[PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Waiman Long]

All the locking related cmpxchg's in the following functions are
replaced with the _acquire variants:
 - pv_queued_spin_steal_lock()
 - trylock_clear_pending()

This change should help performance on architectures that use LL/SC.

On a 2-core 16-thread Power8 system with pvqspinlock explicitly
enabled, the performance of a locking microbenchmark with and without
this patch on a 4.10-rc8 kernel with Xinhui's PPC qspinlock patch
were as follows:

  # of thread     w/o patch    with patch      % Change
  -----------     ---------    ----------      --------
       4         4053.3 Mop/s  4223.7 Mop/s     +4.2%
       8         3310.4 Mop/s  3406.0 Mop/s     +2.9%
      12         2576.4 Mop/s  2674.6 Mop/s     +3.8%

Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
---

 v2->v3:
  - Reduce scope by relaxing cmpxchg's in fast path only.

 v1->v2:
  - Add comments in changelog and code for the rationale of the change.

 kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
index e6b2f7a..a59dc05 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static inline bool pv_queued_spin_steal_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
 	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
 
 	if (!(atomic_read(&lock->val) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) &&
-	    (cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
+	    (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
 		qstat_inc(qstat_pv_lock_stealing, true);
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ static __always_inline void clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
 
 /*
  * The pending bit check in pv_queued_spin_steal_lock() isn't a memory
- * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg() is used to acquire the lock
- * just to be sure that it will get it.
+ * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg_acquire() is used to acquire the
+ * lock just to be sure that it will get it.
  */
 static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
 {
 	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
 
 	return !READ_ONCE(l->locked) &&
-	       (cmpxchg(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
-			== _Q_PENDING_VAL);
+	       (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL,
+				_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == _Q_PENDING_VAL);
 }
 #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
 static __always_inline void set_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
 		 */
 		old = val;
 		new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
-		val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, old, new);
+		val = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, old, new);
 
 		if (val == old)
 			return 1;
@@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
 	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
 	 *
 	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
+	 *
+	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
+	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
 	 */
 	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)
 		return;
-- 
1.8.3.1

Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Andrea Parri]

On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 03:43:40PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:
> All the locking related cmpxchg's in the following functions are
> replaced with the _acquire variants:
>  - pv_queued_spin_steal_lock()
>  - trylock_clear_pending()
> 
> This change should help performance on architectures that use LL/SC.
> 
> On a 2-core 16-thread Power8 system with pvqspinlock explicitly
> enabled, the performance of a locking microbenchmark with and without
> this patch on a 4.10-rc8 kernel with Xinhui's PPC qspinlock patch
> were as follows:
> 
>   # of thread     w/o patch    with patch      % Change
>   -----------     ---------    ----------      --------
>        4         4053.3 Mop/s  4223.7 Mop/s     +4.2%
>        8         3310.4 Mop/s  3406.0 Mop/s     +2.9%
>       12         2576.4 Mop/s  2674.6 Mop/s     +3.8%
> 
> Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
> ---
> 
>  v2->v3:
>   - Reduce scope by relaxing cmpxchg's in fast path only.
> 
>  v1->v2:
>   - Add comments in changelog and code for the rationale of the change.
> 
>  kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h | 15 +++++++++------
>  1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> index e6b2f7a..a59dc05 100644
> --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static inline bool pv_queued_spin_steal_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
>  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
>  
>  	if (!(atomic_read(&lock->val) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) &&
> -	    (cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
> +	    (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
>  		qstat_inc(qstat_pv_lock_stealing, true);
>  		return true;
>  	}
> @@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ static __always_inline void clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>  
>  /*
>   * The pending bit check in pv_queued_spin_steal_lock() isn't a memory
> - * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg() is used to acquire the lock
> - * just to be sure that it will get it.
> + * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg_acquire() is used to acquire the
> + * lock just to be sure that it will get it.
>   */
>  static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>  {
>  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
>  
>  	return !READ_ONCE(l->locked) &&
> -	       (cmpxchg(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
> -			== _Q_PENDING_VAL);
> +	       (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL,
> +				_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == _Q_PENDING_VAL);
>  }
>  #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
>  static __always_inline void set_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>  		 */
>  		old = val;
>  		new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
> -		val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, old, new);
> +		val = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, old, new);
>  
>  		if (val == old)
>  			return 1;
> @@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
>  	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
>  	 *
>  	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
> +	 *
> +	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
> +	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
>  	 */
>  	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)

