[PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

[PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

[David Hu]

Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
subsequent entries.

While the underlying IOMMU mapping may be contiguous, hardware
DMA engines often require explicit address alignment (e.g., page,
cacheline, or storage sector boundaries). Passing unaligned
addresses and lengths can cause explicit failures in DMA descriptor
creation or silent data corruption if lower unaligned bits are
truncated.

Fix this by splitting the scatterlist by the largest possible page
aligned chunk within `UINT_MAX` (`ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)`).
This ensures all scatterlist DMA addresses and lengths remain page
aligned and satisfy hardware constraints.

Page-aligned entries allow the system to cleanly chunk payloads into
PCIe MaxPayloadSize (MPS) (e.g., 128 bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes).
As a result, this may help reduce TLP fragmentation in P2P transfers
and alleviate potential congestion within a logical PCIe switch
partition, especially when Relaxed Ordering is not possible due to
hardware constraints.

Reported-by: sashiko-bot <sashiko-bot@kernel.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260609165431.778061F00893@smtp.kernel.org/
Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com>
---
 drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
index 794acff2546a..f2bde38fdb1f 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
  */
 #include <linux/dma-buf-mapping.h>
 #include <linux/dma-resv.h>
+#include <linux/align.h>
+
+#define MAX_ENT_SZ ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)
 
 static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
 					 dma_addr_t addr)
@@ -12,9 +15,9 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
 	unsigned int len, nents;
 	int i;
 
-	nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
+	nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, MAX_ENT_SZ);
 	for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {
-		len = min_t(size_t, length, UINT_MAX);
+		len = min_t(size_t, length, MAX_ENT_SZ);
 		length -= len;
 		/*
 		 * DMABUF abuses scatterlist to create a scatterlist
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
 		 * does not require the CPU list for mapping or unmapping.
 		 */
 		sg_set_page(sgl, NULL, 0, 0);
-		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * UINT_MAX;
+		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * MAX_ENT_SZ;
 		sg_dma_len(sgl) = len;
 		sgl = sg_next(sgl);
 	}
@@ -41,14 +44,14 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
 
 	if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
 		for (i = 0; i < nr_ranges; i++)
-			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, UINT_MAX);
+			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, MAX_ENT_SZ);
 	} else {
 		/*
 		 * In IOVA case, there is only one SG entry which spans
 		 * for whole IOVA address space, but we need to make sure
 		 * that it fits sg->length, maybe we need more.
 		 */
-		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
+		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, MAX_ENT_SZ);
 	}
 
 	return nents;
-- 
2.55.0.rc0.738.g0c8ab3ebcc-goog

Re: [PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

[David Laight]

On Sun, 21 Jun 2026 22:21:30 +0000
David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com> wrote:

> Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
> This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
> first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
> subsequent entries.

How did you find this?
It requires a single buffer over 4GB - seems highly unlikely.


> 
> While the underlying IOMMU mapping may be contiguous, hardware
> DMA engines often require explicit address alignment (e.g., page,
> cacheline, or storage sector boundaries). Passing unaligned
> addresses and lengths can cause explicit failures in DMA descriptor
> creation or silent data corruption if lower unaligned bits are
> truncated.
> 
> Fix this by splitting the scatterlist by the largest possible page
> aligned chunk within `UINT_MAX` (`ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)`).
> This ensures all scatterlist DMA addresses and lengths remain page
> aligned and satisfy hardware constraints.

It would almost certainly better to spilt into 2G chunks.
That removes any need for any divisions.

> Page-aligned entries allow the system to cleanly chunk payloads into
> PCIe MaxPayloadSize (MPS) (e.g., 128 bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes).
> As a result, this may help reduce TLP fragmentation in P2P transfers
> and alleviate potential congestion within a logical PCIe switch
> partition, especially when Relaxed Ordering is not possible due to
> hardware constraints.
> 
> Reported-by: sashiko-bot <sashiko-bot@kernel.org>
> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260609165431.778061F00893@smtp.kernel.org/
> Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com>
> ---
>  drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 13 ++++++++-----
>  1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> index 794acff2546a..f2bde38fdb1f 100644
> --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> @@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
>   */
>  #include <linux/dma-buf-mapping.h>
>  #include <linux/dma-resv.h>
> +#include <linux/align.h>
> +
> +#define MAX_ENT_SZ ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)

>  
>  static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
>  					 dma_addr_t addr)
> @@ -12,9 +15,9 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
>  	unsigned int len, nents;
>  	int i;
>  
> -	nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
> +	nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, MAX_ENT_SZ);
>  	for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {

Why not change that to 'while (length) {' to avoid the division above.

