[RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[Fengnan Chang]

When running 4K random read workloads on high-performance Gen5 NVMe
SSDs, the software overhead in the iomap direct I/O path
(__iomap_dio_rw) becomes a significant bottleneck.

Using io_uring with poll mode for a 4K randread test on a raw block
device:
taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
-n1 -P1 /dev/nvme10n1
Result: ~3.2M IOPS

Running the exact same workload on ext4 and XFS:
taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
-n1 -P1 /mnt/testfile
Result: ~1.9M IOPS

Profiling the ext4 workload reveals that a significant portion of CPU
time is spent on memory allocation and the iomap state machine
iteration:
  5.33%  [kernel]  [k] __iomap_dio_rw
  3.26%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_iter
  2.37%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_bio_iter
  2.35%  [kernel]  [k] kfree
  1.33%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_complete

I attempted several incremental optimizations in the __iomap_dio_rw()
path to close the gap:
1. Allocating the `bio` and `struct iomap_dio` together to avoid a
   separate kmalloc. However, because `struct iomap_dio` is relatively
   large and the main path is complex, this yielded almost no
   performance improvement.
2. Reducing unnecessary state resets in the iomap state machine (e.g.,
   skipping `iomap_iter_reset_iomap` where safe). This provided a ~5%
   IOPS boost, which is helpful but still falls far short of closing
   the gap with the raw block device.

Since optimizing the heavy generic path did not yield the desired
results for this specific, highly-demanding Gen5 SSD scenario, this
RFC patch introduces a dedicated asynchronous fast path.

The fast path is triggered when the request satisfies:
- Asynchronous READ request only for now.
- I/O size is <= inode blocksize (fits in a single block, no splits).
- Aligned to the block device's logical block size.
- No bounce buffering, fscrypt, or fsverity involved.
- No custom `iomap_dio_ops` (dops) registered by the filesystem.

By using a dedicated bio_set (`iomap_dio_fast_read_pool`) to embed a
much smaller completion state (`struct iomap_dio_fast_read`) directly
in the bio's front padding, we completely eliminate kmalloc/kfree and
drastically shorten the execution path.

After this optimization, the heavy generic functions disappear from the
profile, replaced by a single streamlined execution path:
  4.83%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_fast_read_async.isra.31

With this patch, 4K random read IOPS on ext4 increases from 1.9M to
2.3M.

I am aware that adding a completely separate fast path introduces
duplicate code and may result in iomap_begin being called twice, this
likely unacceptable for merging in its current form.

However, I am submitting this patch to validate whether this
optimization direction is correct and worth pursuing. I would appreciate
feedback on how to better integrate these ideas into the main iomap
execution path.

Signed-off-by: Fengnan Chang <changfengnan@bytedance.com>
---
 fs/iomap/direct-io.c | 275 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 275 insertions(+)

diff --git a/fs/iomap/direct-io.c b/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
index e911daedff65a..e4183f7c2f962 100644
--- a/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
+++ b/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
@@ -5,10 +5,14 @@
  */
 #include <linux/blk-crypto.h>
 #include <linux/fscrypt.h>
+#include <linux/fsverity.h>
 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
 #include <linux/iomap.h>
 #include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>
 #include <linux/fserror.h>
+#include <linux/kobject.h>
+#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 
@@ -880,12 +884,231 @@ __iomap_dio_rw(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__iomap_dio_rw);
 
+static bool iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = true;
+
+struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
+	struct kiocb	*iocb;
+	size_t		size;
+	bool		should_dirty;
+	struct work_struct	work;
+	struct bio	bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
+};
+
+static struct bio_set iomap_dio_fast_read_pool;
+
+static void iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(struct work_struct *work)
+{
+	struct iomap_dio_fast_read *fr =
+		container_of(work, struct iomap_dio_fast_read, work);
+	struct kiocb *iocb = fr->iocb;
+	struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
+	bool should_dirty = fr->should_dirty;
+	struct bio *bio = &fr->bio;
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	WRITE_ONCE(iocb->private, NULL);
+
+	if (likely(!bio->bi_status)) {
+		ret = fr->size;
+		iocb->ki_pos += ret;
+	} else {
+		ret = blk_status_to_errno(bio->bi_status);
+		fserror_report_io(inode, FSERR_DIRECTIO_READ, iocb->ki_pos,
+				  fr->size, ret, GFP_NOFS);
+	}
+
+	if (should_dirty) {
+		bio_check_pages_dirty(bio);
+	} else {
+		bio_release_pages(bio, false);
+		bio_put(bio);
+	}
+
+	inode_dio_end(inode);
+
+	trace_iomap_dio_complete(iocb, ret < 0 ? ret : 0, ret > 0 ? ret : 0);
+	iocb->ki_complete(iocb, ret);
+}
+
+static void iomap_dio_fast_read_end_io(struct bio *bio)
+{
+	struct iomap_dio_fast_read *fr = bio->bi_private;
+	struct kiocb *iocb = fr->iocb;
+
+	if (unlikely(bio->bi_status)) {
+		struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
+
+		INIT_WORK(&fr->work, iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work);
+		queue_work(inode->i_sb->s_dio_done_wq, &fr->work);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(&fr->work);
+}
+
+static inline bool iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(struct kiocb *iocb,
+					  struct iov_iter *iter,
+					  unsigned int dio_flags,
+					  size_t done_before)
+{
+	struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
+	size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
+	unsigned int alignment;
+
+	if (!iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled)
+		return false;
+	if (iov_iter_rw(iter) != READ)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Fast read is an optimization for small IO. Filter out large IO early
+	 * as it's the most common case to fail for typical direct IO workloads.
+	 */
+	if (count > inode->i_sb->s_blocksize)
+		return false;
+
+	if (is_sync_kiocb(iocb) || done_before)
+		return false;
+	if (dio_flags & (IOMAP_DIO_FORCE_WAIT | IOMAP_DIO_BOUNCE))
+		return false;
+	if (iocb->ki_pos + count > i_size_read(inode))
+		return false;
+	if (IS_ENCRYPTED(inode) || fsverity_active(inode))
+		return false;
+
+	if (count < bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev))
+		return false;
+
+	if (dio_flags & IOMAP_DIO_FSBLOCK_ALIGNED)
+		alignment = i_blocksize(inode);
+	else
+		alignment = bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
+
+	if ((iocb->ki_pos | count) & (alignment - 1))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static ssize_t iomap_dio_fast_read_async(struct kiocb *iocb,
+					 struct iov_iter *iter,
+					 const struct iomap_ops *ops,
+					 void *private)
+{
+	struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
+	size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
+	int nr_pages = bio_iov_vecs_to_alloc(iter, BIO_MAX_VECS);
+	bool should_dirty = user_backed_iter(iter);
+	struct iomap_dio_fast_read *fr;
+	struct iomap_iter iomi = {
+		.inode		= inode,
+		.pos		= iocb->ki_pos,
+		.len		= count,
+		.flags		= IOMAP_DIRECT,
+		.private	= private,
+	};
+	struct bio *bio;
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT)
+		iomi.flags |= IOMAP_NOWAIT;
+
+	ret = kiocb_write_and_wait(iocb, count);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	inode_dio_begin(inode);
+
+	ret = ops->iomap_begin(inode, iomi.pos, count, iomi.flags,
+			       &iomi.iomap, &iomi.srcmap);
+	if (ret) {
+		inode_dio_end(inode);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	if (iomi.iomap.type != IOMAP_MAPPED ||
+	    iomi.iomap.offset > iomi.pos ||
+	    iomi.iomap.offset + iomi.iomap.length < iomi.pos + count ||
+	    (iomi.iomap.flags & IOMAP_F_ANON_WRITE)) {
+		ret = -EAGAIN;
+		goto out_iomap_end;
+	}
+
+	if (!inode->i_sb->s_dio_done_wq) {
+		ret = sb_init_dio_done_wq(inode->i_sb);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			goto out_iomap_end;
+	}
+
+	trace_iomap_dio_rw_begin(iocb, iter, 0, 0);
+
+	bio = bio_alloc_bioset(iomi.iomap.bdev, nr_pages,
+			       REQ_OP_READ | REQ_SYNC | REQ_IDLE,
+			       GFP_KERNEL, &iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
+	fr = container_of(bio, struct iomap_dio_fast_read, bio);
+	fr->iocb = iocb;
+	fr->should_dirty = should_dirty;
+
+	bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = iomap_sector(&iomi.iomap, iomi.pos);
+	bio->bi_ioprio = iocb->ki_ioprio;
+	bio->bi_private = fr;
+	bio->bi_end_io = iomap_dio_fast_read_end_io;
+
+	ret = bio_iov_iter_get_pages(bio, iter,
+				     bdev_logical_block_size(iomi.iomap.bdev) - 1);
+	if (unlikely(ret)) {
+		bio_put(bio);
+		goto out_iomap_end;
+	}
+
+	if (bio->bi_iter.bi_size != count) {
+		iov_iter_revert(iter, bio->bi_iter.bi_size);
+		bio_release_pages(bio, false);
+		bio_put(bio);
+		ret = -EAGAIN;
+		goto out_iomap_end;
+	}
+
+	fr->size = bio->bi_iter.bi_size;
+
+	if (should_dirty)
+		bio_set_pages_dirty(bio);
+
+	if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT)
+		bio->bi_opf |= REQ_NOWAIT;
+	if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI) {
+		bio->bi_opf |= REQ_POLLED;
+		bio_set_polled(bio, iocb);
+		WRITE_ONCE(iocb->private, bio);
+	}
+	submit_bio(bio);
+
+	if (ops->iomap_end)
+		ops->iomap_end(inode, iomi.pos, count, count, iomi.flags,
+			       &iomi.iomap);
+	return -EIOCBQUEUED;
+
+out_iomap_end:
+	if (ops->iomap_end)
+		ops->iomap_end(inode, iomi.pos, count, 0, iomi.flags,
+			       &iomi.iomap);
+	inode_dio_end(inode);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 ssize_t
 iomap_dio_rw(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
 		const struct iomap_ops *ops, const struct iomap_dio_ops *dops,
 		unsigned int dio_flags, void *private, size_t done_before)
 {
 	struct iomap_dio *dio;
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	if (!dops && iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(iocb, iter, dio_flags, done_before)) {
+		ret = iomap_dio_fast_read_async(iocb, iter, ops, private);
+		if (ret != -EAGAIN)
+			return ret;
+	}
 
