FAILED: patch "[PATCH] reboot: fix cad_pid use-after-free race" failed to apply to 5.10-stable tree

FAILED: patch "[PATCH] reboot: fix cad_pid use-after-free race" failed to apply to 5.10-stable tree

[gregkh]

The patch below does not apply to the 5.10-stable tree.
If someone wants it applied there, or to any other stable or longterm
tree, then please email the backport, including the original git commit
id to <stable@vger.kernel.org>.

To reproduce the conflict and resubmit, you may use the following commands:

git fetch https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/ linux-5.10.y
git checkout FETCH_HEAD
git cherry-pick -x 5a88f78df753993469dab4d1831f8fb4256a9468
# <resolve conflicts, build, test, etc.>
git commit -s
git send-email --to '<stable@vger.kernel.org>' --in-reply-to '2026091657-festive-cultural-6f26@gregkh' --subject-prefix 'PATCH 5.10.y' 'HEAD^..'

Possible dependencies:



thanks,

greg k-h

------------------ original commit in Linus's tree ------------------

From 5a88f78df753993469dab4d1831f8fb4256a9468 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Cen Zhang (Microsoft)" <blbllhy@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 00:09:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] reboot: fix cad_pid use-after-free race

cad_pid is a single kernel-wide struct pid pointer. proc_do_cad_pid()
reads it and passes it to pid_vnr() without protecting the lifetime of
the referenced struct pid. A concurrent writer can replace cad_pid and
drop the final reference to the old struct pid after the reader has
loaded the pointer but before pid_vnr() has finished dereferencing it,
causing a use-after-free.

kill_cad_pid() has the same lifetime race when it passes cad_pid to
kill_pid().

At the time this issue was reported, an unprivileged user could reach the
sysctl through user and PID namespaces because cad_pid was registered in
pid_table[]. Moving cad_pid back to the global reboot sysctl table
corrected that namespace and permission mismatch, but did not fix the
underlying lifetime race.

Fix this by treating cad_pid as an RCU-protected pointer at both read
sites and by waiting for a grace period before dropping the old reference
on the write side.

call_rcu(&old_pid->rcu, ...) cannot be used here because free_pid()
also queues pid->rcu; queueing the same rcu_head twice can corrupt the
RCU callback list.

Original KASAN crash stack:
  kernel/pid.c:545 pid_nr_ns()        # reads freed pid->level
  kernel/pid.c:556 pid_vnr()          # calls pid_nr_ns()
  kernel/pid.c:775 proc_do_cad_pid()  # calls pid_vnr(cad_pid)

Fixes: 9ec52099e4b8 ("[PATCH] replace cad_pid by a struct pid")
Reported-by: AutonomousCodeSecurity@microsoft.com
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260717210143.4734-1-blbllhy@gmail.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/alz5ZYLE4kaq_v2P@redhat.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/al4ICz9biJKtdZc4@redhat.com/
Suggested-by: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Bradley Morgan <include@grrlz.net>
Suggested-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Suggested-by: Pavel Tikhomirov <ptikhomirov@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Cen Zhang (Microsoft) <blbllhy@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260814040944.16561-1-blbllhy@gmail.com
Reviewed-by: Bradley Morgan <include@grrlz.net>
Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Pavel Tikhomirov <ptikhomirov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Amutable) <brauner@kernel.org>

diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 3f100d69b053..fdafd164a42d 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@ static inline bool is_lazy_mmu_mode_active(void)
 }
 #endif
 
-extern struct pid *cad_pid;
+extern struct pid __rcu *cad_pid;
 
 /*
  * Per process flags
diff --git a/include/linux/sched/signal.h b/include/linux/sched/signal.h
index 584ae88b435e..d45a5476b97d 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched/signal.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched/signal.h
@@ -562,10 +562,7 @@ static inline sigset_t *sigmask_to_save(void)
 	return res;
 }
 
-static inline int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv)
-{
-	return kill_pid(cad_pid, sig, priv);
-}
+int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv);
 
 /* These can be the second arg to send_sig_info/send_group_sig_info.  */
 #define SEND_SIG_NOINFO ((struct kernel_siginfo *) 0)
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index 92d34e496a33..f46f3a8b3efd 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
 	 */
 	set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
 
