error) {
 		sdev_printk(KERN_INFO, sdev,
-- 
2.54.0