 	dio = __iomap_dio_rw(iocb, iter, ops, dops, dio_flags, private,
 			     done_before);
@@ -894,3 +1117,55 @@ iomap_dio_rw(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
 	return iomap_dio_complete(dio);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(iomap_dio_rw);
+
+static ssize_t fast_read_enable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
+				     struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
+{
+	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%d\n", iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled);
+}
+
+static ssize_t fast_read_enable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
+				      struct kobj_attribute *attr,
+				      const char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+	bool enable;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = kstrtobool(buf, &enable);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = enable;
+	return count;
+}
+
+static struct kobj_attribute fast_read_enable_attr =
+	__ATTR(fast_read_enable, 0644, fast_read_enable_show, fast_read_enable_store);
+
+static struct kobject *iomap_kobj;
+
+static int __init iomap_dio_sysfs_init(void)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = bioset_init(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool, 4,
+			  offsetof(struct iomap_dio_fast_read, bio),
+			  BIOSET_NEED_BVECS | BIOSET_PERCPU_CACHE);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	iomap_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("iomap", fs_kobj);
+	if (!iomap_kobj) {
+		bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	if (sysfs_create_file(iomap_kobj, &fast_read_enable_attr.attr)) {
+		kobject_put(iomap_kobj);
+		bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+fs_initcall(iomap_dio_sysfs_init);
-- 
2.39.5 (Apple Git-154)

Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[Christoph Hellwig]

On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 08:26:47PM +0800, Fengnan Chang wrote:
> 1. Allocating the `bio` and `struct iomap_dio` together to avoid a
>    separate kmalloc. However, because `struct iomap_dio` is relatively
>    large and the main path is complex, this yielded almost no
>    performance improvement.

One interesting bit here would be a slab for struct iomap_dio, and
the previously discussed per-cpu allocation of some form.

> 2. Reducing unnecessary state resets in the iomap state machine (e.g.,
>    skipping `iomap_iter_reset_iomap` where safe). This provided a ~5%
>    IOPS boost, which is helpful but still falls far short of closing
>    the gap with the raw block device.

But it already is a major improvement, and one that would apply outside
of narrow special cases.  So I'd really like to see that patch.

> The fast path is triggered when the request satisfies:
> - Asynchronous READ request only for now.

I think you really should handle synchronous reads as well.

> - I/O size is <= inode blocksize (fits in a single block, no splits).

Makes sense, and I suspect this is the main source of speedups.

> - Aligned to the block device's logical block size.

All direct I/O requires this.

> - No bounce buffering, fscrypt, or fsverity involved.
> - No custom `iomap_dio_ops` (dops) registered by the filesystem.

I'm really curious at what difference this makes.  It removes a few
branches, but should not have much of an effect while limiting the
applicability a lot.

> After this optimization, the heavy generic functions disappear from the
> profile, replaced by a single streamlined execution path:
>   4.83%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_fast_read_async.isra.31
> 
> With this patch, 4K random read IOPS on ext4 increases from 1.9M to
> 2.3M.

That is still a lot slower than the block device path.  A big part of
it should be the extent lookup and locking associated with it, but
I'd expect things to be a bit better.  Do you have XFS version as well?

> However, I am submitting this patch to validate whether this
> optimization direction is correct and worth pursuing. I would appreciate
> feedback on how to better integrate these ideas into the main iomap
> execution path.

I think a <= block size fast path makes a lot of sense, just like we
have a simple version on the block device, but it needs more work.

> +struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
> +	struct kiocb	*iocb;
> +	size_t		size;
> +	bool		should_dirty;
> +	struct work_struct	work;
> +	struct bio	bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

Does the cache line alignment matter here?  If yes, can you explain why
in a comment?