-	cad_pid = get_pid(task_pid(current));
+	rcu_assign_pointer(cad_pid, get_pid(task_pid(current)));
 
 	smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
 
diff --git a/kernel/reboot.c b/kernel/reboot.c
index f070c5c1103a..d177d89fcc33 100644
--- a/kernel/reboot.c
+++ b/kernel/reboot.c
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 #include <linux/kexec.h>
 #include <linux/kmod.h>
 #include <linux/kmsg_dump.h>
+#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <linux/reboot.h>
+#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
 #include <linux/suspend.h>
 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
 #include <linux/syscore_ops.h>
@@ -24,8 +26,7 @@
  */
 
 static int C_A_D = 1;
-struct pid *cad_pid;
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(cad_pid);
+struct pid __rcu *cad_pid;
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_ARM)
 #define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE		= REBOOT_HARD
@@ -1371,10 +1372,14 @@ static int proc_do_cad_pid(const struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffe
 {
 	struct ctl_table tmp_table = *table;
 	struct pid *new_pid;
+	struct pid *old_pid;
 	pid_t tmp_pid;
 	int r;
 
-	tmp_pid = pid_vnr(cad_pid);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	tmp_pid = pid_vnr(rcu_dereference(cad_pid));
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
 	tmp_table.data = &tmp_pid;
 
 	r = proc_dointvec(&tmp_table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
@@ -1385,7 +1390,13 @@ static int proc_do_cad_pid(const struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffe
 	if (!new_pid)
 		return -ESRCH;
 
-	put_pid(xchg(&cad_pid, new_pid));
+	old_pid = unrcu_pointer(xchg(&cad_pid, RCU_INITIALIZER(new_pid)));
+	/*
+	 * Wait for cad_pid readers before put_pid().  We cannot use
+	 * call_rcu() here because free_pid() already owns pid->rcu.
+	 */
+	synchronize_rcu();
+	put_pid(old_pid);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/signal.c b/kernel/signal.c
index bbc0fd4cc4d7..2162fad7b940 100644
--- a/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/kernel/signal.c
@@ -1899,6 +1899,18 @@ int kill_pid(struct pid *pid, int sig, int priv)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kill_pid);
 
+int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	ret = kill_pid(rcu_dereference(cad_pid), sig, priv);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return ret;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(kill_cad_pid);
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX_TIMERS
 /*
  * These functions handle POSIX timer signals. POSIX timers use

[PATCH 5.10.y] reboot: fix cad_pid use-after-free race

[Sasha Levin]

From: "Cen Zhang (Microsoft)" <blbllhy@gmail.com>

[ Upstream commit 5a88f78df753993469dab4d1831f8fb4256a9468 ]

cad_pid is a single kernel-wide struct pid pointer. proc_do_cad_pid()
reads it and passes it to pid_vnr() without protecting the lifetime of
the referenced struct pid. A concurrent writer can replace cad_pid and
drop the final reference to the old struct pid after the reader has
loaded the pointer but before pid_vnr() has finished dereferencing it,
causing a use-after-free.

kill_cad_pid() has the same lifetime race when it passes cad_pid to
kill_pid().

At the time this issue was reported, an unprivileged user could reach the
sysctl through user and PID namespaces because cad_pid was registered in
pid_table[]. Moving cad_pid back to the global reboot sysctl table
corrected that namespace and permission mismatch, but did not fix the
underlying lifetime race.

Fix this by treating cad_pid as an RCU-protected pointer at both read
sites and by waiting for a grace period before dropping the old reference
on the write side.

call_rcu(&old_pid->rcu, ...) cannot be used here because free_pid()
also queues pid->rcu; queueing the same rcu_head twice can corrupt the
RCU callback list.

Original KASAN crash stack:
  kernel/pid.c:545 pid_nr_ns()        # reads freed pid->level
  kernel/pid.c:556 pid_vnr()          # calls pid_nr_ns()
  kernel/pid.c:775 proc_do_cad_pid()  # calls pid_vnr(cad_pid)

