* [PATCH v3 1/6] rust: module: add `THIS_MODULE` const to `ModuleMetadata` trait
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:44 ` Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 2/6] rust: doctest: add LocalModule fallback for #[vtable] ThisModule Alvin Sun
` (4 subsequent siblings)
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Since `const_refs_to_static` has been stable as of the MSRV bump, a
`ThisModule` pointer can now be used in const contexts.
Add a `THIS_MODULE` const to the `ModuleMetadata` trait so that modules
can provide their `ThisModule` pointer in const contexts such as static
`file_operations`.
Move the `THIS_MODULE` static from the `module!` macro into the
`ModuleMetadata` impl, add a `this_module()` helper, and update `__init`
to use it.
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
rust/kernel/lib.rs | 8 ++++++++
rust/macros/module.rs | 34 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
index b72b2fbe046d6..50f5a7b5f028e 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
@@ -184,6 +184,14 @@ fn init(module: &'static ThisModule) -> impl pin_init::PinInit<Self, error::Erro
pub trait ModuleMetadata {
/// The name of the module as specified in the `module!` macro.
const NAME: &'static crate::str::CStr;
+
+ /// The module's `THIS_MODULE` pointer.
+ const THIS_MODULE: ThisModule;
+}
+
+/// Returns a reference to the `THIS_MODULE` of the given module type.
+pub const fn this_module<M: ModuleMetadata>() -> &'static ThisModule {
+ &M::THIS_MODULE
}
/// Equivalent to `THIS_MODULE` in the C API.
diff --git a/rust/macros/module.rs b/rust/macros/module.rs
index 06c18e2075083..b9fdee2f2af47 100644
--- a/rust/macros/module.rs
+++ b/rust/macros/module.rs
@@ -497,28 +497,28 @@ pub(crate) fn module(info: ModuleInfo) -> Result<TokenStream> {
/// Used by the printing macros, e.g. [`info!`].
const __LOG_PREFIX: &[u8] = #name_cstr.to_bytes_with_nul();
- // SAFETY: `__this_module` is constructed by the kernel at load time and will not be
- // freed until the module is unloaded.
- #[cfg(MODULE)]
- static THIS_MODULE: ::kernel::ThisModule = unsafe {
- extern "C" {
- static __this_module: ::kernel::types::Opaque<::kernel::bindings::module>;
- };
-
- ::kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(__this_module.get())
- };
-
- #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
- static THIS_MODULE: ::kernel::ThisModule = unsafe {
- ::kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(::core::ptr::null_mut())
- };
-
/// The `LocalModule` type is the type of the module created by `module!`,
/// `module_pci_driver!`, `module_platform_driver!`, etc.
type LocalModule = #type_;
impl ::kernel::ModuleMetadata for #type_ {
const NAME: &'static ::kernel::str::CStr = #name_cstr;
+
+ #[cfg(MODULE)]
+ const THIS_MODULE: ::kernel::ThisModule = {
+ extern "C" {
+ static __this_module: ::kernel::types::Opaque<::kernel::bindings::module>;
+ }
+
+ // SAFETY: `__this_module` is constructed by the kernel at load time
+ // and lives until the module is unloaded.
+ unsafe { ::kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(__this_module.get()) }
+ };
+
+ #[cfg(not(MODULE))]
+ const THIS_MODULE: ::kernel::ThisModule = unsafe {
+ ::kernel::ThisModule::from_ptr(::core::ptr::null_mut())
+ };
}
// Double nested modules, since then nobody can access the public items inside.
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn #ident_exit() {
/// This function must only be called once.
unsafe fn __init() -> ::kernel::ffi::c_int {
let initer = <super::super::LocalModule as ::kernel::InPlaceModule>::init(
- &super::super::THIS_MODULE
+ ::kernel::this_module::<super::super::LocalModule>()
);
// SAFETY: No data race, since `__MOD` can only be accessed by this module
// and there only `__init` and `__exit` access it. These functions are only
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* [PATCH v3 2/6] rust: doctest: add LocalModule fallback for #[vtable] ThisModule
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 1/6] rust: module: add `THIS_MODULE` const to `ModuleMetadata` trait Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:44 ` Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 3/6] rust: macros: auto-insert OwnerModule in #[vtable] Alvin Sun
` (3 subsequent siblings)
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Add a `LocalModule` struct with a null-pointer `ModuleMetadata` impl
in the doctest harness, so that `crate::LocalModule` (auto-inserted
by `#[vtable]`) resolves correctly when there is no `module!` macro.
