[PATCH v3 0/2] Add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout()

[PATCH v3 0/2] Add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout()

[FUJITA Tomonori]

From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>

The first patch makes bindings::HZ resolve to CONFIG_HZ.

The second patch was previously posted as patch 4 of [1]; patches 1-3
of that series have been applied. It has been reworked.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260808062839.1159990-1-tomo@flapping.org/

---
v3:
- Add the first patch to set bindings::HZ to CONFIG_HZ.
- Drop the CONFIG_HZ workaround.
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260907123524.2332118-1-tomo@flapping.org/
- Use mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64() instead of __msecs_to_jiffies().
- Dropped the as_millis_ceil() example and KUnit test patch; the conversion
  no longer uses as_millis_ceil(). Will send it separately.
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260811150147.1360102-1-tomo@flapping.org/

FUJITA Tomonori (2):
  rust: bindings: set HZ to CONFIG_HZ
  rust: time: add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout() for timeout conversion

 rust/bindings/lib.rs     |   5 ++
 rust/helpers/helpers.c   |   1 +
 rust/helpers/math.c      |   8 +++
 rust/kernel/Kconfig.test |  10 ++++
 rust/kernel/time.rs      | 105 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 129 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/math.c


base-commit: 28924df2a08f440c73991b83028032c901de2ae4
-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH v3 1/2] rust: bindings: set HZ to CONFIG_HZ

[FUJITA Tomonori]

From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>

include/uapi/asm-generic/param.h defines HZ as __USER_HZ and
include/asm-generic/param.h then sets it to CONFIG_HZ. bindgen keeps the
first definition of a macro and ignores a later #undef, so the generated
binding is __USER_HZ.

Redefine HZ in rust/bindings/lib.rs, the same way compat_ptr_ioctl is
redefined there. Nothing in the tree reads bindings::HZ today, so this
prevents accidental misuse rather than fixing a bug.

Suggested-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>
---
 rust/bindings/lib.rs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/rust/bindings/lib.rs b/rust/bindings/lib.rs
index 812f8e5a08d5..c17e6c2b775f 100644
--- a/rust/bindings/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/bindings/lib.rs
@@ -81,3 +81,8 @@ mod bindings_helper {
         None
     }
 };
+
+// `bindgen` keeps the first definition of a macro and ignores a later `#undef`.
+// The generated `HZ` is therefore `__USER_HZ` from
+// `include/uapi/asm-generic/param.h`, not `CONFIG_HZ`.
+pub const HZ: u32 = CONFIG_HZ;
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH v3 1/2] rust: bindings: set HZ to CONFIG_HZ

[Gary Guo]

On Wed Sep 9, 2026 at 12:04 AM BST, FUJITA Tomonori wrote:
> From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>
> 
> include/uapi/asm-generic/param.h defines HZ as __USER_HZ and
> include/asm-generic/param.h then sets it to CONFIG_HZ. bindgen keeps the
> first definition of a macro and ignores a later #undef, so the generated
> binding is __USER_HZ.
> 
> Redefine HZ in rust/bindings/lib.rs, the same way compat_ptr_ioctl is
> redefined there. Nothing in the tree reads bindings::HZ today, so this
> prevents accidental misuse rather than fixing a bug.
> 
> Suggested-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>

Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>

> ---
>  rust/bindings/lib.rs | 5 +++++
>  1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

[PATCH v3 2/2] rust: time: add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout() for timeout conversion

[FUJITA Tomonori]

From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>

The boundaries of __msecs_to_jiffies() and nsecs_to_jiffies64() depend
on which HZ branch is compiled. With CONFIG_HZ_300
nsecs_to_jiffies64() overflows after 64.99 years, which is less than
the 292 years a Delta can hold. With HZ=1000 a jiffy is a millisecond,
so __msecs_to_jiffies() returns its argument unchanged and never caps
it at MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET.

