+ mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting.patch added to mm-new branch

+ mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting.patch added to mm-new branch

[Andrew Morton]

The patch titled
     Subject: mm: memory-tiering: fix PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE counting
has been added to the -mm mm-new branch.  Its filename is
     mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting.patch

This patch will shortly appear at
     https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/25-new.git/tree/patches/mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting.patch

This patch will later appear in the mm-new branch at
    git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm

Note, mm-new is a provisional staging ground for work-in-progress
patches, and acceptance into mm-new is a notification for others take
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------------------------------------------------------
From: Ruan Shiyang <ruansy.fnst@fujitsu.com>
Subject: mm: memory-tiering: fix PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE counting
Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2025 11:51:01 +0800

Goto-san reported confusing pgpromote statistics where the
pgpromote_success count significantly exceeded pgpromote_candidate.

On a system with three nodes (nodes 0-1: DRAM 4GB, node 2: NVDIMM 4GB):
 # Enable demotion only
 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/numa/demotion_enabled
 numactl -m 0-1 memhog -r200 3500M >/dev/null &
 pid=$!
 sleep 2
 numactl memhog -r100 2500M >/dev/null &
 sleep 10
 kill -9 $pid # terminate the 1st memhog
 # Enable promotion
 echo 2 > /proc/sys/kernel/numa_balancing

After a few seconds, we observeed `pgpromote_candidate < pgpromote_success`
$ grep -e pgpromote /proc/vmstat
pgpromote_success 2579
pgpromote_candidate 0

In this scenario, after terminating the first memhog, the conditions for
pgdat_free_space_enough() are quickly met, and triggers promotion. 
However, these migrated pages are only counted for in PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS,
not in PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE.

To solve these confusing statistics, introduce PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE_NRL to
count the missed promotion pages.  And also, not counting these pages into
PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE is to avoid changing the existing algorithm or
performance of the promotion rate limit.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250729035101.1601407-1-ruansy.fnst@fujitsu.com
Signed-off-by: Li Zhijian <lizhijian@fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Ruan Shiyang <ruansy.fnst@fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Yasunori Gotou (Fujitsu) <y-goto@fujitsu.com>
Suggested-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@redhat.com>
Cc: Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org>
Cc: Dietmar Eggemann <dietmar.eggemann@arm.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Valentin Schneider <vschneid@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
---

 include/linux/mmzone.h |   16 +++++++++++++++-
 kernel/sched/fair.c    |    5 +++--
 mm/vmstat.c            |    1 +
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h~mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting
+++ a/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -234,7 +234,21 @@ enum node_stat_item {
 #endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
 	PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS,	/* promote successfully */
-	PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE,	/* candidate pages to promote */
+	/**
+	 * Candidate pages for promotion based on hint fault latency.  This
+	 * counter is used to control the promotion rate and adjust the hot
+	 * threshold.
+	 */
+	PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE,
+	/**
+	 * Not rate-limited (NRL) candidate pages for those can be promoted
+	 * without considering hot threshold because of enough free pages in
+	 * fast-tier node.  These promotions bypass the regular hotness checks
+	 * and do NOT influence the promotion rate-limiter or
+	 * threshold-adjustment logic.
+	 * This is for statistics/monitoring purposes.
+	 */
+	PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE_NRL,
 #endif
 	/* PGDEMOTE_*: pages demoted */
 	PGDEMOTE_KSWAPD,
--- a/kernel/sched/fair.c~mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting
+++ a/kernel/sched/fair.c
@@ -1940,11 +1940,13 @@ bool should_numa_migrate_memory(struct t
 		struct pglist_data *pgdat;
 		unsigned long rate_limit;
 		unsigned int latency, th, def_th;
+		long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
 
 		pgdat = NODE_DATA(dst_nid);
 		if (pgdat_free_space_enough(pgdat)) {
 			/* workload changed, reset hot threshold */
 			pgdat->nbp_threshold = 0;
+			mod_node_page_state(pgdat, PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE_NRL, nr);
 			return true;
 		}
 
@@ -1958,8 +1960,7 @@ bool should_numa_migrate_memory(struct t
 		if (latency >= th)
 			return false;
 
-		return !numa_promotion_rate_limit(pgdat, rate_limit,
-						  folio_nr_pages(folio));
+		return !numa_promotion_rate_limit(pgdat, rate_limit, nr);
 	}
 
 	this_cpupid = cpu_pid_to_cpupid(dst_cpu, current->pid);
--- a/mm/vmstat.c~mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting
+++ a/mm/vmstat.c
@@ -1280,6 +1280,7 @@ const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
 	[I(PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS)]			= "pgpromote_success",
 	[I(PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE)]		= "pgpromote_candidate",
+	[I(PGPROMOTE_CANDIDATE_NRL)]		= "pgpromote_candidate_nrl",
 #endif
 	[I(PGDEMOTE_KSWAPD)]			= "pgdemote_kswapd",
 	[I(PGDEMOTE_DIRECT)]			= "pgdemote_direct",
_

Patches currently in -mm which might be from ruansy.fnst@fujitsu.com are

mm-memory-tiering-fix-pgpromote_candidate-counting.patch