> +static struct bio_set iomap_dio_fast_read_pool;

In general I'd prefer to stick to simple as in the block device version
instead of fast.

> +static void iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(struct work_struct *work)
> +{
> +	struct iomap_dio_fast_read *fr =
> +		container_of(work, struct iomap_dio_fast_read, work);
> +	struct kiocb *iocb = fr->iocb;
> +	struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
> +	bool should_dirty = fr->should_dirty;
> +	struct bio *bio = &fr->bio;
> +	ssize_t ret;
> +
> +	WRITE_ONCE(iocb->private, NULL);
> +
> +	if (likely(!bio->bi_status)) {
> +		ret = fr->size;
> +		iocb->ki_pos += ret;
> +	} else {
> +		ret = blk_status_to_errno(bio->bi_status);
> +		fserror_report_io(inode, FSERR_DIRECTIO_READ, iocb->ki_pos,
> +				  fr->size, ret, GFP_NOFS);
> +	}
> +
> +	if (should_dirty) {
> +		bio_check_pages_dirty(bio);
> +	} else {
> +		bio_release_pages(bio, false);
> +		bio_put(bio);
> +	}
> +
> +	inode_dio_end(inode);
> +
> +	trace_iomap_dio_complete(iocb, ret < 0 ? ret : 0, ret > 0 ? ret : 0);
> +	iocb->ki_complete(iocb, ret);

This is a lot of duplicate cork.  Can we somehow share it by passing
more arguments or embedding the simple context into the bigger one?

> +static inline bool iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(struct kiocb *iocb,
> +					  struct iov_iter *iter,
> +					  unsigned int dio_flags,
> +					  size_t done_before)

Please stick to two-tab indents for prototype continuations, which is
both more readable and easier to modify later.

> +	if (count < bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev))
> +		return false;

Sub-sector reads (unlike writes) don't require any special handling, so
I don't see why they are excluded.

> +	if (dio_flags & IOMAP_DIO_FSBLOCK_ALIGNED)
> +		alignment = i_blocksize(inode);
> +	else
> +		alignment = bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
> +
> +	if ((iocb->ki_pos | count) & (alignment - 1))
> +		return false;

Factor this into a helper?

> +	inode_dio_begin(inode);
> +
> +	ret = ops->iomap_begin(inode, iomi.pos, count, iomi.flags,
> +			       &iomi.iomap, &iomi.srcmap);
> +	if (ret) {
> +		inode_dio_end(inode);
> +		return ret;
> +	}

If we can I'd much prefer avoiding the open coded iomap_begin
invocation, as that is a real maintenance burden.

> +
> +	if (iomi.iomap.type != IOMAP_MAPPED ||
> +	    iomi.iomap.offset > iomi.pos ||
> +	    iomi.iomap.offset + iomi.iomap.length < iomi.pos + count ||
> +	    (iomi.iomap.flags & IOMAP_F_ANON_WRITE)) {

IOMAP_F_ANON_WRITE (as the name implies) only applies to writes.

> +		ret = -EAGAIN;

-EAGAIN is a bad status code, as we already use to indicate that a
non-blocking read blocks.

> +	ret = bio_iov_iter_get_pages(bio, iter,
> +				     bdev_logical_block_size(iomi.iomap.bdev) - 1);

Overly long line.  Also this needs to use the calculated alignment
value.

> +	if (unlikely(ret)) {
> +		bio_put(bio);
> +		goto out_iomap_end;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (bio->bi_iter.bi_size != count) {
> +		iov_iter_revert(iter, bio->bi_iter.bi_size);
> +		bio_release_pages(bio, false);
> +		bio_put(bio);
> +		ret = -EAGAIN;
> +		goto out_iomap_end;
> +	}

Share the bio_put with a new goto label, and maybe also move all
the other cleanup code out of the main path into a label?

> +	if (!dops && iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(iocb, iter, dio_flags, done_before)) {

Overly long line.  But we should not make the fast path conditional
on an option anyway.

Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[Ojaswin Mujoo]

On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 08:26:47PM +0800, Fengnan Chang wrote:
> When running 4K random read workloads on high-performance Gen5 NVMe
> SSDs, the software overhead in the iomap direct I/O path
> (__iomap_dio_rw) becomes a significant bottleneck.
> 
> Using io_uring with poll mode for a 4K randread test on a raw block
> device:
> taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
> -n1 -P1 /dev/nvme10n1
> Result: ~3.2M IOPS
> 
> Running the exact same workload on ext4 and XFS:
> taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
> -n1 -P1 /mnt/testfile
> Result: ~1.9M IOPS

Hi Fengnan, interesting optimization! 
Which test suite are you using here for the io_uring tests? 
> 
> Profiling the ext4 workload reveals that a significant portion of CPU
> time is spent on memory allocation and the iomap state machine
> iteration:
>   5.33%  [kernel]  [k] __iomap_dio_rw
>   3.26%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_iter
>   2.37%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_bio_iter
>   2.35%  [kernel]  [k] kfree
>   1.33%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_complete

Hmm read is usually under a shared lock for inode as well as extent
lookup so we should ideally not be blocking too much there. Can you
share a bit more detailed perf report. I'd be interested to see where
in iomap_iter() are you seeing the regression?
> 
> I attempted several incremental optimizations in the __iomap_dio_rw()
> path to close the gap:
> 1. Allocating the `bio` and `struct iomap_dio` together to avoid a
>    separate kmalloc. However, because `struct iomap_dio` is relatively
>    large and the main path is complex, this yielded almost no
>    performance improvement.
> 2. Reducing unnecessary state resets in the iomap state machine (e.g.,
>    skipping `iomap_iter_reset_iomap` where safe). This provided a ~5%
>    IOPS boost, which is helpful but still falls far short of closing
>    the gap with the raw block device.
> 

<...>

>  
> +static bool iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = true;
> +
> +struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
> +	struct kiocb	*iocb;
> +	size_t		size;
> +	bool		should_dirty;
> +	struct work_struct	work;
> +	struct bio	bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

As Christoph pointed out, were you seeing any performance loss due to
not aligning to cacheline? Architectures like powerpc have a 128byte
cacheline and we could end up wasting significant space here.

> +};
> +
> +static struct bio_set iomap_dio_fast_read_pool;
> +
> +static void iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(struct work_struct *work)
> +{

<...>

> +
> +static inline bool iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(struct kiocb *iocb,
> +					  struct iov_iter *iter,
> +					  unsigned int dio_flags,
> +					  size_t done_before)
> +{
> +	struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
> +	size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
> +	unsigned int alignment;
> +
> +	if (!iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled)
> +		return false;
> +	if (iov_iter_rw(iter) != READ)
> +		return false;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Fast read is an optimization for small IO. Filter out large IO early
> +	 * as it's the most common case to fail for typical direct IO workloads.
> +	 */
> +	if (count > inode->i_sb->s_blocksize)
> +		return false;
> +
> +	if (is_sync_kiocb(iocb) || done_before)

Did you try this for sync reads as well? I think we should be seeing
similar benefits with sync reads too. Further, if the fast path helps us
reduce the critical section under inode lock, it could be a good win for
mixed read write workloads.

