[PATCH v4 0/2] cpufreq: spacemit: Add cpufreq support for K1 SoC

[PATCH v4 0/2] cpufreq: spacemit: Add cpufreq support for K1 SoC

[Shuwei Wu]

This series enables CPU DVFS for the SpacemiT K1 SoC using the generic
cpufreq-dt driver.

K1 has two CPU clock clusters. The two clusters have separate CPU clocks,
so they are represented as two cpufreq policies: policy0 for CPUs 0-3 and
policy4 for CPUs 4-7.

The CPU voltage rail is shared between the clusters. To model this with two
policies, the OPP entries describe voltage ranges instead of a single fixed
voltage, so the shared regulator can keep the rail within a range acceptable
for the active OPP constraints.

Tested on Banana Pi BPI-F3:

~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/online
0-7

~ # ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/
policy0  policy4

~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_driver
cpufreq-dt
~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/affected_cpus
0 1 2 3

~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_driver
cpufreq-dt
~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/affected_cpus
4 5 6 7

Both policies expose the same OPP frequencies:

~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_available_frequencies
614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000

~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_available_frequencies
614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000

For each policy, scaling_setspeed was set to each supported OPP and the
workload was pinned to one CPU covered by that policy with taskset.
CPU0 was used for policy0, and CPU4 was used for policy4. The clock rates below
are from /sys/kernel/debug/clk/clk_summary.

policy0 / CPU0:
----------------------------------------------------------
Frequency    |  cpu_c0_core_clk  |  Real (s)  |  User (s)
(kHz)        |  (Hz)             |            |
-------------+-------------------+------------+-----------
1,600,000    |  1,600,000,000    |    1.81    |    1.80
1,228,800    |  1,228,800,000    |    2.37    |    2.37
1,000,000    |  1,000,000,000    |    2.89    |    2.89
  819,000    |    819,200,000    |    3.56    |    3.55
  614,400    |    614,400,000    |    4.71    |    4.71
----------------------------------------------------------

policy4 / CPU4:
----------------------------------------------------------
Frequency    |  cpu_c1_core_clk  |  Real (s)  |  User (s)
(kHz)        |  (Hz)             |            |
-------------+-------------------+------------+-----------
1,600,000    |  1,600,000,000    |    1.81    |    1.80
1,228,800    |  1,228,800,000    |    2.36    |    2.36
1,000,000    |  1,000,000,000    |    2.89    |    2.89
  819,000    |    819,200,000    |    3.55    |    3.55
  614,400    |    614,400,000    |    4.71    |    4.70
----------------------------------------------------------

Signed-off-by: Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>
---
Changes in v4:
- Represent K1 as two cpufreq-dt policies, one per CPU clock cluster
- Use OPP voltage ranges for the shared CPU supply
- Link to v3: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260612-shadow-deps-v3-0-2f3ba88611ff@mailbox.org

Changes in v3:
- Add a K1-specific cpufreq driver for the shared-rail, dual-clock topology
- Use one shared CPU OPP table and one cpufreq policy for all CPUs
- Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260410-shadow-deps-v2-0-4e16b8c0f60e@mailbox.org

Changes in v2:
- Move OPP tables to dedicated k1-opp.dtsi
- Enable OPP only on BPI-F3 with cpu-supply present
- Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260308-shadow-deps-v1-0-0ceb5c7c07eb@mailbox.org

---
Shuwei Wu (2):
      cpufreq: dt-platdev: Add SpacemiT K1 SoC to the allowlist
      riscv: dts: spacemit: Add cpu scaling for K1 SoC

 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts |  35 +++++++-
 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi        | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi            |   8 ++
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c            |   2 +
 4 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
---
base-commit: 5164e95565d3fd508ca8a95351323f5716dfb695
change-id: 20260307-shadow-deps-3582a78aa756
prerequisite-patch-id: 154bd4f720ce5065d58b988de8f273207b44572e
prerequisite-message-id: <20260206-spacemit-p1-v4-0-8f695d93811e@riscstar.com>
prerequisite-patch-id: 5da3e75b18291a5540d4f66d7a0600fb8975ef62
prerequisite-patch-id: bcf41917414ecef8cf743095d130f6004c32f6a5
prerequisite-patch-id: cfe3800f8c791ec4c63e070af9628e88e0fc31b9
prerequisite-message-id: <20260305-k1-clk-fix-v1-1-abca85d6e266@mailbox.org>
prerequisite-patch-id: 7c7fb9f87dba019ece4c97c45750349a7cd28f3a

Best regards,
-- 
Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>

[PATCH v4 1/2] cpufreq: dt-platdev: Add SpacemiT K1 SoC to the allowlist

[Shuwei Wu]

Add the compatible string for supporting the generic
cpufreq driver on the SpacemiT K1 SoC.