Compute the conversion in Rust with mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64() instead. It
returns (a * b + c) / d, computing a * b internally in 128 bits, so
ceil(nanos * HZ / NSEC_PER_SEC) needs no input clamp and rounds once. The
bound then follows from the arithmetic: with HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC, which a
static_assert() checks, the result is at most the nanosecond count.

Unless the result saturates, the value is rounded up, so the timeout is
never shorter than the requested span. It saturates at zero jiffies for a
negative span, i.e. an immediate timeout, and at MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET, the
upper bound the kernel uses for a jiffies span. Since MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET is
derived from long, only 32 bit can reach it, and a saturated timeout there
is finite, so it can be shorter than the requested span.

Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>
---
 rust/helpers/helpers.c   |   1 +
 rust/helpers/math.c      |   8 +++
 rust/kernel/Kconfig.test |  10 ++++
 rust/kernel/time.rs      | 105 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 124 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/math.c

diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index 440fb7638e3c..08374b163774 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 #include "kunit.c"
 #include "list.c"
 #include "maple_tree.c"
+#include "math.c"
 #include "mm.c"
 #include "mutex.c"
 #include "net/genetlink.c"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/math.c b/rust/helpers/math.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e2ee29bcce0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/math.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/math64.h>
+
+__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(u64 a, u64 b, u64 c, u64 d)
+{
+	return mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(a, b, c, d);
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test b/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
index e6a5c7a795f0..0087749995d2 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
+++ b/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
@@ -83,4 +83,14 @@ config RUST_BITFIELD_KUNIT_TEST
 
 	  If unsure, say N.
 
+config RUST_TIME_KUNIT_TEST
+	bool "KUnit tests for the Rust time API" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+	default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+	help
+	  This option enables KUnit tests for the Rust time API.
+	  These are only for development and testing, not for regular
+	  kernel use cases.
+
+	  If unsure, say N.
+
 endif
diff --git a/rust/kernel/time.rs b/rust/kernel/time.rs
index 6c0a5e8090d0..9e66c39f823c 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/time.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/time.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@
 /// The number of nanoseconds per second.
 pub const NSEC_PER_SEC: i64 = bindings::NSEC_PER_SEC as i64;
 
+/// The C side `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`, i.e. `((LONG_MAX >> 1) - 1)`. It is the upper
+/// bound the kernel uses for a jiffies span, not a wait-forever value.
+const MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET: isize = (isize::MAX >> 1) - 1;
+
 /// The time unit of Linux kernel. One jiffy equals (1/HZ) second.
 pub type Jiffies = crate::ffi::c_ulong;
 