> +		return false;
> +	if (dio_flags & (IOMAP_DIO_FORCE_WAIT | IOMAP_DIO_BOUNCE))
> +		return false;
> +	if (iocb->ki_pos + count > i_size_read(inode))
> +		return false;
> +	if (IS_ENCRYPTED(inode) || fsverity_active(inode))
> +		return false;
> +
> +	if (count < bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev))
> +		return false;
> +
> +	if (dio_flags & IOMAP_DIO_FSBLOCK_ALIGNED)
> +		alignment = i_blocksize(inode);
> +	else
> +		alignment = bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
> +
> +	if ((iocb->ki_pos | count) & (alignment - 1))
> +		return false;
> +
> +	return true;
> +}
> +
> +static ssize_t iomap_dio_fast_read_async(struct kiocb *iocb,

<...>

> +static ssize_t fast_read_enable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
> +				      struct kobj_attribute *attr,
> +				      const char *buf, size_t count)
> +{
> +	bool enable;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = kstrtobool(buf, &enable);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = enable;
> +	return count;
> +}
> +
> +static struct kobj_attribute fast_read_enable_attr =
> +	__ATTR(fast_read_enable, 0644, fast_read_enable_show, fast_read_enable_store);
> +
> +static struct kobject *iomap_kobj;
> +
> +static int __init iomap_dio_sysfs_init(void)

Since we do more than sysfs work here, maybe we can have a more generic
name like iomap_dio_init(void) or iomap_dio_fast/simple_read_init().


> +{
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = bioset_init(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool, 4,
> +			  offsetof(struct iomap_dio_fast_read, bio),
> +			  BIOSET_NEED_BVECS | BIOSET_PERCPU_CACHE);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	iomap_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("iomap", fs_kobj);
> +	if (!iomap_kobj) {
> +		bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (sysfs_create_file(iomap_kobj, &fast_read_enable_attr.attr)) {
> +		kobject_put(iomap_kobj);
> +		bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +	}
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +fs_initcall(iomap_dio_sysfs_init);
> -- 

Regards,
ojaswin

> 2.39.5 (Apple Git-154)
> 

Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[changfengnan]

> From: "Christoph Hellwig"<hch@infradead.org>
> Date:  Wed, Apr 15, 2026, 15:15
> Subject:  Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O
> To: "Fengnan Chang"<fengnanchang@gmail.com>
> Cc: <brauner@kernel.org>, <djwong@kernel.org>, <linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>, <lidiangang@bytedance.com>, "Fengnan Chang"<changfengnan@bytedance.com>
> On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 08:26:47PM +0800, Fengnan Chang wrote:
> > 1. Allocating the `bio` and `struct iomap_dio` together to avoid a
> >    separate kmalloc. However, because `struct iomap_dio` is relatively
> >    large and the main path is complex, this yielded almost no
> >    performance improvement.
> 
> One interesting bit here would be a slab for struct iomap_dio, and
> the previously discussed per-cpu allocation of some form.
Hi Christoph:
Thank you for your thorough review; it has given me greater confidence
that we are on the right path. This patch still needs a lot of work to be
perfected,  I hope it will be worth it.
Yes, but use a new slab for struct iomap_dio doesn't help.

> 
> > 2. Reducing unnecessary state resets in the iomap state machine (e.g.,
> >    skipping `iomap_iter_reset_iomap` where safe). This provided a ~5%
> >    IOPS boost, which is helpful but still falls far short of closing
> >    the gap with the raw block device.
> 
> But it already is a major improvement, and one that would apply outside
> of narrow special cases.  So I'd really like to see that patch.
You can see this in:
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20260416030642.26744-1-changfengnan@bytedance.com/T/#u
> 
> > The fast path is triggered when the request satisfies:
> > - Asynchronous READ request only for now.
> 
> I think you really should handle synchronous reads as well.
I'll include support for it in the next version.
> 
> > - I/O size is <= inode blocksize (fits in a single block, no splits).
> 
> Makes sense, and I suspect this is the main source of speedups.
> 
> > - Aligned to the block device's logical block size.
> 
> All direct I/O requires this.
> 
> > - No bounce buffering, fscrypt, or fsverity involved.
> > - No custom `iomap_dio_ops` (dops) registered by the filesystem.
> 
> I'm really curious at what difference this makes.  It removes a few
> branches, but should not have much of an effect while limiting the
> applicability a lot.
Yes, the impact shouldn’t be significant. 
Since this is just a RFC version to confirm that I’m on the right path, there
are many aspects that haven’t been fully thought through yet. I haven’t
tested these scenarios yet, but I’ll add support for them later to
check  exactly what the impact is.
> 
> > After this optimization, the heavy generic functions disappear from the
> > profile, replaced by a single streamlined execution path:
> >   4.83%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_fast_read_async.isra.31
> > 
> > With this patch, 4K random read IOPS on ext4 increases from 1.9M to
> > 2.3M.
> 
> That is still a lot slower than the block device path.  A big part of
> it should be the extent lookup and locking associated with it, but
> I'd expect things to be a bit better.  Do you have XFS version as well?
Yes, still a lot slower, I believe the other reason is due to the lookup of
the extent mapping.
XFS and ext4 perform similarly， 1.92M IOPS to 2.32M IOPS. 

> 
> > However, I am submitting this patch to validate whether this
> > optimization direction is correct and worth pursuing. I would appreciate
> > feedback on how to better integrate these ideas into the main iomap
> > execution path.
> 
> I think a <= block size fast path makes a lot of sense, just like we
> have a simple version on the block device, but it needs more work.
Agree, I came up with this patch after being inspired by the way block
devices are handled. 

> 
> > +struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
> > +        struct kiocb        *iocb;
> > +        size_t                size;
> > +        bool                should_dirty;
> > +        struct work_struct        work;
> > +        struct bio        bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
> 
> Does the cache line alignment matter here?  If yes, can you explain why
> in a comment?

I copy this from struct blkdev_dio , I'll do some test to verfiy. 
> 
> > +static struct bio_set iomap_dio_fast_read_pool;
> 
> In general I'd prefer to stick to simple as in the block device version
> instead of fast.

Simple is better name.
> 
> > +static void iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(struct work_struct *work)
> > +{
> > +        struct iomap_dio_fast_read *fr =
> > +                container_of(work, struct iomap_dio_fast_read, work);
> > +        struct kiocb *iocb = fr->iocb;
> > +        struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
> > +        bool should_dirty = fr->should_dirty;
> > +        struct bio *bio = &fr->bio;
> > +        ssize_t ret;
> > +
> > +        WRITE_ONCE(iocb->private, NULL);
> > +
> > +        if (likely(!bio->bi_status)) {
> > +                ret = fr->size;
> > +                iocb->ki_pos += ret;
> > +        } else {
> > +                ret = blk_status_to_errno(bio->bi_status);
> > +                fserror_report_io(inode, FSERR_DIRECTIO_READ, iocb->ki_pos,
> > +                                  fr->size, ret, GFP_NOFS);
> > +        }
> > +
> > +        if (should_dirty) {
> > +                bio_check_pages_dirty(bio);
> > +        } else {
> > +                bio_release_pages(bio, false);
> > +                bio_put(bio);
> > +        }
> > +
> > +        inode_dio_end(inode);
> > +
> > +        trace_iomap_dio_complete(iocb, ret < 0 ? ret : 0, ret > 0 ? ret : 0);
> > +        iocb->ki_complete(iocb, ret);
> 
> This is a lot of duplicate cork.  Can we somehow share it by passing
> more arguments or embedding the simple context into the bigger one?