Fixes: 9ec52099e4b8 ("[PATCH] replace cad_pid by a struct pid")
Reported-by: AutonomousCodeSecurity@microsoft.com
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260717210143.4734-1-blbllhy@gmail.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/alz5ZYLE4kaq_v2P@redhat.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/al4ICz9biJKtdZc4@redhat.com/
Suggested-by: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Bradley Morgan <include@grrlz.net>
Suggested-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Suggested-by: Pavel Tikhomirov <ptikhomirov@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Cen Zhang (Microsoft) <blbllhy@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260814040944.16561-1-blbllhy@gmail.com
Reviewed-by: Bradley Morgan <include@grrlz.net>
Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Pavel Tikhomirov <ptikhomirov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Amutable) <brauner@kernel.org>
[ adapted proc_do_cad_pid() changes to its existing implementation in kernel/sysctl.c. ]
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
---
 include/linux/sched.h        |  2 +-
 include/linux/sched/signal.h |  5 +----
 init/main.c                  |  2 +-
 kernel/reboot.c              |  5 +++--
 kernel/signal.c              | 12 ++++++++++++
 kernel/sysctl.c              | 13 +++++++++++--
 6 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 1c5bd595f560c..814d4e6e1130e 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ static inline int is_global_init(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	return task_tgid_nr(tsk) == 1;
 }
 
-extern struct pid *cad_pid;
+extern struct pid __rcu *cad_pid;
 
 /*
  * Per process flags
diff --git a/include/linux/sched/signal.h b/include/linux/sched/signal.h
index 5e4194e12a7db..3321fb12e9d28 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched/signal.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched/signal.h
@@ -534,10 +534,7 @@ static inline sigset_t *sigmask_to_save(void)
 	return res;
 }
 
-static inline int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv)
-{
-	return kill_pid(cad_pid, sig, priv);
-}
+int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv);
 
 /* These can be the second arg to send_sig_info/send_group_sig_info.  */
 #define SEND_SIG_NOINFO ((struct kernel_siginfo *) 0)
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index d23d1a8d5393f..d979a5d80d4ca 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
 	 */
 	set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
 
-	cad_pid = get_pid(task_pid(current));
+	rcu_assign_pointer(cad_pid, get_pid(task_pid(current)));
 
 	smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
 
diff --git a/kernel/reboot.c b/kernel/reboot.c
index e297b35fc6521..054847f20bd82 100644
--- a/kernel/reboot.c
+++ b/kernel/reboot.c
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
 #include <linux/kexec.h>
 #include <linux/kmod.h>
 #include <linux/kmsg_dump.h>
+#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <linux/reboot.h>
+#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
 #include <linux/suspend.h>
 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
 #include <linux/syscore_ops.h>
@@ -23,8 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 int C_A_D = 1;
-struct pid *cad_pid;
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(cad_pid);
+struct pid __rcu *cad_pid;
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_ARM)
 #define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE		= REBOOT_HARD
diff --git a/kernel/signal.c b/kernel/signal.c
index d9f2f01db1038..709b5040c5a53 100644
--- a/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/kernel/signal.c
@@ -1809,6 +1809,18 @@ int kill_pid(struct pid *pid, int sig, int priv)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kill_pid);
 
+int kill_cad_pid(int sig, int priv)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	ret = kill_pid(rcu_dereference(cad_pid), sig, priv);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return ret;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(kill_cad_pid);
+
 /*
  * These functions support sending signals using preallocated sigqueue
  * structures.  This is needed "because realtime applications cannot
diff --git a/kernel/sysctl.c b/kernel/sysctl.c
index c2870c9cae14a..634aaa005a89e 100644
--- a/kernel/sysctl.c
+++ b/kernel/sysctl.c
@@ -1505,10 +1505,13 @@ static int proc_do_cad_pid(struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffer,
 		size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
 {
 	struct pid *new_pid;
+	struct pid *old_pid;
 	pid_t tmp;
 	int r;
 
-	tmp = pid_vnr(cad_pid);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	tmp = pid_vnr(rcu_dereference(cad_pid));
+	rcu_read_unlock();
 
 	r = __do_proc_dointvec(&tmp, table, write, buffer,
 			       lenp, ppos, NULL, NULL);
@@ -1519,7 +1522,13 @@ static int proc_do_cad_pid(struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffer,
 	if (!new_pid)
 		return -ESRCH;
 
-	put_pid(xchg(&cad_pid, new_pid));
+	old_pid = unrcu_pointer(xchg(&cad_pid, RCU_INITIALIZER(new_pid)));
+	/*
+	 * Wait for cad_pid readers before put_pid().  We cannot use
+	 * call_rcu() here because free_pid() already owns pid->rcu.
+	 */
+	synchronize_rcu();
+	put_pid(old_pid);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-- 
2.53.0