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)
diff --git a/scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.rs b/scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.rs
index ee76e96b41eea..198af4e446c8c 100644
--- a/scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.rs
+++ b/scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.rs
@@ -239,6 +239,22 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {{
const __LOG_PREFIX: &[u8] = b"rust_doctests_kernel\0";
+/// Dummy module type for doctest context.
+struct LocalModule;
+
+use kernel::{{
+ str::CStr,
+ ModuleMetadata,
+ ThisModule, //
+}};
+use core::ptr::null_mut;
+
+impl ModuleMetadata for LocalModule {{
+ const NAME: &'static CStr = c"rust_doctests_kernel";
+ // SAFETY: `try_module_get`/`module_put` handle null module pointers gracefully.
+ const THIS_MODULE: ThisModule = unsafe {{ ThisModule::from_ptr(null_mut()) }};
+}}
+
{rust_tests}
"#
)
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* [PATCH v3 3/6] rust: macros: auto-insert OwnerModule in #[vtable]
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 1/6] rust: module: add `THIS_MODULE` const to `ModuleMetadata` trait Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 2/6] rust: doctest: add LocalModule fallback for #[vtable] ThisModule Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:44 ` Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 4/6] rust: drm: set fops.owner from driver module pointer Alvin Sun
` (2 subsequent siblings)
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Auto-add `type OwnerModule: ::kernel::ModuleMetadata;` as a required
associated type on the trait side if not already defined, and
auto-insert `type OwnerModule = crate::LocalModule;` on the impl side
if not explicitly provided, eliminating the need to manually declare
and implement `OwnerModule` in every vtable trait and impl.
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/DIMMWHUOLPSH.13JFRHDKDQJGO@garyguo.net
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
rust/macros/lib.rs | 6 ++++++
rust/macros/vtable.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
diff --git a/rust/macros/lib.rs b/rust/macros/lib.rs
index 2cfd59e0f9e7c..bc7ded353c5ca 100644
--- a/rust/macros/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/macros/lib.rs
@@ -176,6 +176,12 @@ pub fn module(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
///
/// This macro should not be used when all functions are required.
///
+/// Additionally, this macro automatically handles the `OwnerModule`
+/// associated type: on the trait side, `type OwnerModule: ModuleMetadata;`
+/// is added as a required associated type if not already defined; on the
+/// impl side, `type OwnerModule = LocalModule;` is automatically inserted
+/// if not explicitly defined.
+///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
diff --git a/rust/macros/vtable.rs b/rust/macros/vtable.rs
index c6510b0c4ea1d..be9a5ed8abe5e 100644
--- a/rust/macros/vtable.rs
+++ b/rust/macros/vtable.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,22 @@ fn handle_trait(mut item: ItemTrait) -> Result<ItemTrait> {
const USE_VTABLE_ATTR: ();
});
+ // Add `type OwnerModule: ModuleMetadata` as a required associated type if
+ // the trait does not already define it.
+ if !item
+ .items
+ .iter()
+ .any(|i| matches!(i, TraitItem::Type(t) if t.ident == "OwnerModule"))
+ {
+ gen_items.push(parse_quote! {
+ /// The module implementing this vtable trait.
+ ///
+ /// Automatically set to `crate::LocalModule` by the `#[vtable]`
+ /// impl macro.
+ type OwnerModule: ::kernel::ModuleMetadata;
+ });
+ }
+
for item in &item.items {
if let TraitItem::Fn(fn_item) = item {
let name = &fn_item.sig.ident;
@@ -57,12 +73,18 @@ fn handle_trait(mut item: ItemTrait) -> Result<ItemTrait> {
fn handle_impl(mut item: ItemImpl) -> Result<ItemImpl> {
let mut gen_items = Vec::new();
- let mut defined_consts = HashSet::new();
+ let mut defined_items = HashSet::new();
- // Iterate over all user-defined constants to gather any possible explicit overrides.