I'll try. There are still many issues below, which I will address in the next version.
> 
> > +static inline bool iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(struct kiocb *iocb,
> > +                                          struct iov_iter *iter,
> > +                                          unsigned int dio_flags,
> > +                                          size_t done_before)
> 
> Please stick to two-tab indents for prototype continuations, which is
> both more readable and easier to modify later.
Get.
> 
> > +        if (count < bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev))
> > +                return false;
> 
> Sub-sector reads (unlike writes) don't require any special handling, so
> I don't see why they are excluded.
Agree, Sub-sector reads can handle too.

> 
> > +        if (dio_flags & IOMAP_DIO_FSBLOCK_ALIGNED)
> > +                alignment = i_blocksize(inode);
> > +        else
> > +                alignment = bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
> > +
> > +        if ((iocb->ki_pos | count) & (alignment - 1))
> > +                return false;
> 
> Factor this into a helper?
Get.
> 
> > +        inode_dio_begin(inode);
> > +
> > +        ret = ops->iomap_begin(inode, iomi.pos, count, iomi.flags,
> > +                               &iomi.iomap, &iomi.srcmap);
> > +        if (ret) {
> > +                inode_dio_end(inode);
> > +                return ret;
> > +        }
> 
> If we can I'd much prefer avoiding the open coded iomap_begin
> invocation, as that is a real maintenance burden.
It seems we need introduce a new helper to do this.

> 
> > +
> > +        if (iomi.iomap.type != IOMAP_MAPPED ||
> > +            iomi.iomap.offset > iomi.pos ||
> > +            iomi.iomap.offset + iomi.iomap.length < iomi.pos + count ||
> > +            (iomi.iomap.flags & IOMAP_F_ANON_WRITE)) {
> 
> IOMAP_F_ANON_WRITE (as the name implies) only applies to writes.
> 
> > +                ret = -EAGAIN;
> 
> -EAGAIN is a bad status code, as we already use to indicate that a
> non-blocking read blocks.
Agree.

> 
> > +        ret = bio_iov_iter_get_pages(bio, iter,
> > +                                     bdev_logical_block_size(iomi.iomap.bdev) - 1);
> 
> Overly long line.  Also this needs to use the calculated alignment
> value.
Get.
> 
> > +        if (unlikely(ret)) {
> > +                bio_put(bio);
> > +                goto out_iomap_end;
> > +        }
> > +
> > +        if (bio->bi_iter.bi_size != count) {
> > +                iov_iter_revert(iter, bio->bi_iter.bi_size);
> > +                bio_release_pages(bio, false);
> > +                bio_put(bio);
> > +                ret = -EAGAIN;
> > +                goto out_iomap_end;
> > +        }
> 
> Share the bio_put with a new goto label, and maybe also move all
> the other cleanup code out of the main path into a label?
Get.
> 
> > +        if (!dops && iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(iocb, iter, dio_flags, done_before)) {
> 
> Overly long line.  But we should not make the fast path conditional
> on an option anyway.
Get.
> 

Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[changfengnan]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 8463 bytes --]


> From: "Ojaswin Mujoo"<ojaswin@linux.ibm.com>
> Date:  Thu, Apr 16, 2026, 03:07
> Subject:  Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O
> To: "Fengnan Chang"<fengnanchang@gmail.com>
> Cc: <brauner@kernel.org>, <djwong@kernel.org>, <linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>, <lidiangang@bytedance.com>, "Fengnan Chang"<changfengnan@bytedance.com>
> On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 08:26:47PM +0800, Fengnan Chang wrote:
> > When running 4K random read workloads on high-performance Gen5 NVMe
> > SSDs, the software overhead in the iomap direct I/O path
> > (__iomap_dio_rw) becomes a significant bottleneck.
> > 
> > Using io_uring with poll mode for a 4K randread test on a raw block
> > device:
> > taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
> > -n1 -P1 /dev/nvme10n1
> > Result: ~3.2M IOPS
> > 
> > Running the exact same workload on ext4 and XFS:
> > taskset -c 30 ./t/io_uring -p1 -d512 -b4096 -s32 -c32 -F1 -B1 -R1 -X1
> > -n1 -P1 /mnt/testfile
> > Result: ~1.9M IOPS
> 
> Hi Fengnan, interesting optimization! 
> Which test suite are you using here for the io_uring tests? 
This is test 4k randread with QD 512 in io_uring poll mode. 
If you use fio, almost like this, but ./t/io_uring  can get higher IOPS.
fio \
  --name=io_uring_test \
  --ioengine=io_uring \
  --filename=/mnt/testfile \
  --direct=1 \
  --rw=randread \
  --bs=4096 \
  --iodepth=512 \
  --iodepth_batch_submit=32 \
  --iodepth_batch_complete_min=32 \
  --hipri=1 \
  --fixedbufs=1 \
  --registerfiles=1 \
  --nonvectored=1 \
  --sqthread_poll=1

> > 
> > Profiling the ext4 workload reveals that a significant portion of CPU
> > time is spent on memory allocation and the iomap state machine
> > iteration:
> >   5.33%  [kernel]  [k] __iomap_dio_rw
> >   3.26%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_iter
> >   2.37%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_bio_iter
> >   2.35%  [kernel]  [k] kfree
> >   1.33%  [kernel]  [k] iomap_dio_complete
> 
> Hmm read is usually under a shared lock for inode as well as extent
> lookup so we should ideally not be blocking too much there. Can you
> share a bit more detailed perf report. I'd be interested to see where
> in iomap_iter() are you seeing the regression?
Are there enough images of the flame diagram? I’ve attached them.
ext4_poll_7.svg is without this patch, iomap_fast.svg is with this patch.

> > 
> > I attempted several incremental optimizations in the __iomap_dio_rw()
> > path to close the gap:
> > 1. Allocating the `bio` and `struct iomap_dio` together to avoid a
> >    separate kmalloc. However, because `struct iomap_dio` is relatively
> >    large and the main path is complex, this yielded almost no
> >    performance improvement.
> > 2. Reducing unnecessary state resets in the iomap state machine (e.g.,
> >    skipping `iomap_iter_reset_iomap` where safe). This provided a ~5%
> >    IOPS boost, which is helpful but still falls far short of closing
> >    the gap with the raw block device.
> > 
> 
> <...>
> 
> >  
> > +static bool iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = true;
> > +
> > +struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
> > +        struct kiocb        *iocb;
> > +        size_t                size;
> > +        bool                should_dirty;
> > +        struct work_struct        work;
> > +        struct bio        bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
> 
> As Christoph pointed out, were you seeing any performance loss due to
> not aligning to cacheline? Architectures like powerpc have a 128byte
> cacheline and we could end up wasting significant space here.
Get your point. I'll check.