Signed-off-by: Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>
---
Changes in v4:
- Drop the K1-specific cpufreq driver and use cpufreq-dt again
- Add spacemit,k1 back to the cpufreq-dt allowlist

Changes in v3:
- Add a K1-specific cpufreq driver for the shared-rail, dual-clock topology
- Add spacemit,k1 to the cpufreq-dt blocklist
---
---
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c
index 25fd3b191b7e..e262394b56f9 100644
--- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c
+++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ static const struct of_device_id allowlist[] __initconst = {
 		{ .have_governor_per_policy = true, },
 	},
 
+	{ .compatible = "spacemit,k1", },
+
 	{ .compatible = "st-ericsson,u8500", },
 	{ .compatible = "st-ericsson,u8540", },
 	{ .compatible = "st-ericsson,u9500", },

-- 
2.53.0

[PATCH v4 2/2] riscv: dts: spacemit: Add cpu scaling for K1 SoC

[Shuwei Wu]

Add CPU clock properties and OPP tables for the two CPU clusters in the
SpacemiT K1 SoC. The OPP entries use voltage ranges because the CPU
supply is shared by both clusters.

Enable CPU DVFS on Banana Pi BPI-F3 by including the OPP tables and
wiring the CPU nodes to the CPU regulator supply.

Signed-off-by: Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>
---
Changes in v4:
- Use separate OPP tables for the two CPU clock clusters
- Use voltage ranges for the shared CPU supply

Changes in v3:
- Use one shared CPU OPP table for all CPUs

Changes in v2:
- Add k1-opp.dtsi with OPP tables for both CPU clusters
- Assign CPU supplies and include OPP table for Banana Pi BPI-F3
---
---
 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts |  35 +++++++-
 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi        | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi            |   8 ++
 3 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
index 444c3b1e6f44..487179f7b9b9 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
+++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "k1.dtsi"
+#include "k1-opp.dtsi"
 #include "k1-pinctrl.dtsi"
 
 / {
@@ -86,6 +87,38 @@ &combo_phy {
 	status = "okay";
 };
 
+&cpu_0 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_1 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_2 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_3 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_4 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_5 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_6 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
+&cpu_7 {
+	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
+};
+
 &emmc {
 	bus-width = <8>;
 	mmc-hs400-1_8v;
@@ -201,7 +234,7 @@ pmic@41 {
 		dldoin2-supply = <&buck5>;
 
 		regulators {
-			buck1 {
+			buck1_0v9: buck1 {
 				regulator-min-microvolt = <500000>;
 				regulator-max-microvolt = <3450000>;
 				regulator-ramp-delay = <5000>;
diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4cebfcd87485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR MIT)
+
+/ {
+	cluster0_opp_table: opp-table-cluster0 {
+		compatible = "operating-points-v2";
+		opp-shared;
+
+		opp-614400000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <614400000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-819000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <819000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1000000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1000000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1228800000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1228800000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1600000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1600000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <1050000 1050000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+	};
+
+	cluster1_opp_table: opp-table-cluster1 {
+		compatible = "operating-points-v2";
+		opp-shared;
+
+		opp-614400000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <614400000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-819000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <819000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1000000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1000000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1228800000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1228800000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+
+		opp-1600000000 {
+			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1600000000>;
+			opp-microvolt = <1050000 1050000 1050000>;
+			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
+		};
+	};
+};
+
+&cpu_0 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_1 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_2 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_3 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_4 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_5 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_6 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
+};
+
+&cpu_7 {
+	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
+};
diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
index 529ec68e9c23..bdd109b81730 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
+++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ cpu_0: cpu@0 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <0>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ cpu_1: cpu@1 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <1>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ cpu_2: cpu@2 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <2>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -144,6 +147,7 @@ cpu_3: cpu@3 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <3>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -174,6 +178,7 @@ cpu_4: cpu@4 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <4>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -204,6 +209,7 @@ cpu_5: cpu@5 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <5>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -234,6 +240,7 @@ cpu_6: cpu@6 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <6>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
@@ -264,6 +271,7 @@ cpu_7: cpu@7 {
 			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
 			device_type = "cpu";
 			reg = <7>;
+			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
 			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
 			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
 			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",