+ // Iterate over all user-defined items to gather any possible explicit overrides.
for item in &item.items {
- if let ImplItem::Const(const_item) = item {
- defined_consts.insert(const_item.ident.clone());
+ match item {
+ ImplItem::Const(const_item) => {
+ defined_items.insert(const_item.ident.clone());
+ }
+ ImplItem::Type(type_item) => {
+ defined_items.insert(type_item.ident.clone());
+ }
+ _ => {}
}
}
@@ -70,6 +92,15 @@ fn handle_impl(mut item: ItemImpl) -> Result<ItemImpl> {
const USE_VTABLE_ATTR: () = ();
});
+ // Auto-insert `type OwnerModule = crate::LocalModule` if not explicitly defined.
+ // `crate::LocalModule` resolves to the real module type (via `module!`) or a
+ // dummy fallback in non-module contexts (e.g., doctests).
+ if !defined_items.contains(&parse_quote!(OwnerModule)) {
+ gen_items.push(parse_quote! {
+ type OwnerModule = crate::LocalModule;
+ });
+ }
+
for item in &item.items {
if let ImplItem::Fn(fn_item) = item {
let name = &fn_item.sig.ident;
@@ -78,7 +109,7 @@ fn handle_impl(mut item: ItemImpl) -> Result<ItemImpl> {
name.span(),
);
// Skip if it's declared already -- this allows user override.
- if defined_consts.contains(&gen_const_name) {
+ if defined_items.contains(&gen_const_name) {
continue;
}
let cfg_attrs = crate::helpers::gather_cfg_attrs(&fn_item.attrs);
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* [PATCH v3 4/6] rust: drm: set fops.owner from driver module pointer
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
` (2 preceding siblings ...)
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 3/6] rust: macros: auto-insert OwnerModule in #[vtable] Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:44 ` Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 5/6] rust: miscdevice: " Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:45 ` [PATCH v3 6/6] rust: configfs: use `LocalModule` for `THIS_MODULE` Alvin Sun
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Change `create_fops()` to accept an owner module pointer instead of
hardcoding `null_mut()`, ensuring the kernel correctly tracks the
module owning the DRM device's file operations.
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
rust/kernel/drm/device.rs | 3 ++-
rust/kernel/drm/gem/mod.rs | 4 ++--
2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/rust/kernel/drm/device.rs b/rust/kernel/drm/device.rs
index 403fc35353c74..221667d843c41 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/drm/device.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/drm/device.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ impl<T: drm::Driver> Device<T> {
fops: &Self::GEM_FOPS,
};
- const GEM_FOPS: bindings::file_operations = drm::gem::create_fops();
+ const GEM_FOPS: bindings::file_operations =
+ drm::gem::create_fops(crate::this_module::<T::OwnerModule>().as_ptr());
/// Create a new `drm::Device` for a `drm::Driver`.
pub fn new(dev: &device::Device, data: impl PinInit<T::Data, Error>) -> Result<ARef<Self>> {
diff --git a/rust/kernel/drm/gem/mod.rs b/rust/kernel/drm/gem/mod.rs
index 01b5bd47a3332..9a203efc59116 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/drm/gem/mod.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/drm/gem/mod.rs
@@ -357,10 +357,10 @@ impl<T: DriverObject> AllocImpl for Object<T> {
};
}
-pub(super) const fn create_fops() -> bindings::file_operations {
+pub(super) const fn create_fops(owner: *mut bindings::module) -> bindings::file_operations {
let mut fops: bindings::file_operations = pin_init::zeroed();
- fops.owner = core::ptr::null_mut();
+ fops.owner = owner;
fops.open = Some(bindings::drm_open);
fops.release = Some(bindings::drm_release);
fops.unlocked_ioctl = Some(bindings::drm_ioctl);
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* [PATCH v3 5/6] rust: miscdevice: set fops.owner from driver module pointer
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
` (3 preceding siblings ...)
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 4/6] rust: drm: set fops.owner from driver module pointer Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:44 ` Alvin Sun
2026-06-22 2:45 ` [PATCH v3 6/6] rust: configfs: use `LocalModule` for `THIS_MODULE` Alvin Sun
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Set the miscdevice fops owner field from the driver module pointer
via the `this_module::<T::OwnerModule>()` helper, instead of
defaulting to null.
