[PATCH] kasan: fix cache shrink race with CPU hotplug

[PATCH] kasan: fix cache shrink race with CPU hotplug

[Hui Su]

kasan_quarantine_remove_cache() first invokes per_cpu_remove_cache() on
all online CPUs. Each callback moves objects belonging to the cache from
cpu_quarantine to the CPU's shrink_qlist, where they can later be freed
from task context.

kmem_cache_destroy() invokes the quarantine removal path while holding
cpus_read_lock(), but kmem_cache_shrink() does not. The latter can
therefore race with CPU offlining as follows:

  kmem_cache_shrink()             CPU hotplug
  -------------------             -----------
  on_each_cpu()
    CPU1 moves objects to
    CPU1's shrink_qlist
  on_each_cpu() returns
                                  CPU1 goes offline
                                  kasan_cpu_offline()
                                    drains cpu_quarantine
                                    leaves shrink_qlist untouched
  for_each_online_cpu()
    skips CPU1

The objects left on CPU1's shrink_qlist are not returned to the slab
allocator. This may prevent kmem_cache_shrink() from releasing slabs
that would otherwise become empty. If CPU1 remains offline, a later
kmem_cache_destroy() also skips the list and can report that the cache
still contains objects.

Per-CPU shrink_qlist storage exists for every possible CPU, and each
list is protected by its own raw spinlock. Iterate over possible CPUs
so that a list populated before its CPU went offline is drained as well.

Fixes: 07d067e4f2ce ("kasan: fix sleeping function called from invalid context on RT kernel")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
---
 mm/kasan/quarantine.c | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mm/kasan/quarantine.c b/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
index 6958aa713c67..16f4e67beee8 100644
--- a/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
+++ b/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
@@ -355,7 +355,12 @@ void kasan_quarantine_remove_cache(struct kmem_cache *cache)
 	 */
 	on_each_cpu(per_cpu_remove_cache, cache, 1);
 
-	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+	/*
+	 * A CPU can go offline after on_each_cpu() returns, leaving cache
+	 * objects on that CPU's shrink list. Scan all possible CPUs to
+	 * drain those lists.
+	 */
+	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
 		sq = per_cpu_ptr(&shrink_qlist, cpu);
 		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&sq->lock, flags);
 		qlist_move_cache(&sq->qlist, &to_free, cache);
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH] kasan: fix cache shrink race with CPU hotplug

[Andrew Morton]

On Thu,  6 Aug 2026 20:10:06 +0800 Hui Su <sh_def@163.com> wrote:

> kasan_quarantine_remove_cache() first invokes per_cpu_remove_cache() on
> all online CPUs. Each callback moves objects belonging to the cache from
> cpu_quarantine to the CPU's shrink_qlist, where they can later be freed
> from task context.
> 
> kmem_cache_destroy() invokes the quarantine removal path while holding
> cpus_read_lock(), but kmem_cache_shrink() does not. The latter can
> therefore race with CPU offlining as follows:
> 
>   kmem_cache_shrink()             CPU hotplug
>   -------------------             -----------
>   on_each_cpu()
>     CPU1 moves objects to
>     CPU1's shrink_qlist
>   on_each_cpu() returns
>                                   CPU1 goes offline
>                                   kasan_cpu_offline()
>                                     drains cpu_quarantine
>                                     leaves shrink_qlist untouched
>   for_each_online_cpu()
>     skips CPU1
> 
> The objects left on CPU1's shrink_qlist are not returned to the slab
> allocator. This may prevent kmem_cache_shrink() from releasing slabs
> that would otherwise become empty. If CPU1 remains offline, a later
> kmem_cache_destroy() also skips the list and can report that the cache
> still contains objects.
> 
> Per-CPU shrink_qlist storage exists for every possible CPU, and each
> list is protected by its own raw spinlock. Iterate over possible CPUs
> so that a list populated before its CPU went offline is drained as well.

Thanks.

Please always describe the userspace-visible runtime effects of a bug
when proposing a fix.