Hi Waiman.

cmpxchg() does not guarantee the (here implied) smp_mb(), in general; c.f.,
e.g., arch/arm64/include/asm/atomic_ll_sc.h, where cmpxchg() get "compiled"
to something like:

    _loop: ldxr; eor; cbnz _exit; stlxr; cbnz _loop; dmb ish; _exit:

  Andrea


>  		return;
> -- 
> 1.8.3.1
> 

Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Boqun Feng]

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On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 05:20:52AM +0100, Andrea Parri wrote:
> On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 03:43:40PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:
> > All the locking related cmpxchg's in the following functions are
> > replaced with the _acquire variants:
> >  - pv_queued_spin_steal_lock()
> >  - trylock_clear_pending()
> > 
> > This change should help performance on architectures that use LL/SC.
> > 
> > On a 2-core 16-thread Power8 system with pvqspinlock explicitly
> > enabled, the performance of a locking microbenchmark with and without
> > this patch on a 4.10-rc8 kernel with Xinhui's PPC qspinlock patch
> > were as follows:
> > 
> >   # of thread     w/o patch    with patch      % Change
> >   -----------     ---------    ----------      --------
> >        4         4053.3 Mop/s  4223.7 Mop/s     +4.2%
> >        8         3310.4 Mop/s  3406.0 Mop/s     +2.9%
> >       12         2576.4 Mop/s  2674.6 Mop/s     +3.8%
> > 
> > Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
> > ---
> > 
> >  v2->v3:
> >   - Reduce scope by relaxing cmpxchg's in fast path only.
> > 
> >  v1->v2:
> >   - Add comments in changelog and code for the rationale of the change.
> > 
> >  kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h | 15 +++++++++------
> >  1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
> > 
> > diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > index e6b2f7a..a59dc05 100644
> > --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static inline bool pv_queued_spin_steal_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
> >  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
> >  
> >  	if (!(atomic_read(&lock->val) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) &&
> > -	    (cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
> > +	    (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
> >  		qstat_inc(qstat_pv_lock_stealing, true);
> >  		return true;
> >  	}
> > @@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ static __always_inline void clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> >  
> >  /*
> >   * The pending bit check in pv_queued_spin_steal_lock() isn't a memory
> > - * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg() is used to acquire the lock
> > - * just to be sure that it will get it.
> > + * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg_acquire() is used to acquire the
> > + * lock just to be sure that it will get it.
> >   */
> >  static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> >  {
> >  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
> >  
> >  	return !READ_ONCE(l->locked) &&
> > -	       (cmpxchg(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
> > -			== _Q_PENDING_VAL);
> > +	       (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL,
> > +				_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == _Q_PENDING_VAL);
> >  }
> >  #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
> >  static __always_inline void set_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> >  		 */
> >  		old = val;
> >  		new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
> > -		val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, old, new);
> > +		val = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, old, new);
> >  
> >  		if (val == old)
> >  			return 1;
> > @@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
> >  	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
> >  	 *
> >  	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
> > +	 *
> > +	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
> > +	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
> >  	 */
> >  	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)
> 
> Hi Waiman.
> 
> cmpxchg() does not guarantee the (here implied) smp_mb(), in general; c.f.,
> e.g., arch/arm64/include/asm/atomic_ll_sc.h, where cmpxchg() get "compiled"
> to something like:
> 
>     _loop: ldxr; eor; cbnz _exit; stlxr; cbnz _loop; dmb ish; _exit:
> 

Yes, sorry for be late for this one.

So Waiman, the fact is that in this case, we want the following code
sequence:

	CPU 0					CPU 1
	=================			====================
	{pn->state = vcpu_running, node->locked = 0}

	smp_store_smb(&pn->state, vcpu_halted):
	  WRITE_ONCE(pn->state, vcpu_halted);
	  smp_mb();
	r1 = READ_ONCE(node->locked);
						arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contented();
						  WRITE_ONCE(node->locked, 1)

						cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed);

never ends up in:

	r1 == 0 && cmpxchg fail(i.e. the read part of cmpxchg reads the
	value vcpu_running).

We can have such a guarantee if cmpxchg has a smp_mb() before its load
part, which is true for PPC. But semantically, cmpxchg() doesn't provide
any order guarantee if it fails, which is true on ARM64, IIUC. (Add Will
in Cc for his insight ;-)).

So a possible "fix"(in case ARM64 will use qspinlock some day), would be
replace cmpxchg() with smp_mb() + cmpxchg_relaxed().