> 
> > +};
> > +
> > +static struct bio_set iomap_dio_fast_read_pool;
> > +
> > +static void iomap_dio_fast_read_complete_work(struct work_struct *work)
> > +{
> 
> <...>
> 
> > +
> > +static inline bool iomap_dio_fast_read_supported(struct kiocb *iocb,
> > +                                          struct iov_iter *iter,
> > +                                          unsigned int dio_flags,
> > +                                          size_t done_before)
> > +{
> > +        struct inode *inode = file_inode(iocb->ki_filp);
> > +        size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
> > +        unsigned int alignment;
> > +
> > +        if (!iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled)
> > +                return false;
> > +        if (iov_iter_rw(iter) != READ)
> > +                return false;
> > +
> > +        /*
> > +         * Fast read is an optimization for small IO. Filter out large IO early
> > +         * as it's the most common case to fail for typical direct IO workloads.
> > +         */
> > +        if (count > inode->i_sb->s_blocksize)
> > +                return false;
> > +
> > +        if (is_sync_kiocb(iocb) || done_before)
> 
> Did you try this for sync reads as well? I think we should be seeing
> similar benefits with sync reads too. Further, if the fast path helps us
> reduce the critical section under inode lock, it could be a good win for
> mixed read write workloads.
Get. sync read will support in next version.
> 
> > +                return false;
> > +        if (dio_flags & (IOMAP_DIO_FORCE_WAIT | IOMAP_DIO_BOUNCE))
> > +                return false;
> > +        if (iocb->ki_pos + count > i_size_read(inode))
> > +                return false;
> > +        if (IS_ENCRYPTED(inode) || fsverity_active(inode))
> > +                return false;
> > +
> > +        if (count < bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev))
> > +                return false;
> > +
> > +        if (dio_flags & IOMAP_DIO_FSBLOCK_ALIGNED)
> > +                alignment = i_blocksize(inode);
> > +        else
> > +                alignment = bdev_logical_block_size(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
> > +
> > +        if ((iocb->ki_pos | count) & (alignment - 1))
> > +                return false;
> > +
> > +        return true;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static ssize_t iomap_dio_fast_read_async(struct kiocb *iocb,
> 
> <...>
> 
> > +static ssize_t fast_read_enable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
> > +                                      struct kobj_attribute *attr,
> > +                                      const char *buf, size_t count)
> > +{
> > +        bool enable;
> > +        int ret;
> > +
> > +        ret = kstrtobool(buf, &enable);
> > +        if (ret)
> > +                return ret;
> > +
> > +        iomap_dio_fast_read_enabled = enable;
> > +        return count;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static struct kobj_attribute fast_read_enable_attr =
> > +        __ATTR(fast_read_enable, 0644, fast_read_enable_show, fast_read_enable_store);
> > +
> > +static struct kobject *iomap_kobj;
> > +
> > +static int __init iomap_dio_sysfs_init(void)
> 
> Since we do more than sysfs work here, maybe we can have a more generic
> name like iomap_dio_init(void) or iomap_dio_fast/simple_read_init().
Sounds good.

> 
> 
> > +{
> > +        int ret;
> > +
> > +        ret = bioset_init(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool, 4,
> > +                          offsetof(struct iomap_dio_fast_read, bio),
> > +                          BIOSET_NEED_BVECS | BIOSET_PERCPU_CACHE);
> > +        if (ret)
> > +                return ret;
> > +
> > +        iomap_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("iomap", fs_kobj);
> > +        if (!iomap_kobj) {
> > +                bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
> > +                return -ENOMEM;
> > +        }
> > +
> > +        if (sysfs_create_file(iomap_kobj, &fast_read_enable_attr.attr)) {
> > +                kobject_put(iomap_kobj);
> > +                bioset_exit(&iomap_dio_fast_read_pool);
> > +                return -ENOMEM;
> > +        }
> > +
> > +        return 0;
> > +}
> > +fs_initcall(iomap_dio_sysfs_init);
> > -- 
> 
> Regards,
> ojaswin
> 
> > 2.39.5 (Apple Git-154)
> >
> 

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<g >
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<g >
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<title>wbt_wait (1,535,959,142 samples, 0.77%)</title><rect x="851.5" y="1797" width="9.1" height="15.0" fill="rgb(225,95,22)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<title>blk_finish_plug (898,047,097 samples, 0.45%)</title><rect x="605.7" y="1877" width="5.3" height="15.0" fill="rgb(231,119,28)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<title>wb_timestamp (277,858,246 samples, 0.14%)</title><rect x="169.4" y="1909" width="1.6" height="15.0" fill="rgb(217,56,13)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<title>bio_put (745,335,950 samples, 0.37%)</title><rect x="154.0" y="1925" width="4.4" height="15.0" fill="rgb(242,173,41)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<title>security_file_permission (553,457,624 samples, 0.28%)</title><rect x="1148.5" y="1909" width="3.2" height="15.0" fill="rgb(225,96,23)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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		else if (e.ctrlKey && e.keyCode === 73) {
			e.preventDefault();
			toggle_ignorecase();
		}
	}, false)

	// functions
	function get_params() {
		var params = {};
		var paramsarr = window.location.search.substr(1).split('&');
		for (var i = 0; i < paramsarr.length; ++i) {
			var tmp = paramsarr[i].split("=");
			if (!tmp[0] || !tmp[1]) continue;
			params[tmp[0]]  = decodeURIComponent(tmp[1]);
		}
		return params;
	}
	function parse_params(params) {
		var uri = "?";
		for (var key in params) {
			uri += key + '=' + encodeURIComponent(params[key]) + '&';
		}
		if (uri.slice(-1) == "&")
			uri = uri.substring(0, uri.length - 1);
		if (uri == '?')
			uri = window.location.href.split('?')[0];
		return uri;
	}
	function find_child(node, selector) {
		var children = node.querySelectorAll(selector);
		if (children.length) return children[0];
	}
	function find_group(node) {
		var parent = node.parentElement;
		if (!parent) return;
		if (parent.id == "frames") return node;
		return find_group(parent);
	}
	function orig_save(e, attr, val) {
		if (e.attributes["_orig_" + attr] != undefined) return;
		if (e.attributes[attr] == undefined) return;
		if (val == undefined) val = e.attributes[attr].value;
		e.setAttribute("_orig_" + attr, val);
	}
	function orig_load(e, attr) {
		if (e.attributes["_orig_"+attr] == undefined) return;
		e.attributes[attr].value = e.attributes["_orig_" + attr].value;
		e.removeAttribute("_orig_"+attr);
	}
	function g_to_text(e) {
		var text = find_child(e, "title").firstChild.nodeValue;
		return (text)
	}
	function g_to_func(e) {
		var func = g_to_text(e);
		// if there's any manipulation we want to do to the function
		// name before it's searched, do it here before returning.
		return (func);
	}
	function update_text(e) {
		var r = find_child(e, "rect");
		var t = find_child(e, "text");
		var w = parseFloat(r.attributes.width.value) -3;
		var txt = find_child(e, "title").textContent.replace(/\([^(]*\)$/,"");
		t.attributes.x.value = parseFloat(r.attributes.x.value) + 3;