> -		len = min_t(size_t, length, UINT_MAX);
> +		len = min_t(size_t, length, MAX_ENT_SZ);

I bet that doesn't need to be min_t()

>  		length -= len;
>  		/*
>  		 * DMABUF abuses scatterlist to create a scatterlist
> @@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
>  		 * does not require the CPU list for mapping or unmapping.
>  		 */
>  		sg_set_page(sgl, NULL, 0, 0);
> -		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * UINT_MAX;
> +		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * MAX_ENT_SZ;
>  		sg_dma_len(sgl) = len;

Replace the multiply with 'addr += len'.

-- David

>  		sgl = sg_next(sgl);
>  	}
> @@ -41,14 +44,14 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
>  
>  	if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
>  		for (i = 0; i < nr_ranges; i++)
> -			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, UINT_MAX);
> +			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, MAX_ENT_SZ);
>  	} else {
>  		/*
>  		 * In IOVA case, there is only one SG entry which spans
>  		 * for whole IOVA address space, but we need to make sure
>  		 * that it fits sg->length, maybe we need more.
>  		 */
> -		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
> +		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, MAX_ENT_SZ);
>  	}
>  
>  	return nents;

Re: [PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

[David Hu]

On Mon, Jun 22, 2026 at 4:13 AM David Laight
<david.laight.linux@gmail.com> wrote:
>

Hi David,

Thank you for your review. You raised many good points regarding
optimizations here. I'll switch to using 2G as the max entry size
(`SZ_2G` from `linux/sizes.h`), and remove divisions and
multiplications. I'll also replace the `for()` loop with `while
(length)`, and drop `min_t()` in favor of `min()` by casting `SZ_2G`
to `size_t`. I'll send out a v2 with these changes shortly.

Thanks,
David

> > Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
> > This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
> > first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
> > subsequent entries.
>
> How did you find this?
> It requires a single buffer over 4GB - seems highly unlikely.

It was observed during experiments with buffers over 8GB on an accelerator.

> >
> > While the underlying IOMMU mapping may be contiguous, hardware
> > DMA engines often require explicit address alignment (e.g., page,
> > cacheline, or storage sector boundaries). Passing unaligned
> > addresses and lengths can cause explicit failures in DMA descriptor
> > creation or silent data corruption if lower unaligned bits are
> > truncated.
> >
> > Fix this by splitting the scatterlist by the largest possible page
> > aligned chunk within `UINT_MAX` (`ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)`).
> > This ensures all scatterlist DMA addresses and lengths remain page
> > aligned and satisfy hardware constraints.
>
> It would almost certainly better to spilt into 2G chunks.
> That removes any need for any divisions.

I agree. 2G naturally aligns with most hardware boundaries, while also
allowing compiler optimizations with simple bit shifts.

>
> > Page-aligned entries allow the system to cleanly chunk payloads into
> > PCIe MaxPayloadSize (MPS) (e.g., 128 bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes).
> > As a result, this may help reduce TLP fragmentation in P2P transfers
> > and alleviate potential congestion within a logical PCIe switch
> > partition, especially when Relaxed Ordering is not possible due to
> > hardware constraints.
> >
> > Reported-by: sashiko-bot <sashiko-bot@kernel.org>
> > Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260609165431.778061F00893@smtp.kernel.org/
> > Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
> > Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> > Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com>
> > ---
> >  drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 13 ++++++++-----
> >  1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> > index 794acff2546a..f2bde38fdb1f 100644
> > --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> > +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
> > @@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
> >   */
> >  #include <linux/dma-buf-mapping.h>
> >  #include <linux/dma-resv.h>
> > +#include <linux/align.h>
> > +
> > +#define MAX_ENT_SZ ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)
>
> >
> >  static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
> >                                        dma_addr_t addr)
> > @@ -12,9 +15,9 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
> >       unsigned int len, nents;
> >       int i;
> >
> > -     nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
> > +     nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, MAX_ENT_SZ);
> >       for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {
>
> Why not change that to 'while (length) {' to avoid the division above.

Sounds good, will do.

>
> > -             len = min_t(size_t, length, UINT_MAX);
> > +             len = min_t(size_t, length, MAX_ENT_SZ);
>
> I bet that doesn't need to be min_t()

Agreed.