Regards,
Boqun

>   Andrea
> 
> 
> >  		return;
> > -- 
> > 1.8.3.1
> > 

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Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Boqun Feng]

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(Really add Will this time ...)

On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 12:53:58PM +0800, Boqun Feng wrote:
> On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 05:20:52AM +0100, Andrea Parri wrote:
> > On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 03:43:40PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:
> > > All the locking related cmpxchg's in the following functions are
> > > replaced with the _acquire variants:
> > >  - pv_queued_spin_steal_lock()
> > >  - trylock_clear_pending()
> > > 
> > > This change should help performance on architectures that use LL/SC.
> > > 
> > > On a 2-core 16-thread Power8 system with pvqspinlock explicitly
> > > enabled, the performance of a locking microbenchmark with and without
> > > this patch on a 4.10-rc8 kernel with Xinhui's PPC qspinlock patch
> > > were as follows:
> > > 
> > >   # of thread     w/o patch    with patch      % Change
> > >   -----------     ---------    ----------      --------
> > >        4         4053.3 Mop/s  4223.7 Mop/s     +4.2%
> > >        8         3310.4 Mop/s  3406.0 Mop/s     +2.9%
> > >       12         2576.4 Mop/s  2674.6 Mop/s     +3.8%
> > > 
> > > Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
> > > ---
> > > 
> > >  v2->v3:
> > >   - Reduce scope by relaxing cmpxchg's in fast path only.
> > > 
> > >  v1->v2:
> > >   - Add comments in changelog and code for the rationale of the change.
> > > 
> > >  kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h | 15 +++++++++------
> > >  1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
> > > 
> > > diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > > index e6b2f7a..a59dc05 100644
> > > --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > > +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
> > > @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static inline bool pv_queued_spin_steal_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > >  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
> > >  
> > >  	if (!(atomic_read(&lock->val) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) &&
> > > -	    (cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
> > > +	    (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
> > >  		qstat_inc(qstat_pv_lock_stealing, true);
> > >  		return true;
> > >  	}
> > > @@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ static __always_inline void clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > >  
> > >  /*
> > >   * The pending bit check in pv_queued_spin_steal_lock() isn't a memory
> > > - * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg() is used to acquire the lock
> > > - * just to be sure that it will get it.
> > > + * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg_acquire() is used to acquire the
> > > + * lock just to be sure that it will get it.
> > >   */
> > >  static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > >  {
> > >  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
> > >  
> > >  	return !READ_ONCE(l->locked) &&
> > > -	       (cmpxchg(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
> > > -			== _Q_PENDING_VAL);
> > > +	       (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL,
> > > +				_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == _Q_PENDING_VAL);
> > >  }
> > >  #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
> > >  static __always_inline void set_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > > @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
> > >  		 */
> > >  		old = val;
> > >  		new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
> > > -		val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, old, new);
> > > +		val = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, old, new);
> > >  
> > >  		if (val == old)
> > >  			return 1;
> > > @@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
> > >  	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
> > >  	 *
> > >  	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
> > > +	 *
> > > +	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
> > > +	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
> > >  	 */
> > >  	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)
> > 
> > Hi Waiman.
> > 
> > cmpxchg() does not guarantee the (here implied) smp_mb(), in general; c.f.,
> > e.g., arch/arm64/include/asm/atomic_ll_sc.h, where cmpxchg() get "compiled"
> > to something like:
> > 
> >     _loop: ldxr; eor; cbnz _exit; stlxr; cbnz _loop; dmb ish; _exit:
> > 
> 
> Yes, sorry for be late for this one.
> 
> So Waiman, the fact is that in this case, we want the following code
> sequence:
> 
> 	CPU 0					CPU 1
> 	=================			====================
> 	{pn->state = vcpu_running, node->locked = 0}
> 
> 	smp_store_smb(&pn->state, vcpu_halted):
> 	  WRITE_ONCE(pn->state, vcpu_halted);
> 	  smp_mb();
> 	r1 = READ_ONCE(node->locked);
> 						arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contented();
> 						  WRITE_ONCE(node->locked, 1)
> 
> 						cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed);
> 
> never ends up in:
> 
> 	r1 == 0 && cmpxchg fail(i.e. the read part of cmpxchg reads the
> 	value vcpu_running).
> 
> We can have such a guarantee if cmpxchg has a smp_mb() before its load
> part, which is true for PPC. But semantically, cmpxchg() doesn't provide
> any order guarantee if it fails, which is true on ARM64, IIUC. (Add Will
> in Cc for his insight ;-)).
> 
> So a possible "fix"(in case ARM64 will use qspinlock some day), would be
> replace cmpxchg() with smp_mb() + cmpxchg_relaxed().
> 
> Regards,
> Boqun
> 
> >   Andrea
> > 
> > 
> > >  		return;
> > > -- 
> > > 1.8.3.1
> > > 