-- 
2.53.0

Re: [PATCH v4 2/2] riscv: dts: spacemit: Add cpu scaling for K1 SoC

[Andre Heider]

On 26.06.26 10:10 AM, Shuwei Wu wrote:
> Add CPU clock properties and OPP tables for the two CPU clusters in the
> SpacemiT K1 SoC. The OPP entries use voltage ranges because the CPU
> supply is shared by both clusters.
> 
> Enable CPU DVFS on Banana Pi BPI-F3 by including the OPP tables and
> wiring the CPU nodes to the CPU regulator supply.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>

With the musepi-pro dts enablement patch [0] on top, this is
Tested-by: Andre Heider <a.heider@gmail.com> # k1-musepi-pro

Works as advertised, I get two policies, matching the clusters:
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/related_cpus
0 1 2 3
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/related_cpus
4 5 6 7

Some time after boot:
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/stats/time_in_state
614400 31124
819000 185
1000000 158
1228800 341
1600000 1148
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/stats/time_in_state
614400 29232
819000 198
1000000 212
1228800 443
1600000 3428

Creating one single-threaded load increases max freq time_in_state in one policy (4 here):
$ yes > /dev/null &
(...after some time)
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/stats/time_in_state
614400 45244
819000 187
1000000 169
1228800 345
1600000 1148
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/stats/time_in_state
614400 38794
819000 201
1000000 226
1228800 450
1600000 7580

Creating load for all 8 cores in both:
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &
$ yes > /dev/null &

$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/stats/time_in_state
614400 51371
819000 190
1000000 171
1228800 352
1600000 4391
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/stats/time_in_state
614400 44121
819000 203
1000000 244
1228800 452
1600000 11812

Thanks!
Andre

[0] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260614122812.2287506-1-a.heider@gmail.com/

> ---
> Changes in v4:
> - Use separate OPP tables for the two CPU clock clusters
> - Use voltage ranges for the shared CPU supply
> 
> Changes in v3:
> - Use one shared CPU OPP table for all CPUs
> 
> Changes in v2:
> - Add k1-opp.dtsi with OPP tables for both CPU clusters
> - Assign CPU supplies and include OPP table for Banana Pi BPI-F3
> ---
> ---
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts |  35 +++++++-
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi        | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi            |   8 ++
>   3 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
> index 444c3b1e6f44..487179f7b9b9 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
> +++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts
> @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
>    */
>   
>   #include "k1.dtsi"
> +#include "k1-opp.dtsi"
>   #include "k1-pinctrl.dtsi"
>   
>   / {
> @@ -86,6 +87,38 @@ &combo_phy {
>   	status = "okay";
>   };
>   
> +&cpu_0 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_1 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_2 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_3 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_4 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_5 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_6 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_7 {
> +	cpu-supply = <&buck1_0v9>;
> +};
> +
>   &emmc {
>   	bus-width = <8>;
>   	mmc-hs400-1_8v;
> @@ -201,7 +234,7 @@ pmic@41 {
>   		dldoin2-supply = <&buck5>;
>   
>   		regulators {
> -			buck1 {
> +			buck1_0v9: buck1 {
>   				regulator-min-microvolt = <500000>;
>   				regulator-max-microvolt = <3450000>;
>   				regulator-ramp-delay = <5000>;
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..4cebfcd87485
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi
> @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR MIT)
> +
> +/ {
> +	cluster0_opp_table: opp-table-cluster0 {
> +		compatible = "operating-points-v2";
> +		opp-shared;
> +
> +		opp-614400000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <614400000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-819000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <819000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1000000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1000000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1228800000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1228800000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1600000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1600000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <1050000 1050000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +	};
> +
> +	cluster1_opp_table: opp-table-cluster1 {
> +		compatible = "operating-points-v2";
> +		opp-shared;
> +
> +		opp-614400000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <614400000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-819000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <819000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1000000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1000000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1228800000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1228800000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <950000 950000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +
> +		opp-1600000000 {
> +			opp-hz = /bits/ 64 <1600000000>;
> +			opp-microvolt = <1050000 1050000 1050000>;
> +			clock-latency-ns = <200000>;
> +		};
> +	};
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_0 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_1 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_2 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_3 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster0_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_4 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_5 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_6 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
> +};
> +
> +&cpu_7 {
> +	operating-points-v2 = <&cluster1_opp_table>;
> +};
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
> index 529ec68e9c23..bdd109b81730 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
> +++ b/arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi
> @@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ cpu_0: cpu@0 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <0>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ cpu_1: cpu@1 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <1>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ cpu_2: cpu@2 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <2>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -144,6 +147,7 @@ cpu_3: cpu@3 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <3>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C0_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -174,6 +178,7 @@ cpu_4: cpu@4 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <4>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -204,6 +209,7 @@ cpu_5: cpu@5 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <5>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -234,6 +240,7 @@ cpu_6: cpu@6 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <6>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> @@ -264,6 +271,7 @@ cpu_7: cpu@7 {
>   			compatible = "spacemit,x60", "riscv";
>   			device_type = "cpu";
>   			reg = <7>;
> +			clocks = <&syscon_apmu CLK_CPU_C1_CORE>;
>   			riscv,isa = "rv64imafdcbv_zicbom_zicbop_zicboz_zicntr_zicond_zicsr_zifencei_zihintpause_zihpm_zfh_zba_zbb_zbc_zbs_zkt_zvfh_zvkt_sscofpmf_sstc_svinval_svnapot_svpbmt";
>   			riscv,isa-base = "rv64i";
>   			riscv,isa-extensions = "i", "m", "a", "f", "d", "c", "b", "v", "zicbom",
> 