> Fixes: 07d067e4f2ce ("kasan: fix sleeping function called from invalid context on RT kernel")
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org

Especially when proposing a backport.  At present we've provided our
-stable recipients no reason to accept the patch.

Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst says "it must fix a real
bug that bothers people".


> --- a/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
> +++ b/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
> @@ -355,7 +355,12 @@ void kasan_quarantine_remove_cache(struct kmem_cache *cache)
>  	 */
>  	on_each_cpu(per_cpu_remove_cache, cache, 1);
>  
> -	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
> +	/*
> +	 * A CPU can go offline after on_each_cpu() returns, leaving cache
> +	 * objects on that CPU's shrink list. Scan all possible CPUs to
> +	 * drain those lists.
> +	 */
> +	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {

In some configurations, for_each_possible_cpu() can do a lot more work
than for_each_online_cpu().  What are the worst-case userspace-visible
runtime effects of this additional work?

Re: [PATCH] kasan: fix cache shrink race with CPU hotplug

[Hui Su]

Hi Andrew,

> On Thu,  6 Aug 2026 20:10:06 +0800 Hui Su <sh_def@163.com> wrote:
> 
> > kasan_quarantine_remove_cache() first invokes per_cpu_remove_cache() on
> > all online CPUs. Each callback moves objects belonging to the cache from
> > cpu_quarantine to the CPU's shrink_qlist, where they can later be freed
> > from task context.
> > 
> > kmem_cache_destroy() invokes the quarantine removal path while holding
> > cpus_read_lock(), but kmem_cache_shrink() does not. The latter can
> > therefore race with CPU offlining as follows:
> > 
> >   kmem_cache_shrink()             CPU hotplug
> >   -------------------             -----------
> >   on_each_cpu()
> >     CPU1 moves objects to
> >     CPU1's shrink_qlist
> >   on_each_cpu() returns
> >                                   CPU1 goes offline
> >                                   kasan_cpu_offline()
> >                                     drains cpu_quarantine
> >                                     leaves shrink_qlist untouched
> >   for_each_online_cpu()
> >     skips CPU1
> > 
> > The objects left on CPU1's shrink_qlist are not returned to the slab
> > allocator. This may prevent kmem_cache_shrink() from releasing slabs
> > that would otherwise become empty. If CPU1 remains offline, a later
> > kmem_cache_destroy() also skips the list and can report that the cache
> > still contains objects.
> > 
> > Per-CPU shrink_qlist storage exists for every possible CPU, and each
> > list is protected by its own raw spinlock. Iterate over possible CPUs
> > so that a list populated before its CPU went offline is drained as well.
> 
> Thanks.
> 
> Please always describe the userspace-visible runtime effects of a bug
> when proposing a fix.
> 
Thanks.

On my machine, the userspace-visible effect was that unmounting a 9p
filesystem returned successfully, but the kernel reported that the 9p
fcall slab cache still had objects during cache destruction.

The sequence was:
  1. mount a virtio-9p filesystem;
  2. read files from it on CPU1;
  3. write to the 9p fcall slab cache's sysfs shrink file while racing
     with CPU1 offlining;
  4. unmount the filesystem.

The shrink step is what can leave objects on the offline CPU's
shrink_qlist; the later umount exposes the problem through
kmem_cache_destroy().

The mount and umount commands both returned 0. Unmounting the filesystem
then reports this dmesg excerpt:

  [  2994.380134][  T111] BUG 9p-fcall-cache-1 (Tainted: G    B              ): Objects remaining on __kmem_cache_shutdown()
  [  2994.381140][  T111] Object 0xff11000004361118 @offset=4376
  [  2994.381607][  T111] Allocated in p9_fcall_init+0x201/0x400 age=19564 cpu=1 pid=104
  [  2994.382591][  T111]  p9_fcall_init+0x201/0x400
  [  2994.382810][  T111]  p9_tag_alloc+0x12f/0x700
  [  2994.382982][  T111]  p9_client_prepare_req+0x102/0x3e0
  [  2994.383165][  T111]  p9_client_rpc+0x1ab/0xa50
  [  2994.383334][  T111]  p9_client_getattr_dotl+0xb0/0x1a0
  [  2994.383515][  T111]  v9fs_vfs_getattr_dotl+0x115/0x360
  [  2994.383719][  T111]  vfs_getattr_nosec+0x22c/0x3a0
  [  2994.383910][  T111]  vfs_statx+0xd7/0x170
  [  2994.384062][  T111]  vfs_fstatat+0x45/0x80
  [  2994.384215][  T111]  __do_sys_newfstatat+0x84/0xe0
  [  2994.384386][  T111]  do_syscall_64+0x115/0x6a0
  [  2994.384566][  T111]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
  [  2994.399720][  T111] WARNING: mm/slub.c:1244 at __kmem_cache_shutdown+0x363/0x500, CPU#0: busybox/111
  [  2994.405655][  T111] Call Trace:
  [  2994.406325][  T111]  kmem_cache_destroy+0x73/0x1b0
  [  2994.406630][  T111]  p9_client_destroy+0x271/0x3c0
  [  2994.407210][  T111]  v9fs_session_close+0x3c/0x260
  [  2994.407409][  T111]  v9fs_kill_super+0x48/0x90
  [  2994.407584][  T111]  deactivate_locked_super+0xa3/0x160
  [  2994.407778][  T111]  cleanup_mnt+0x1dd/0x3e0

So the userspace-visible effect is not that umount fails. It is that a
successful userspace-triggered teardown leaves the 9p fcall slab cache
with objects still present, produces the slab shutdown warning above, and
prevents the cache from being destroyed cleanly.
> > Fixes: 07d067e4f2ce ("kasan: fix sleeping function called from invalid context on RT kernel")
> > Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> 
> Especially when proposing a backport.  At present we've provided our
> -stable recipients no reason to accept the patch.
> 
> Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst says "it must fix a real
> bug that bothers people".
> 

Yes, I agree. I did not include the real bug dmesg in the original
changelog, which made the stable rationale unclear.

The 9p case above shows that this is a real bug: a userspace-triggered
teardown path can leave objects in the 9p fcall cache and report the slab
shutdown warning after umount.
Should I keep Cc: stable in PATCH v2 with this dmesg and
userspace-visible effect added to the changelog?

> 
> > --- a/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
> > +++ b/mm/kasan/quarantine.c
> > @@ -355,7 +355,12 @@ void kasan_quarantine_remove_cache(struct kmem_cache *cache)
> >      */
> >     on_each_cpu(per_cpu_remove_cache, cache, 1);
> >  
> > -   for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
> > +   /*
> > +    * A CPU can go offline after on_each_cpu() returns, leaving cache
> > +    * objects on that CPU's shrink list. Scan all possible CPUs to
> > +    * drain those lists.
> > +    */
> > +   for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> 
> In some configurations, for_each_possible_cpu() can do a lot more work
> than for_each_online_cpu().  What are the worst-case userspace-visible
> runtime effects of this additional work?

The impact is limited to CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC kernels. quarantine.o is
built only for CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC, and the quarantine helpers are
compiled as no-ops otherwise, so non-KASAN kernels and tag-based KASAN
builds are not affected by this change.

For CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC kernels, the extra cost is paid only when
removing or shrinking a cache, not on the normal allocation/free fast
path. The added work is one raw-spinlock-protected empty-list check per
possible CPU.

Re: [PATCH] kasan: fix cache shrink race with CPU hotplug

[Andrew Morton]

On Fri,  7 Aug 2026 14:50:31 +0800 Hui Su <sh_def@163.com> wrote:

> > Especially when proposing a backport.  At present we've provided our
> > -stable recipients no reason to accept the patch.
> > 
> > Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst says "it must fix a real
> > bug that bothers people".
> > 
> 
> Yes, I agree. I did not include the real bug dmesg in the original
> changelog, which made the stable rationale unclear.
> 
> The 9p case above shows that this is a real bug: a userspace-triggered
> teardown path can leave objects in the 9p fcall cache and report the slab
> shutdown warning after umount.

OK, thanks.

> Should I keep Cc: stable in PATCH v2 with this dmesg and
> userspace-visible effect added to the changelog?

Yes please!