		// Smaller than this size won't fit anything
		if (w < 2 * 12 * 0.59) {
			t.textContent = "";
			return;
		}

		t.textContent = txt;
		var sl = t.getSubStringLength(0, txt.length);
		// check if only whitespace or if we can fit the entire string into width w
		if (/^ *$/.test(txt) || sl < w)
			return;

		// this isn't perfect, but gives a good starting point
		// and avoids calling getSubStringLength too often
		var start = Math.floor((w/sl) * txt.length);
		for (var x = start; x > 0; x = x-2) {
			if (t.getSubStringLength(0, x + 2) <= w) {
				t.textContent = txt.substring(0, x) + "..";
				return;
			}
		}
		t.textContent = "";
	}

	// zoom
	function zoom_reset(e) {
		if (e.attributes != undefined) {
			orig_load(e, "x");
			orig_load(e, "width");
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		if (e.childNodes == undefined) return;
		for (var i = 0, c = e.childNodes; i < c.length; i++) {
			zoom_reset(c[i]);
		}
	}
	function zoom_child(e, x, ratio) {
		if (e.attributes != undefined) {
			if (e.attributes.x != undefined) {
				orig_save(e, "x");
				e.attributes.x.value = (parseFloat(e.attributes.x.value) - x - 10) * ratio + 10;
				if (e.tagName == "text")
					e.attributes.x.value = find_child(e.parentNode, "rect[x]").attributes.x.value + 3;
			}
			if (e.attributes.width != undefined) {
				orig_save(e, "width");
				e.attributes.width.value = parseFloat(e.attributes.width.value) * ratio;
			}
		}

		if (e.childNodes == undefined) return;
		for (var i = 0, c = e.childNodes; i < c.length; i++) {
			zoom_child(c[i], x - 10, ratio);
		}
	}
	function zoom_parent(e) {
		if (e.attributes) {
			if (e.attributes.x != undefined) {
				orig_save(e, "x");
				e.attributes.x.value = 10;
			}
			if (e.attributes.width != undefined) {
				orig_save(e, "width");
				e.attributes.width.value = parseInt(svg.width.baseVal.value) - (10 * 2);
			}
		}
		if (e.childNodes == undefined) return;
		for (var i = 0, c = e.childNodes; i < c.length; i++) {
			zoom_parent(c[i]);
		}
	}
	function zoom(node) {
		var attr = find_child(node, "rect").attributes;
		var width = parseFloat(attr.width.value);
		var xmin = parseFloat(attr.x.value);
		var xmax = parseFloat(xmin + width);
		var ymin = parseFloat(attr.y.value);
		var ratio = (svg.width.baseVal.value - 2 * 10) / width;

		// XXX: Workaround for JavaScript float issues (fix me)
		var fudge = 0.0001;

		unzoombtn.classList.remove("hide");

		var el = document.getElementById("frames").children;
		for (var i = 0; i < el.length; i++) {
			var e = el[i];
			var a = find_child(e, "rect").attributes;
			var ex = parseFloat(a.x.value);
			var ew = parseFloat(a.width.value);
			var upstack;
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			if (0 == 0) {
				upstack = parseFloat(a.y.value) > ymin;
			} else {
				upstack = parseFloat(a.y.value) < ymin;
			}
			if (upstack) {
				// Direct ancestor
				if (ex <= xmin && (ex+ew+fudge) >= xmax) {
					e.classList.add("parent");
					zoom_parent(e);
					update_text(e);
				}
				// not in current path
				else
					e.classList.add("hide");
			}
			// Children maybe
			else {
				// no common path
				if (ex < xmin || ex + fudge >= xmax) {
					e.classList.add("hide");
				}
				else {
					zoom_child(e, xmin, ratio);
					update_text(e);
				}
			}
		}
		search();
	}
	function unzoom(dont_update_text) {
		unzoombtn.classList.add("hide");
		var el = document.getElementById("frames").children;
		for(var i = 0; i < el.length; i++) {
			el[i].classList.remove("parent");
			el[i].classList.remove("hide");
			zoom_reset(el[i]);
			if(!dont_update_text) update_text(el[i]);
		}
		search();
	}
	function clearzoom() {
		unzoom();

		// remove zoom state
		var params = get_params();
		if (params.x) delete params.x;
		if (params.y) delete params.y;
		history.replaceState(null, null, parse_params(params));
	}

	// search
	function toggle_ignorecase() {
		ignorecase = !ignorecase;
		if (ignorecase) {
			ignorecaseBtn.classList.add("show");
		} else {
			ignorecaseBtn.classList.remove("show");
		}
		reset_search();
		search();
	}
	function reset_search() {
		var el = document.querySelectorAll("#frames rect");
		for (var i = 0; i < el.length; i++) {
			orig_load(el[i], "fill")
		}
		var params = get_params();
		delete params.s;
		history.replaceState(null, null, parse_params(params));
	}
	function search_prompt() {
		if (!searching) {
			var term = prompt("Enter a search term (regexp " +
			    "allowed, eg: ^ext4_)"
			    + (ignorecase ? ", ignoring case" : "")
			    + "\nPress Ctrl-i to toggle case sensitivity", "");
			if (term != null) search(term);
		} else {
			reset_search();
			searching = 0;
			currentSearchTerm = null;
			searchbtn.classList.remove("show");
			searchbtn.firstChild.nodeValue = "Search"
			matchedtxt.classList.add("hide");
			matchedtxt.firstChild.nodeValue = ""
		}
	}
	function search(term) {
		if (term) currentSearchTerm = term;
		if (currentSearchTerm === null) return;

		var re = new RegExp(currentSearchTerm, ignorecase ? 'i' : '');
		var el = document.getElementById("frames").children;
		var matches = new Object();
		var maxwidth = 0;
		for (var i = 0; i < el.length; i++) {
			var e = el[i];
			var func = g_to_func(e);
			var rect = find_child(e, "rect");
			if (func == null || rect == null)
				continue;

			// Save max width. Only works as we have a root frame
			var w = parseFloat(rect.attributes.width.value);
			if (w > maxwidth)
				maxwidth = w;

			if (func.match(re)) {
				// highlight
				var x = parseFloat(rect.attributes.x.value);
				orig_save(rect, "fill");
				rect.attributes.fill.value = "rgb(230,0,230)";

				// remember matches
				if (matches[x] == undefined) {
					matches[x] = w;
				} else {
					if (w > matches[x]) {
						// overwrite with parent
						matches[x] = w;
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				}
				searching = 1;
			}
		}
		if (!searching)
			return;
		var params = get_params();
		params.s = currentSearchTerm;
		history.replaceState(null, null, parse_params(params));

		searchbtn.classList.add("show");
		searchbtn.firstChild.nodeValue = "Reset Search";