Re: [PATCH v4 0/2] cpufreq: spacemit: Add cpufreq support for K1 SoC

[Gong Shuai]

On 6/26/2026 4:10 PM, Shuwei Wu wrote:
> This series enables CPU DVFS for the SpacemiT K1 SoC using the generic
> cpufreq-dt driver.
> 
> K1 has two CPU clock clusters. The two clusters have separate CPU clocks,
> so they are represented as two cpufreq policies: policy0 for CPUs 0-3 and
> policy4 for CPUs 4-7.
> 
> The CPU voltage rail is shared between the clusters. To model this with two
> policies, the OPP entries describe voltage ranges instead of a single fixed
> voltage, so the shared regulator can keep the rail within a range acceptable
> for the active OPP constraints.
> 
> Tested on Banana Pi BPI-F3:
> 
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/online
> 0-7
> 
> ~ # ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/
> policy0  policy4
> 
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_driver
> cpufreq-dt
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/affected_cpus
> 0 1 2 3
> 
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_driver
> cpufreq-dt
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/affected_cpus
> 4 5 6 7
> 
> Both policies expose the same OPP frequencies:
> 
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_available_frequencies
> 614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000
> 
> ~ # cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_available_frequencies
> 614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000
> 
> For each policy, scaling_setspeed was set to each supported OPP and the
> workload was pinned to one CPU covered by that policy with taskset.
> CPU0 was used for policy0, and CPU4 was used for policy4. The clock rates below
> are from /sys/kernel/debug/clk/clk_summary.
> 
> policy0 / CPU0:
> ----------------------------------------------------------
> Frequency    |  cpu_c0_core_clk  |  Real (s)  |  User (s)
> (kHz)        |  (Hz)             |            |
> -------------+-------------------+------------+-----------
> 1,600,000    |  1,600,000,000    |    1.81    |    1.80
> 1,228,800    |  1,228,800,000    |    2.37    |    2.37
> 1,000,000    |  1,000,000,000    |    2.89    |    2.89
>    819,000    |    819,200,000    |    3.56    |    3.55
>    614,400    |    614,400,000    |    4.71    |    4.71
> ----------------------------------------------------------
> 
> policy4 / CPU4:
> ----------------------------------------------------------
> Frequency    |  cpu_c1_core_clk  |  Real (s)  |  User (s)
> (kHz)        |  (Hz)             |            |
> -------------+-------------------+------------+-----------
> 1,600,000    |  1,600,000,000    |    1.81    |    1.80
> 1,228,800    |  1,228,800,000    |    2.36    |    2.36
> 1,000,000    |  1,000,000,000    |    2.89    |    2.89
>    819,000    |    819,200,000    |    3.55    |    3.55
>    614,400    |    614,400,000    |    4.71    |    4.70
> ----------------------------------------------------------
> 
> Signed-off-by: Shuwei Wu <shuwei.wu@mailbox.org>

Hi Shuwei,

Thanks for your work.

I have tested this series on the OrangePi RV2 4GB board on top of
next-20260626, with Vincent's patch for OrangePi RV2 applied.