@@ -554,6 +558,62 @@ pub fn as_millis_ceil(self) -> i64 {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Convert this span to a [`Delta<Jiffy>`] suitable for use as a timeout.
+    ///
+    /// Unless the result saturates, the value is rounded up to the next whole
+    /// jiffy, so the resulting timeout is never shorter than `self`.
+    ///
+    /// A negative span saturates at zero jiffies, i.e. an immediate timeout.
+    ///
+    /// A span that does not fit saturates at the kernel's [`MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`],
+    /// the upper bound for a jiffies span. That is a finite timeout, so a
+    /// saturated result can be shorter than the requested span. It is derived
+    /// from `long`, so only 32 bit can reach it, at about 12 days with `HZ=1000`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use kernel::time::Delta;
+    ///
+    /// // A negative span is an immediate timeout.
+    /// assert_eq!(Delta::from_millis(-1).to_jiffies_timeout().as_jiffies(), 0);
+    ///
+    /// // A span shorter than a jiffy still waits, i.e. the timeout is never
+    /// // shorter than the span.
+    /// assert!(Delta::from_nanos(1).to_jiffies_timeout().as_jiffies() >= 1);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`]: srctree/include/linux/jiffies.h
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_jiffies_timeout(self) -> Delta<Jiffy> {
+        const HZ: u64 = bindings::HZ as u64;
+
+        // The quotient `(nsecs * HZ + NSEC_PER_SEC - 1) / NSEC_PER_SEC` has to fit in
+        // `u64`; `nsecs * HZ` does not. With `HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC` the numerator is at
+        // most `(nsecs + 1) * NSEC_PER_SEC - 1`, so the quotient is at most `nsecs`.
+        crate::static_assert!(HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC as u64);
+
+        // CAST: `max()` makes the value non-negative, so the cast keeps it.
+        let nsecs = self.as_nanos().max(0) as u64;
+
+        // SAFETY: `mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64()` must not be called with a zero divisor,
+        // and its result must fit in `u64`. `NSEC_PER_SEC` is a non-zero constant, and
+        // the assertion above bounds the quotient by `nsecs`.
+        let jiffies = unsafe {
+            bindings::mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(
+                nsecs,
+                HZ,
+                (NSEC_PER_SEC - 1) as u64,
+                NSEC_PER_SEC as u64,
+            )
+        };
+
+        // CAST: `jiffies` is clamped to `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`, which is `<= isize::MAX`.
+        let jiffies = jiffies.min(MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET as u64) as isize;
+
+        Delta::<Jiffy>::from_jiffies(jiffies)
+    }
+
     /// Return `self % dividend` where `dividend` is in nanoseconds.
     ///
     /// The kernel doesn't have any emulation for `s64 % s64` on 32 bit platforms, so this is
@@ -580,3 +640,48 @@ pub fn rem_nanos(self, dividend: i32) -> Self {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(CONFIG_RUST_TIME_KUNIT_TEST)]
+#[macros::kunit_tests(rust_kernel_time)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_jiffies_timeout_converts() {
+        const HZ: isize = bindings::HZ as isize;
+
+        // One second is exactly `HZ` jiffies, and the round-up must not add one.
+        assert_eq!(Delta::from_secs(1).to_jiffies_timeout().as_jiffies(), HZ);
+
+        // One nanosecond more has to round up to the next whole jiffy.
+        assert_eq!(
+            Delta::from_nanos(NSEC_PER_SEC + 1)
+                .to_jiffies_timeout()
+                .as_jiffies(),
+            HZ + 1
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_jiffies_timeout_saturates() {
+        // The result never exceeds `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`. On 32 bit with `HZ=1000` this
+        // span is 2147483647 jiffies, so the clamp is what keeps it in range; on 64
+        // bit it fits and the check holds for every possible return value.
+        let clamped = Delta::from_millis(i64::from(i32::MAX)).to_jiffies_timeout();
+        assert!(clamped.as_jiffies() <= MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET);
+
+        // `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET` is derived from `long`, so only 32 bit can reach it. On
+        // 64 bit `i64::MAX` nanoseconds is about 292 years, which is 9223372036855
+        // jiffies with `HZ=1000`, far below the limit.
+        #[cfg(not(CONFIG_64BIT))]
+        {
+            // An overlong span is clamped to `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`.
+            let overlong = Delta::from_nanos(i64::MAX).to_jiffies_timeout();
+            assert_eq!(overlong.as_jiffies(), MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET);
+        }
+
+        // A negative span is an immediate timeout, however long it is.
+        let negative = Delta::from_nanos(i64::MIN).to_jiffies_timeout();
+        assert_eq!(negative.as_jiffies(), 0);
+    }
+}
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] rust: time: add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout() for timeout conversion

[Gary Guo]

On Wed Sep 9, 2026 at 12:04 AM BST, FUJITA Tomonori wrote:
> From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>
>
> The boundaries of __msecs_to_jiffies() and nsecs_to_jiffies64() depend
> on which HZ branch is compiled. With CONFIG_HZ_300
> nsecs_to_jiffies64() overflows after 64.99 years, which is less than
> the 292 years a Delta can hold. With HZ=1000 a jiffy is a millisecond,
> so __msecs_to_jiffies() returns its argument unchanged and never caps
> it at MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET.
>
> Compute the conversion in Rust with mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64() instead. It
> returns (a * b + c) / d, computing a * b internally in 128 bits, so
> ceil(nanos * HZ / NSEC_PER_SEC) needs no input clamp and rounds once. The
> bound then follows from the arithmetic: with HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC, which a
> static_assert() checks, the result is at most the nanosecond count.
>
> Unless the result saturates, the value is rounded up, so the timeout is
> never shorter than the requested span. It saturates at zero jiffies for a
> negative span, i.e. an immediate timeout, and at MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET, the
> upper bound the kernel uses for a jiffies span. Since MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET is
> derived from long, only 32 bit can reach it, and a saturated timeout there
> is finite, so it can be shorter than the requested span.
>
> Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>

Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>

With a nit below.

