[PATCH v2 0/5] Fix bugs on HugeTLB folio allocation failure paths

[Ackerley Tng via B4 Relay <devnull+ackerleytng.google.com@kernel.org>]

When mem_cgroup_charge_hugetlb() fails (e.g. when hitting memcg limits),
the HugeTLB allocation path currently handles the errors incorrectly.

This series fixes 5 issues related to HugeTLB allocation failure paths.

Some of these issues were pointed out by Sashiko while I was working on
[1].

0. The fix for (1.) below was in v1 of this series was incomplete, because it
   fixed the case where used_hpages was not restored, but introduced another
   issue, where subpool reservations are always restored even when a subpool
   reservation was not used. I looked into this more, I believe there's a deeper
   conceptual conflict in the way hugepage_subpool_put_pages() is used. I added
   a new patch to this series, which addresses the issue.

With the additional change, (1.) now does the correct thing. It always calls
hugepage_subpool_put_pages(), which restores used_hpages, and is able to
correctly skip updating reservations as well. The other patches fall in place
after this additional patch.

1. Fix subpool usage leak on allocation failure: (Sashiko pointed this out
   in [2])

   When alloc_hugetlb_folio() fails early (e.g. buddy allocation failure or
   hugetlb cgroup charging failure) and gbl_chg == 1, the error path skips
   restoring the page to the subpool, leaking the subpool's used_hpages
   counter. Fix this by calling hugepage_subpool_put_pages()
   unconditionally if map_chg is true.

(1.) above could technically be a separate patch series, but I'm relying on that
for fix (4.) below.

2. Fix folio refcount mismatch on memcg charge failure: (Sashiko pointed this
   out in [3])

   The error path in alloc_hugetlb_folio() calls free_huge_folio() directly
   on a folio with a refcount of 1 (set via folio_ref_unfreeze() earlier).
   This triggers VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_ref_count(folio), folio) if
   CONFIG_DEBUG_VM is enabled, and can corrupt allocator state otherwise.
   Fix this by using folio_put() instead of free_huge_folio() to correctly
   drop the refcount before freeing.

While fixing the above, the reproducer (I'll send these separately) was causing
an infinite loop during allocation, unveiling issue (3.).

3. Return -ENOSPC on memcg charge failure to prevent infinite loop:

   alloc_hugetlb_folio() propagates -ENOMEM on charge failure, which maps
   to VM_FAULT_OOM. Because HugeTLB physical allocations are high-order and
   use __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL, the OOM killer is bypassed. Returning
   VM_FAULT_OOM leaks to the #PF handler, which cannot make progress and
   retries the faulting instruction indefinitely. Fix this by returning
   -ENOSPC instead of -ENOMEM on charge failure, which maps to
   VM_FAULT_SIGBUS, terminating the process cleanly.

And while running the reproducer, I checked this routinely

    head /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/*

and found that there was a resv_hugepages leak, 1 per execution of the
reproducer, unveiling (4.) below.

4. Move memcg charge earlier to prevent reservation leak:

   When mem_cgroup_charge_hugetlb() fails, the error path historically
   bypassed vma_end_reservation(). Since the reservation had already been
   committed via vma_commit_reservation(), this left the reservation map in
   an inconsistent state, leaking resv_huge_pages when the process
   exited. Fix this by moving mem_cgroup_charge_hugetlb() earlier in
   alloc_hugetlb_folio(), before vma_commit_reservation() is called.

Testing:

+ libhugetlbfs tests pass
+ ./tools/testing/selftests/mm/ksft_hugetlb.sh passes

v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260707-hugetlb-alloc-failure-fixes-v1-0-5bbd3a4b836d@google.com

The series [1] has some changes that are dependent on these fixes, so I'll wait
for your reviews before continuing on [1].

Thank you!

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260702-hugetlb-open-up-v4-0-d53cefcccf34@google.com/T/
[2] https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260518-hugetlb-open-up-v3-0-e14b302477f8%40google.com?part=5
[3] https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260702-hugetlb-open-up-v4-0-d53cefcccf34%40google.com?part=6

Signed-off-by: Ackerley Tng <ackerleytng@google.com>
---
Ackerley Tng (5):
      mm: hugetlb: Track used_hpages when getting/putting pages from subpool
      mm: hugetlb: Fix subpool usage leak on allocation failure
      mm: hugetlb: Fix folio refcount mismatch on memcg charge failure
      mm: hugetlb: Return -ENOSPC on memcg charge failure
      mm: hugetlb: Move memcg charge earlier to prevent reservation leak

 fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c    |  8 +++--
 include/linux/hugetlb.h |  4 +--
 mm/hugetlb.c            | 79 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 3 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
---
base-commit: 0e35b9b6ec0ffcc5e23cbdec09f5c622ad532b53
change-id: 20260706-hugetlb-alloc-failure-fixes-c7f775eca29f

Best regards,
--
Ackerley Tng <ackerleytng@google.com>