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Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Will Deacon]

On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 12:58:39PM +0800, Boqun Feng wrote:
> > So Waiman, the fact is that in this case, we want the following code
> > sequence:
> > 
> > 	CPU 0					CPU 1
> > 	=================			====================
> > 	{pn->state = vcpu_running, node->locked = 0}
> > 
> > 	smp_store_smb(&pn->state, vcpu_halted):
> > 	  WRITE_ONCE(pn->state, vcpu_halted);
> > 	  smp_mb();
> > 	r1 = READ_ONCE(node->locked);
> > 						arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contented();
> > 						  WRITE_ONCE(node->locked, 1)
> > 
> > 						cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed);
> > 
> > never ends up in:
> > 
> > 	r1 == 0 && cmpxchg fail(i.e. the read part of cmpxchg reads the
> > 	value vcpu_running).
> > 
> > We can have such a guarantee if cmpxchg has a smp_mb() before its load
> > part, which is true for PPC. But semantically, cmpxchg() doesn't provide
> > any order guarantee if it fails, which is true on ARM64, IIUC. (Add Will
> > in Cc for his insight ;-)).

I think you're right. The write to node->locked on CPU1 is not required
to be ordered before the load part of the failing cmpxchg.

> > So a possible "fix"(in case ARM64 will use qspinlock some day), would be
> > replace cmpxchg() with smp_mb() + cmpxchg_relaxed().

Peversely, we could actually get away with cmpxchg_acquire on arm64 because
arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended is smp_store_release and we order release ->
acquire in the architecture. But that just brings up the age old unlock/lock
discussion again...

Will

Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Waiman Long]