>
> >               length -= len;
> >               /*
> >                * DMABUF abuses scatterlist to create a scatterlist
> > @@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
> >                * does not require the CPU list for mapping or unmapping.
> >                */
> >               sg_set_page(sgl, NULL, 0, 0);
> > -             sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * UINT_MAX;
> > +             sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * MAX_ENT_SZ;
> >               sg_dma_len(sgl) = len;
>
> Replace the multiply with 'addr += len'.

Will update this as well.

>
> -- David
>
> >               sgl = sg_next(sgl);
> >       }
> > @@ -41,14 +44,14 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
> >
> >       if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
> >               for (i = 0; i < nr_ranges; i++)
> > -                     nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, UINT_MAX);
> > +                     nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, MAX_ENT_SZ);
> >       } else {
> >               /*
> >                * In IOVA case, there is only one SG entry which spans
> >                * for whole IOVA address space, but we need to make sure
> >                * that it fits sg->length, maybe we need more.
> >                */
> > -             nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
> > +             nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, MAX_ENT_SZ);
> >       }
> >
> >       return nents;
>

[PATCH v2] dma-buf: Split sgl into page-aligned 2G chunks

[David Hu]

Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
subsequent entries.

While the underlying IOMMU mapping may be contiguous, hardware
DMA engines often require explicit address alignment (e.g., page,
cacheline, or storage sector boundaries). Passing unaligned
addresses and lengths can cause explicit failures in DMA descriptor
creation or silent data corruption if lower unaligned bits are
truncated.

Fix this by splitting the scatterlist into 2G chunks. An alternative
previously considered was to use the largest page aligned chunk within
`UINT_MAX` (`ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)`) to satisfy page
alignment. A 2G chunk is better as it naturally aligns with most known
hardware boundaries, while also allowing compiler optimizations with
simple bit shifts. This ensures all scatterlist DMA addresses and
lengths remain page aligned and satisfy hardware constraints.

Page-aligned entries allow the system to cleanly chunk payloads into
PCIe MaxPayloadSize (MPS) (e.g., 128 bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes).
As a result, this may help reduce TLP fragmentation in P2P transfers
and alleviate potential congestion within a logical PCIe switch
partition, especially when Relaxed Ordering is not possible due to
hardware constraints.

Reported-by: sashiko-bot <sashiko-bot@kernel.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260609165431.778061F00893@smtp.kernel.org/
Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com>
---
 Changes in v2:
 - Updated commit title and message to reflect the switch to 2G chunks
 - Switch to using 2G as the max sg entry size as it naturally aligns
   with most hardware boundaries, while allowing compiler optimizations
   with bit shifts (David Laight)
 - Optimized away division calculation for `nent`, and multiplication
   calculation for sgl address, by dropping the `for` loop in favor of a
   `while (length)` loop (David Laight)
 - Dropped `min_t` in favor of `min()` to maintain a strict type
   checking safety net (David Laight)

 drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 20 +++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
index 794acff2546a..2d88e08c5ebf 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@
  */
 #include <linux/dma-buf-mapping.h>
 #include <linux/dma-resv.h>
+#include <linux/sizes.h>
+
+#define MAX_SG_ENT_SZ ((size_t)SZ_2G)
 
 static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
 					 dma_addr_t addr)
 {
-	unsigned int len, nents;
-	int i;
+	size_t len;
 
-	nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
-	for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {
-		len = min_t(size_t, length, UINT_MAX);
+	while (length) {
+		len = min(length, MAX_SG_ENT_SZ);
 		length -= len;
 		/*
 		 * DMABUF abuses scatterlist to create a scatterlist
@@ -24,11 +25,12 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
 		 * does not require the CPU list for mapping or unmapping.
 		 */
 		sg_set_page(sgl, NULL, 0, 0);
-		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * UINT_MAX;
+		sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr;
 		sg_dma_len(sgl) = len;
+		addr += len;
+		/* Unconditionally advance. On last segment, this becomes NULL */
 		sgl = sg_next(sgl);
 	}
-
 	return sgl;
 }
 
@@ -41,14 +43,14 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
 
 	if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
 		for (i = 0; i < nr_ranges; i++)
-			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, UINT_MAX);
+			nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, MAX_SG_ENT_SZ);
 	} else {
 		/*
 		 * In IOVA case, there is only one SG entry which spans
 		 * for whole IOVA address space, but we need to make sure
 		 * that it fits sg->length, maybe we need more.
 		 */
-		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
+		nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, MAX_SG_ENT_SZ);
 	}
 
 	return nents;
-- 
2.55.0.rc0.799.gd6f94ed593-goog

Re: [PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

[David Laight]