		// calculate percent matched, excluding vertical overlap
		var count = 0;
		var lastx = -1;
		var lastw = 0;
		var keys = Array();
		for (k in matches) {
			if (matches.hasOwnProperty(k))
				keys.push(k);
		}
		// sort the matched frames by their x location
		// ascending, then width descending
		keys.sort(function(a, b){
			return a - b;
		});
		// Step through frames saving only the biggest bottom-up frames
		// thanks to the sort order. This relies on the tree property
		// where children are always smaller than their parents.
		var fudge = 0.0001;	// JavaScript floating point
		for (var k in keys) {
			var x = parseFloat(keys[k]);
			var w = matches[keys[k]];
			if (x >= lastx + lastw - fudge) {
				count += w;
				lastx = x;
				lastw = w;
			}
		}
		// display matched percent
		matchedtxt.classList.remove("hide");
		var pct = 100 * count / maxwidth;
		if (pct != 100) pct = pct.toFixed(1)
		matchedtxt.firstChild.nodeValue = "Matched: " + pct + "%";
	}
]]>
</script>
<rect x="0.0" y="0" width="1200.0" height="2134.0" fill="url(#background)"  />
<text id="title" x="600.00" y="24" >Flame Graph</text>
<text id="details" x="10.00" y="2117" > </text>
<text id="unzoom" x="10.00" y="24" class="hide">Reset Zoom</text>
<text id="search" x="1090.00" y="24" >Search</text>
<text id="ignorecase" x="1174.00" y="24" >ic</text>
<text id="matched" x="1090.00" y="2117" > </text>
<g id="frames">
<g >
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<g >
<title>syscall_return_via_sysret (13,814,392 samples, 0.02%)</title><rect x="1189.8" y="2037" width="0.2" height="15.0" fill="rgb(229,113,27)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<title>_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (131,250,844 samples, 0.15%)</title><rect x="987.8" y="1781" width="1.8" height="15.0" fill="rgb(228,106,25)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<text  x="13.00" y="1487.5" >[..</text>
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<g >
<title>blk_mq_complete_request_remote (306,201,175 samples, 0.36%)</title><rect x="316.3" y="1893" width="4.2" height="15.0" fill="rgb(235,140,33)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="319.29" y="1903.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>blk_add_timer (399,107,317 samples, 0.47%)</title><rect x="460.6" y="1861" width="5.5" height="15.0" fill="rgb(224,91,21)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="463.59" y="1871.5" ></text>
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<g >
<title>percpu_counter_add_batch (970,176,177 samples, 1.14%)</title><rect x="823.5" y="1829" width="13.5" height="15.0" fill="rgb(241,166,39)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<g >
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<g >
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<g >
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<text  x="1006.15" y="1839.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>__list_add_valid_or_report (287,063,475 samples, 0.34%)</title><rect x="515.7" y="1957" width="4.0" height="15.0" fill="rgb(215,46,11)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="518.69" y="1967.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>_raw_spin_lock (62,161,660 samples, 0.07%)</title><rect x="441.4" y="1877" width="0.8" height="15.0" fill="rgb(239,160,38)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="444.36" y="1887.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>submit_bio (264,793,157 samples, 0.31%)</title><rect x="861.6" y="1877" width="3.7" height="15.0" fill="rgb(207,13,3)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="864.62" y="1887.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
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<g >
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<g >
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<g >
<title>dma_unmap_phys (735,258,468 samples, 0.87%)</title><rect x="82.4" y="1941" width="10.2" height="15.0" fill="rgb(218,64,15)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="85.42" y="1951.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>io_iopoll_check (19,653,838,624 samples, 23.15%)</title><rect x="47.3" y="1989" width="273.3" height="15.0" fill="rgb(215,46,11)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="50.34" y="1999.5" >io_iopoll_check</text>
</g>
<g >
<title>barn_replace_empty_sheaf (78,294,487 samples, 0.09%)</title><rect x="378.7" y="1909" width="1.1" height="15.0" fill="rgb(223,84,20)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="381.69" y="1919.5" ></text>
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<g >
<title>blk_account_io_completion.part.67 (426,117,370 samples, 0.50%)</title><rect x="225.6" y="1941" width="5.9" height="15.0" fill="rgb(242,173,41)" rx="2" ry="2" />
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<g >
<title>__pfx_nvme_put_ns_head (68,310,719 samples, 0.08%)</title><rect x="440.4" y="1877" width="1.0" height="15.0" fill="rgb(215,47,11)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="443.41" y="1887.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>entry_SYSCALL_64 (110,387,544 samples, 0.13%)</title><rect x="43.6" y="2037" width="1.5" height="15.0" fill="rgb(239,156,37)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="46.57" y="2047.5" ></text>
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<g >
<title>_find_first_zero_bit (96,705,618 samples, 0.11%)</title><rect x="976.7" y="1781" width="1.3" height="15.0" fill="rgb(244,181,43)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="979.67" y="1791.5" ></text>
</g>
<g >
<title>__io_read (43,238,183,094 samples, 50.94%)</title><rect x="535.3" y="1941" width="601.1" height="15.0" fill="rgb(215,49,11)" rx="2" ry="2" />
<text  x="538.34" y="1951.5" >__io_read</text>
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Re: [RFC PATCH] iomap: add fast read path for small direct I/O

[Christoph Hellwig]

On Thu, Apr 16, 2026 at 11:16:23AM +0800, changfengnan wrote:
> > But it already is a major improvement, and one that would apply outside
> > of narrow special cases.  So I'd really like to see that patch.
> You can see this in:
> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20260416030642.26744-1-changfengnan@bytedance.com/T/#u

Thanks!

> > All direct I/O requires this.
> > 
> > > - No bounce buffering, fscrypt, or fsverity involved.
> > > - No custom `iomap_dio_ops` (dops) registered by the filesystem.
> > 
> > I'm really curious at what difference this makes.  It removes a few
> > branches, but should not have much of an effect while limiting the
> > applicability a lot.
> Yes, the impact shouldn’t be significant. 
> Since this is just a RFC version to confirm that I’m on the right path, there
> are many aspects that haven’t been fully thought through yet. I haven’t
> tested these scenarios yet, but I’ll add support for them later to
> check  exactly what the impact is.

Sure.  It might also make sense to skip some of this if it brings a big
enough benefit.

> > > +struct iomap_dio_fast_read {
> > > +        struct kiocb        *iocb;
> > > +        size_t                size;
> > > +        bool                should_dirty;
> > > +        struct work_struct        work;
> > > +        struct bio        bio ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
> > 
> > Does the cache line alignment matter here?  If yes, can you explain why
> > in a comment?
> 
> I copy this from struct blkdev_dio , I'll do some test to verfiy. 

Thanks.  Btw, another thing that might be worth is to drop the
work_struct and reuse iomap_fail_reads or something similar to it.
This would be a pretty big size reduction.  Additionally we should
be able to kill should_dirty and just rely on bio or kiocb flags.