# uname -a
Linux orangepi-rv2 7.1.0-next-20260626-00005-g66ef697be46d #1 SMP PREEMPT Sat Jun 27 14:53:02 CST 2026 riscv64 GNU/Linux

# ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/
boost    policy0  policy4

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy*/scaling_driver
cpufreq-dt
cpufreq-dt

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/affected_cpus
0 1 2 3

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/affected_cpus
4 5 6 7

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy*/scaling_available_frequencies
614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000
614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000

I used the following test script to verify cpufreq functionality:

```bash
#!/bin/sh

echo userspace > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_governor
echo userspace > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_governor

echo "--- same frequency test ---"
for freq in 614400 819000 1000000 1228800 1600000; do
     echo $freq > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_setspeed
     echo $freq > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_setspeed
     sleep 1
     t=$(taskset -c 0 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
     echo "$freq kHz: ${t}s"
done

echo "--- mixed frequency test ---"
echo 614400 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_setspeed
echo 1600000 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_setspeed
sleep 1
t0=$(taskset -c 0 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
t4=$(taskset -c 4 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
echo "p0=614400 p4=1600000 -> cpu0=${t0}s cpu4=${t4}s"

echo 1600000 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_setspeed
echo 614400 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_setspeed
sleep 1
t0=$(taskset -c 0 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
t4=$(taskset -c 4 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
echo "p0=1600000 p4=614400 -> cpu0=${t0}s cpu4=${t4}s"

echo 1000000 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_setspeed
echo 1228800 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/scaling_setspeed
sleep 1
t0=$(taskset -c 0 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
t4=$(taskset -c 4 time -f "%e" dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1000 2>&1 | tail -1)
echo "p0=1000000 p4=1228800 -> cpu0=${t0}s cpu4=${t4}s"
```

Results:

# ./test_cpufreq_userspace.sh
--- same frequency test ---
614400 kHz: 0.90s
819000 kHz: 0.67s
1000000 kHz: 0.55s
1228800 kHz: 0.45s
1600000 kHz: 0.34s
--- mixed frequency test ---
p0=614400 p4=1600000 -> cpu0=0.90s cpu4=0.34s
p0=1600000 p4=614400 -> cpu0=0.34s cpu4=0.90s
p0=1000000 p4=1228800 -> cpu0=0.55s cpu4=0.45s


Tested-by: Gong Shuai <gsh517025@gmail.com> # OrangePi-RV2

Regards,
Shuai


> ---
> Changes in v4:
> - Represent K1 as two cpufreq-dt policies, one per CPU clock cluster
> - Use OPP voltage ranges for the shared CPU supply
> - Link to v3: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260612-shadow-deps-v3-0-2f3ba88611ff@mailbox.org
> 
> Changes in v3:
> - Add a K1-specific cpufreq driver for the shared-rail, dual-clock topology
> - Use one shared CPU OPP table and one cpufreq policy for all CPUs
> - Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260410-shadow-deps-v2-0-4e16b8c0f60e@mailbox.org
> 
> Changes in v2:
> - Move OPP tables to dedicated k1-opp.dtsi
> - Enable OPP only on BPI-F3 with cpu-supply present
> - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260308-shadow-deps-v1-0-0ceb5c7c07eb@mailbox.org
> 
> ---
> Shuwei Wu (2):
>        cpufreq: dt-platdev: Add SpacemiT K1 SoC to the allowlist
>        riscv: dts: spacemit: Add cpu scaling for K1 SoC
> 
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-bananapi-f3.dts |  35 +++++++-
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1-opp.dtsi        | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
>   arch/riscv/boot/dts/spacemit/k1.dtsi            |   8 ++
>   drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq-dt-platdev.c            |   2 +
>   4 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
> ---
> base-commit: 5164e95565d3fd508ca8a95351323f5716dfb695
> change-id: 20260307-shadow-deps-3582a78aa756
> prerequisite-patch-id: 154bd4f720ce5065d58b988de8f273207b44572e
> prerequisite-message-id: <20260206-spacemit-p1-v4-0-8f695d93811e@riscstar.com>
> prerequisite-patch-id: 5da3e75b18291a5540d4f66d7a0600fb8975ef62
> prerequisite-patch-id: bcf41917414ecef8cf743095d130f6004c32f6a5
> prerequisite-patch-id: cfe3800f8c791ec4c63e070af9628e88e0fc31b9
> prerequisite-message-id: <20260305-k1-clk-fix-v1-1-abca85d6e266@mailbox.org>
> prerequisite-patch-id: 7c7fb9f87dba019ece4c97c45750349a7cd28f3a
> 
> Best regards,