On Mon, 22 Jun 2026 17:26:10 -0400
David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com> wrote:

> On Mon, Jun 22, 2026 at 4:13 AM David Laight
> <david.laight.linux@gmail.com> wrote:
> >  
> 
> Hi David,
> 
> Thank you for your review. You raised many good points regarding
> optimizations here. I'll switch to using 2G as the max entry size
> (`SZ_2G` from `linux/sizes.h`), and remove divisions and
> multiplications. I'll also replace the `for()` loop with `while
> (length)`, and drop `min_t()` in favor of `min()` by casting `SZ_2G`
> to `size_t`.

You shouldn't need a cast at all.

	David L.

> I'll send out a v2 with these changes shortly.
> 
> Thanks,
> David

Re: [PATCH v2] dma-buf: Split sgl into page-aligned 2G chunks

[David Laight]

On Tue, 23 Jun 2026 01:54:59 +0000
David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com> wrote:

> Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
> This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
> first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
> subsequent entries.

There is a separate issue of whether this code is even needed at all.
Where can transfers over 2G (never mind 4G) actually come from.

The read, write and similar system calls limit transfers to INT_MAX
(even on 64bit) and a lot of driver code will need fixing it longer
lengths are allowed though.
io_uring better enforce the same limits.
So the transfers can come directly from userspace.

Not only that but you also need a single physically contiguous buffer.
Good luck allocating that!

Now maybe there are some peer-to-peer places where the large buffer
is device memory, but they will be unusual and probably need
special treatment anyway.

	David

Re: [PATCH v2] dma-buf: Split sgl into page-aligned 2G chunks

[Pranjal Shrivastava]

On Tue, Jun 23, 2026 at 09:44:46AM +0100, David Laight wrote:

Hi David,

> On Tue, 23 Jun 2026 01:54:59 +0000
> David Hu <xuehaohu@google.com> wrote:
> 
> > Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`.
> > This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the
> > first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all
> > subsequent entries.
> 
> There is a separate issue of whether this code is even needed at all.
> Where can transfers over 2G (never mind 4G) actually come from.
> 
> The read, write and similar system calls limit transfers to INT_MAX
> (even on 64bit) and a lot of driver code will need fixing it longer
> lengths are allowed though.
> io_uring better enforce the same limits.
> So the transfers can come directly from userspace.
> 
> Not only that but you also need a single physically contiguous buffer.
> Good luck allocating that!
> 
> Now maybe there are some peer-to-peer places where the large buffer
> is device memory, but they will be unusual and probably need
> special treatment anyway.
> 

I agree that traditional VFS read/write face the MAX_RW_COUNT limit 
(~2GB), and io_uring has its limits, but I'm a little confused by the
push to enforce these limits here in the SGL code?

File I/O seems to be only one side of the picture. In my view, this fix
is necessary and certainly has a use-case:

For example, the RDMA subsystem has the capability to import dmabufs [1],
which gives rise to use cases for dmabuf beyond standard file ops 
(via VFS/io_uring). 

In these scenarios, GPU HBM can be exported as dmabufs. With recent GPUs,
HBM capacity can be in the order of hundreds of GBs [2]. RDMA can employ
infrastructure like the vfio-dmabuf-exporter [3] or similar dmabuf 
exporters to frequently move huge blocks of data via P2PDMA.

If we restrict incoming dmabuf transfers to fit within VFS-centric 
limits (2GB), we impose unnecessary overhead on the RDMA stack, forcing
it to manage a significantly higher number of memory registrations. By 
cleanly splitting these massive contiguous device buffers into 
page-aligned SGL entries, we directly improve the efficiency of P2P 
transfers and memory registration.

Since this change doesn't seem to have a negative impact on standard file
I/O or break existing VFS constraints, I'm curious why we shouldn't 
support splitting these >4GB P2P transfers? Am I missing something?

Thanks,
Praan

[1] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v7.1.1/source/drivers/infiniband/core/umem_dmabuf.c#L174 
[2] https://nvdam.widen.net/s/fdvdqvfvj2/hopper-h200-nvl-product-brief (Table 2-2)
[3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v7.1.1/source/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c#L297