> ---
>  rust/helpers/helpers.c   |   1 +
>  rust/helpers/math.c      |   8 +++
>  rust/kernel/Kconfig.test |  10 ++++
>  rust/kernel/time.rs      | 105 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  4 files changed, 124 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 rust/helpers/math.c
>
> diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> index 440fb7638e3c..08374b163774 100644
> --- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> +++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
> @@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
>  #include "kunit.c"
>  #include "list.c"
>  #include "maple_tree.c"
> +#include "math.c"
>  #include "mm.c"
>  #include "mutex.c"
>  #include "net/genetlink.c"
> diff --git a/rust/helpers/math.c b/rust/helpers/math.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..e2ee29bcce0f
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/rust/helpers/math.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +#include <linux/math64.h>
> +
> +__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(u64 a, u64 b, u64 c, u64 d)
> +{
> +	return mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(a, b, c, d);
> +}
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test b/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
> index e6a5c7a795f0..0087749995d2 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
> +++ b/rust/kernel/Kconfig.test
> @@ -83,4 +83,14 @@ config RUST_BITFIELD_KUNIT_TEST
>  
>  	  If unsure, say N.
>  
> +config RUST_TIME_KUNIT_TEST
> +	bool "KUnit tests for the Rust time API" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
> +	default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
> +	help
> +	  This option enables KUnit tests for the Rust time API.
> +	  These are only for development and testing, not for regular
> +	  kernel use cases.
> +
> +	  If unsure, say N.
> +
>  endif
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/time.rs b/rust/kernel/time.rs
> index 6c0a5e8090d0..9e66c39f823c 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/time.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/time.rs
> @@ -39,6 +39,10 @@
>  /// The number of nanoseconds per second.
>  pub const NSEC_PER_SEC: i64 = bindings::NSEC_PER_SEC as i64;
>  
> +/// The C side `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`, i.e. `((LONG_MAX >> 1) - 1)`. It is the upper
> +/// bound the kernel uses for a jiffies span, not a wait-forever value.
> +const MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET: isize = (isize::MAX >> 1) - 1;
> +
>  /// The time unit of Linux kernel. One jiffy equals (1/HZ) second.
>  pub type Jiffies = crate::ffi::c_ulong;
>  
> @@ -554,6 +558,62 @@ pub fn as_millis_ceil(self) -> i64 {
>          }
>      }
>  
> +    /// Convert this span to a [`Delta<Jiffy>`] suitable for use as a timeout.
> +    ///
> +    /// Unless the result saturates, the value is rounded up to the next whole
> +    /// jiffy, so the resulting timeout is never shorter than `self`.
> +    ///
> +    /// A negative span saturates at zero jiffies, i.e. an immediate timeout.
> +    ///
> +    /// A span that does not fit saturates at the kernel's [`MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`],
> +    /// the upper bound for a jiffies span. That is a finite timeout, so a
> +    /// saturated result can be shorter than the requested span. It is derived
> +    /// from `long`, so only 32 bit can reach it, at about 12 days with `HZ=1000`.
> +    ///
> +    /// # Examples
> +    ///
> +    /// ```
> +    /// use kernel::time::Delta;
> +    ///
> +    /// // A negative span is an immediate timeout.
> +    /// assert_eq!(Delta::from_millis(-1).to_jiffies_timeout().as_jiffies(), 0);
> +    ///
> +    /// // A span shorter than a jiffy still waits, i.e. the timeout is never
> +    /// // shorter than the span.
> +    /// assert!(Delta::from_nanos(1).to_jiffies_timeout().as_jiffies() >= 1);
> +    /// ```
> +    ///
> +    /// [`MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`]: srctree/include/linux/jiffies.h
> +    #[inline]
> +    pub fn to_jiffies_timeout(self) -> Delta<Jiffy> {
> +        const HZ: u64 = bindings::HZ as u64;
> +
> +        // The quotient `(nsecs * HZ + NSEC_PER_SEC - 1) / NSEC_PER_SEC` has to fit in
> +        // `u64`; `nsecs * HZ` does not. With `HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC` the numerator is at
> +        // most `(nsecs + 1) * NSEC_PER_SEC - 1`, so the quotient is at most `nsecs`.
> +        crate::static_assert!(HZ <= NSEC_PER_SEC as u64);

