Re: [PATCH v2 1/5] mm: Introduce zone_appears_fragmented()

[Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>]

On Thu, Apr 23, 2026 at 04:04:32PM +1000, Balbir Singh wrote:
> On 4/23/26 15:56, Matthew Brost wrote:
> > Introduce zone_appears_fragmented() as a lightweight helper to allow
> > subsystems to make coarse decisions about reclaim behavior in the
> > presence of likely fragmentation.
> > 
> > The helper implements a simple heuristic: if the number of free pages
> > in a zone exceeds twice the high watermark, the zone is considered to
> > have ample free memory and allocation failures are more likely due to
> > fragmentation than overall memory pressure.
> > 
> > This is intentionally imprecise and is not meant to replace the core
> > MM compaction or fragmentation accounting logic. Instead, it provides
> > a cheap signal for callers (e.g., shrinkers) that wish to avoid
> > overly aggressive reclaim when sufficient free memory exists but
> > high-order allocations may still fail.
> > 
> > No functional changes; this is a preparatory helper for future users.
> > 
> > Cc: Thomas Hellström <thomas.hellstrom@linux.intel.com>
> > Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
> > Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@kernel.org>
> > Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <ljs@kernel.org>
> > Cc: "Liam R. Howlett" <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
> > Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@kernel.org>
> > Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
> > Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
> > Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
> > Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
> > Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
> > Signed-off-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
> > ---
> >  include/linux/vmstat.h | 13 +++++++++++++
> >  1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> > 
> > diff --git a/include/linux/vmstat.h b/include/linux/vmstat.h
> > index 3c9c266cf782..568d9f4f1a1f 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/vmstat.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/vmstat.h
> > @@ -483,6 +483,19 @@ static inline const char *zone_stat_name(enum zone_stat_item item)
> >  	return vmstat_text[item];
> >  }
> >  
> > +static inline bool zone_appears_fragmented(struct zone *zone)
> > +{
> > +	/*
> > +	 * Simple heuristic: if the number of free pages is more than twice the
> > +	 * high watermark, this strongly suggests that the zone is heavily
> > +	 * fragmented when called from a shrinker.
> > +	 */
> > +	if (zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES) > high_wmark_pages(zone) * 2)
> > +		return true;
> > +
> > +	return false;
> > +}
> > +
> >  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> >  static inline const char *numa_stat_name(enum numa_stat_item item)
> >  {
> 
> 
> Without any usage/users, this is hard to review. I don't understand the heuristic
> or it's logic as applied to fragmentation either.
> 

Sorry—it’s always confusing who to CC on cross-subsystem series. Last
time this occurred, we agreed to CC everyone listed in the cover letter,
which I did. Anyway, let me provide the Patchwork links...

Cover letter: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/series/165329/
TTM patch which uses this: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/720036/?series=165329&rev=1
Xe side which uses the TTM helper: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/720031/?series=165329&rev=1

Matt

> Balbir