On 02/19/2017 11:53 PM, Boqun Feng wrote:
> On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 05:20:52AM +0100, Andrea Parri wrote:
>> On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 03:43:40PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:
>>> All the locking related cmpxchg's in the following functions are
>>> replaced with the _acquire variants:
>>>  - pv_queued_spin_steal_lock()
>>>  - trylock_clear_pending()
>>>
>>> This change should help performance on architectures that use LL/SC.
>>>
>>> On a 2-core 16-thread Power8 system with pvqspinlock explicitly
>>> enabled, the performance of a locking microbenchmark with and without
>>> this patch on a 4.10-rc8 kernel with Xinhui's PPC qspinlock patch
>>> were as follows:
>>>
>>>   # of thread     w/o patch    with patch      % Change
>>>   -----------     ---------    ----------      --------
>>>        4         4053.3 Mop/s  4223.7 Mop/s     +4.2%
>>>        8         3310.4 Mop/s  3406.0 Mop/s     +2.9%
>>>       12         2576.4 Mop/s  2674.6 Mop/s     +3.8%
>>>
>>> Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
>>> ---
>>>
>>>  v2->v3:
>>>   - Reduce scope by relaxing cmpxchg's in fast path only.
>>>
>>>  v1->v2:
>>>   - Add comments in changelog and code for the rationale of the change.
>>>
>>>  kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h | 15 +++++++++------
>>>  1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
>>>
>>> diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
>>> index e6b2f7a..a59dc05 100644
>>> --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
>>> +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock_paravirt.h
>>> @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static inline bool pv_queued_spin_steal_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
>>>  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
>>>  
>>>  	if (!(atomic_read(&lock->val) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) &&
>>> -	    (cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
>>> +	    (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) {
>>>  		qstat_inc(qstat_pv_lock_stealing, true);
>>>  		return true;
>>>  	}
>>> @@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ static __always_inline void clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>>>  
>>>  /*
>>>   * The pending bit check in pv_queued_spin_steal_lock() isn't a memory
>>> - * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg() is used to acquire the lock
>>> - * just to be sure that it will get it.
>>> + * barrier. Therefore, an atomic cmpxchg_acquire() is used to acquire the
>>> + * lock just to be sure that it will get it.
>>>   */
>>>  static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>>>  {
>>>  	struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
>>>  
>>>  	return !READ_ONCE(l->locked) &&
>>> -	       (cmpxchg(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
>>> -			== _Q_PENDING_VAL);
>>> +	       (cmpxchg_acquire(&l->locked_pending, _Q_PENDING_VAL,
>>> +				_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == _Q_PENDING_VAL);
>>>  }
>>>  #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
>>>  static __always_inline void set_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>>> @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ static __always_inline int trylock_clear_pending(struct qspinlock *lock)
>>>  		 */
>>>  		old = val;
>>>  		new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
>>> -		val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, old, new);
>>> +		val = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, old, new);
>>>  
>>>  		if (val == old)
>>>  			return 1;
>>> @@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
>>>  	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
>>>  	 *
>>>  	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
>>> +	 *
>>> +	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
>>> +	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
>>>  	 */
>>>  	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)
>> Hi Waiman.
>>
>> cmpxchg() does not guarantee the (here implied) smp_mb(), in general; c.f.,
>> e.g., arch/arm64/include/asm/atomic_ll_sc.h, where cmpxchg() get "compiled"
>> to something like:
>>
>>     _loop: ldxr; eor; cbnz _exit; stlxr; cbnz _loop; dmb ish; _exit:
>>
> Yes, sorry for be late for this one.
>
> So Waiman, the fact is that in this case, we want the following code
> sequence:
>
> 	CPU 0					CPU 1
> 	=================			====================
> 	{pn->state = vcpu_running, node->locked = 0}
>
> 	smp_store_smb(&pn->state, vcpu_halted):
> 	  WRITE_ONCE(pn->state, vcpu_halted);
> 	  smp_mb();
> 	r1 = READ_ONCE(node->locked);
> 						arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contented();
> 						  WRITE_ONCE(node->locked, 1)
>
> 						cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed);
>
> never ends up in:
>
> 	r1 == 0 && cmpxchg fail(i.e. the read part of cmpxchg reads the
> 	value vcpu_running).
>
> We can have such a guarantee if cmpxchg has a smp_mb() before its load
> part, which is true for PPC. But semantically, cmpxchg() doesn't provide
> any order guarantee if it fails, which is true on ARM64, IIUC. (Add Will
> in Cc for his insight ;-)).
>
> So a possible "fix"(in case ARM64 will use qspinlock some day), would be
> replace cmpxchg() with smp_mb() + cmpxchg_relaxed().
>

It is the pvqspinlock code, the native qspinlock will not have this
problem. So we will need to make sure that the write to node->locked
will always precede the read of pn->state whether the cmpxchg is
successful or not. We are not going to replace cmpxchg() with smp_mb() +
cmpxchg_relaxed() as that will impact x86 performance. Perhaps, we could
provide another cmpxchg variant that can provide that memory barrier
guarantee for all archs.

In the mean time, I am going to update the patch to document this
limitation so that we could do something about it when archs like ARM64
want pvqspinlock support.

Cheers,
Longman

Re: [PATCH v3] locking/pvqspinlock: Relax cmpxchg's to improve performance on some archs

[Peter Zijlstra]

On Mon, Feb 20, 2017 at 05:20:52AM +0100, Andrea Parri wrote:
> On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 03:43:40PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:

> > @@ -361,6 +361,9 @@ static void pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock, struct mcs_spinlock *node)
> >  	 * observe its next->locked value and advance itself.
> >  	 *
> >  	 * Matches with smp_store_mb() and cmpxchg() in pv_wait_node()
> > +	 *
> > +	 * We can't used relaxed form of cmpxchg here as the loading of
> > +	 * pn->state can happen before setting next->locked in some archs.
> >  	 */
> >  	if (cmpxchg(&pn->state, vcpu_halted, vcpu_hashed) != vcpu_halted)
> 
> Hi Waiman.
> 
> cmpxchg() does not guarantee the (here implied) smp_mb(), in general; c.f.,
> e.g., arch/arm64/include/asm/atomic_ll_sc.h, where cmpxchg() get "compiled"
> to something like:
> 
>     _loop: ldxr; eor; cbnz _exit; stlxr; cbnz _loop; dmb ish; _exit:


So cmpxchg() should have an effective smp_mb() before and after the
operation, _except_ in the case of failure, in which case it need not
imply any barrier.

And since a successful cmpxchg does the store, which is a store-release
in that arm64 sequence, that provides the ordering against all prior
state. The dmb-ish provides the required barrier after the operation.