I'm pretty sure we'll never want to a tick per ns, but hey maybe that'll not be
true for a future 5000000 GHz processor :)

> +
> +        // CAST: `max()` makes the value non-negative, so the cast keeps it.
> +        let nsecs = self.as_nanos().max(0) as u64;

Please use fn syntax and have `core::cmp::max(self.as_nanos(), 0)` or
`u64::max(..)`. Due to the method syntax hinting some action is taking place,
many people find it confusing, because you can easily understand `.max` it as
"clamp to a max of" while it actually means "clamp to a min of".

See https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/am-i-the-only-one-confused-by-a-min-b-and-a-max-b/13252

I'm somewhat surprised that Clippy doesn't have a restriction lint for this,
though.

Best,
Gary

> +
> +        // SAFETY: `mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64()` must not be called with a zero divisor,
> +        // and its result must fit in `u64`. `NSEC_PER_SEC` is a non-zero constant, and
> +        // the assertion above bounds the quotient by `nsecs`.
> +        let jiffies = unsafe {
> +            bindings::mul_u64_add_u64_div_u64(
> +                nsecs,
> +                HZ,
> +                (NSEC_PER_SEC - 1) as u64,
> +                NSEC_PER_SEC as u64,
> +            )
> +        };
> +
> +        // CAST: `jiffies` is clamped to `MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET`, which is `<= isize::MAX`.
> +        let jiffies = jiffies.min(MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET as u64) as isize;
> +
> +        Delta::<Jiffy>::from_jiffies(jiffies)
> +    }
> +
>      /// Return `self % dividend` where `dividend` is in nanoseconds.
>      ///
>      /// The kernel doesn't have any emulation for `s64 % s64` on 32 bit platforms, so this is

Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] rust: time: add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout() for timeout conversion

[FUJITA Tomonori]

On Wed, 23 Sep 2026 11:22:47 +0100
"Gary Guo" <gary@garyguo.net> wrote:

>> +        // CAST: `max()` makes the value non-negative, so the cast keeps it.
>> +        let nsecs = self.as_nanos().max(0) as u64;
> 
> Please use fn syntax and have `core::cmp::max(self.as_nanos(), 0)` or
> `u64::max(..)`. Due to the method syntax hinting some action is taking place,
> many people find it confusing, because you can easily understand `.max` it as
> "clamp to a max of" while it actually means "clamp to a min of".
> 
> See https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/am-i-the-only-one-confused-by-a-min-b-and-a-max-b/13252

Makes sense. Fixed in v4:

https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260924232530.446588-1-tomo@flapping.org/

Thanks for reviewing the patches!

Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] Add Delta::to_jiffies_timeout()

[Andreas Hindborg]

Hi Tomo,

"FUJITA Tomonori" <tomo@flapping.org> writes:

> From: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@gmail.com>
>
> The first patch makes bindings::HZ resolve to CONFIG_HZ.
>
> The second patch was previously posted as patch 4 of [1]; patches 1-3
> of that series have been applied. It has been reworked.
>
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260808062839.1159990-1-tomo@flapping.org/

I'm waiting for some review tags on this series so that I can stage it.

Best regards,
Andreas Hindborg