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
rust/kernel/miscdevice.rs | 4 +++-
1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/rust/kernel/miscdevice.rs b/rust/kernel/miscdevice.rs
index 83ce50def5ac9..04fe4697ff564 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/miscdevice.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/miscdevice.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@
mm::virt::VmaNew,
prelude::*,
seq_file::SeqFile,
+ this_module,
types::{
ForeignOwnable,
Opaque, //
- },
+ }, //
};
use core::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -430,6 +431,7 @@ impl<T: MiscDevice> MiscdeviceVTable<T> {
} else {
None
},
+ owner: this_module::<T::OwnerModule>().as_ptr(),
..pin_init::zeroed()
};
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* [PATCH v3 6/6] rust: configfs: use `LocalModule` for `THIS_MODULE`
2026-06-22 2:44 [PATCH v3 0/6] Fix missing fops.owner in Rust DRM/misc abstractions Alvin Sun
` (4 preceding siblings ...)
2026-06-22 2:44 ` [PATCH v3 5/6] rust: miscdevice: " Alvin Sun
@ 2026-06-22 2:45 ` Alvin Sun
5 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Alvin Sun @ 2026-06-22 2:45 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda, Boqun Feng, Gary Guo, Björn Roy Baron,
Benno Lossin, Andreas Hindborg, Alice Ryhl, Trevor Gross,
Danilo Krummrich, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, David Airlie, Simona Vetter, Daniel Almeida,
Arnd Bergmann, Brendan Higgins, David Gow, Rae Moar, Breno Leitao,
Jens Axboe
Cc: rust-for-linux, linux-modules, driver-core, dri-devel, nova-gpu,
linux-kselftest, kunit-dev, linux-block, linux-kernel, Alvin Sun
Replace the `THIS_MODULE` static reference in the `configfs_attrs!`
macro with `this_module::<LocalModule>()`, and update
rnull to import `LocalModule` instead of `THIS_MODULE`, consistent
with the move of `THIS_MODULE` into the `ModuleMetadata` trait.
Signed-off-by: Alvin Sun <alvin.sun@linux.dev>
---
drivers/block/rnull/configfs.rs | 6 ++----
rust/kernel/configfs.rs | 8 +++++---
2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/block/rnull/configfs.rs b/drivers/block/rnull/configfs.rs
index c10a55fc58948..b2547ad1e5ddd 100644
--- a/drivers/block/rnull/configfs.rs
+++ b/drivers/block/rnull/configfs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-use super::{
- NullBlkDevice,
- THIS_MODULE, //
-};
+use super::NullBlkDevice;
+use crate::LocalModule;
use kernel::{
block::mq::gen_disk::{
GenDisk,
diff --git a/rust/kernel/configfs.rs b/rust/kernel/configfs.rs
index 2339c6467325d..8bd32627386e0 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/configfs.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/configfs.rs
@@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const bindings::config_item_type {
/// configfs::Subsystem<Configuration>,
/// Configuration
/// >::new_with_child_ctor::<N,Child>(
-/// &THIS_MODULE,
+/// ::kernel::this_module::<LocalModule>(),
/// &CONFIGURATION_ATTRS
/// );
///
@@ -1021,7 +1021,8 @@ macro_rules! configfs_attrs {
static [< $data:upper _TPE >] : $crate::configfs::ItemType<$container, $data> =
$crate::configfs::ItemType::<$container, $data>::new::<N>(
- &THIS_MODULE, &[<$ data:upper _ATTRS >]
+ $crate::this_module::<LocalModule>(),
+ &[<$ data:upper _ATTRS >]
);
)?
@@ -1030,7 +1031,8 @@ macro_rules! configfs_attrs {
$crate::configfs::ItemType<$container, $data> =
$crate::configfs::ItemType::<$container, $data>::
new_with_child_ctor::<N, $child>(
- &THIS_MODULE, &[<$ data:upper _ATTRS >]
+ $crate::this_module::<LocalModule>(),
+ &[<$ data:upper _ATTRS >]
);
)?
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread