[PATCH v3 1/3] x86: hugetlb: disable default CMA reservations on 32-bit kernel

[PATCH v3 1/3] x86: hugetlb: disable default CMA reservations on 32-bit kernel

[Qi Zheng]

From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>

A 32-bit x86 kernel can run on a 64-bit-capable CPU advertising GBPAGES.
arch_hugetlb_cma_order() checks only this feature and returns a nonzero
order, although gigantic HugeTLB support on x86 requires CONFIG_X86_64.
Specifying hugetlb_cma= can therefore reserve a CMA area that cannot
serve the intended gigantic HugeTLB allocations.

On non-PAE kernels, the folded PUD_SHIFT yields a 4 MiB order, which is
equal to MAX_PAGE_ORDER. With CONFIG_DEBUG_VM enabled, this triggers the
VM_WARN_ON(order <= MAX_PAGE_ORDER) check in hugetlb_cma_reserve(),
warning that hugetlb_cma is attempting to reserve a non-gigantic order.

Require CONFIG_X86_64 as well as GBPAGES when selecting the default CMA
order to avoid these ineffective reservations.

Fixes: cf11e85fc08c ("mm: hugetlb: optionally allocate gigantic hugepages using cma")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
---
 arch/x86/mm/hugetlbpage.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/hugetlbpage.c b/arch/x86/mm/hugetlbpage.c
index 3b26621c91286..70726a99ede7b 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/hugetlbpage.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/hugetlbpage.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ arch_initcall(gigantic_pages_init);
 
 unsigned int __init arch_hugetlb_cma_order(void)
 {
-	if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES))
+	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_64) && boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES))
 		return PUD_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT;
 
 	return 0;
-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH v3 2/3] mm: gup: allow long-term pins of CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios

[Qi Zheng]

From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>

Long-term pinning treats explicitly CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios as
unpinnable, causing unnecessary migration or pinning failures.

These folios already own their CMA bitmap ranges, and memory blocks
overlapping CMA areas cannot be offlined. Allow HugeTLB folios with
HPG_cma to be pinned directly, including in ZONE_MOVABLE.

Fixes: cf11e85fc08c ("mm: hugetlb: optionally allocate gigantic hugepages using cma")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Suggested-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
---
 include/linux/mm.h | 29 +----------------------------
 mm/gup.c           | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 2d0b8a4c9974f..75dd40265d3f4 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -2975,35 +2975,8 @@ static inline bool is_zero_folio(const struct folio *folio)
 	return is_zero_page(&folio->page);
 }
 
-/* MIGRATE_CMA and ZONE_MOVABLE do not allow pin folios */
 #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
-static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
-	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
-
-	if (mt == MIGRATE_CMA || mt == MIGRATE_ISOLATE)
-		return false;
-#endif
-	/* The zero page can be "pinned" but gets special handling. */
-	if (is_zero_folio(folio))
-		return true;
-
-	/* Coherent device memory must always allow eviction. */
-	if (folio_is_device_coherent(folio))
-		return false;
-
-	/*
-	 * Filesystems can only tolerate transient delays to truncate and
-	 * hole-punch operations
-	 */
-	if (folio_is_fsdax(folio))
-		return false;
-
-	/* Otherwise, non-movable zone folios can be pinned. */
-	return !folio_is_zone_movable(folio);
-
-}
+bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio);
 #else
 static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
 {
diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
index 2b405cce2ca5c..f41701c603500 100644
--- a/mm/gup.c
+++ b/mm/gup.c
@@ -2216,6 +2216,37 @@ struct page *get_dump_page(unsigned long addr, int *locked)
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
 
+bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
+
+	/* These HugeTLB folios own the CMA memory, so they can be long-term pinned. */
+	if (folio_test_hugetlb(folio) && folio_test_hugetlb_cma(folio))
+		return true;
+
+	if (mt == MIGRATE_CMA || mt == MIGRATE_ISOLATE)
+		return false;
+#endif
+	/* The zero page can be "pinned" but gets special handling. */
+	if (is_zero_folio(folio))
+		return true;
+
+	/* Coherent device memory must always allow eviction. */
+	if (folio_is_device_coherent(folio))
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Filesystems can only tolerate transient delays to truncate and
+	 * hole-punch operations
+	 */
+	if (folio_is_fsdax(folio))
+		return false;
+
+	/* Otherwise, non-movable zone folios can be pinned. */
+	return !folio_is_zone_movable(folio);
+}
+
 /*
  * An array of either pages or folios ("pofs"). Although it may seem tempting to
  * avoid this complication, by simply interpreting a list of folios as a list of
-- 
2.54.0

Re: [PATCH v3 2/3] mm: gup: allow long-term pins of CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios

[David Hildenbrand (Arm)]

On 11/7/26 11:30, Qi Zheng wrote:
> From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
> 
> Long-term pinning treats explicitly CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios as
> unpinnable, causing unnecessary migration or pinning failures.
> 
> These folios already own their CMA bitmap ranges, and memory blocks
> overlapping CMA areas cannot be offlined. Allow HugeTLB folios with
> HPG_cma to be pinned directly, including in ZONE_MOVABLE.
> 
> Fixes: cf11e85fc08c ("mm: hugetlb: optionally allocate gigantic hugepages using cma")
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> Suggested-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
> Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
> Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
> Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
> Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
> ---
>  include/linux/mm.h | 29 +----------------------------
>  mm/gup.c           | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
> index 2d0b8a4c9974f..75dd40265d3f4 100644
> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
> @@ -2975,35 +2975,8 @@ static inline bool is_zero_folio(const struct folio *folio)
>  	return is_zero_page(&folio->page);
>  }
>  
> -/* MIGRATE_CMA and ZONE_MOVABLE do not allow pin folios */
>  #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
> -static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
> -{
> -#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
> -	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
> -
> -	if (mt == MIGRATE_CMA || mt == MIGRATE_ISOLATE)
> -		return false;
> -#endif
> -	/* The zero page can be "pinned" but gets special handling. */
> -	if (is_zero_folio(folio))
> -		return true;
> -
> -	/* Coherent device memory must always allow eviction. */
> -	if (folio_is_device_coherent(folio))
> -		return false;
> -
> -	/*
> -	 * Filesystems can only tolerate transient delays to truncate and
> -	 * hole-punch operations
> -	 */
> -	if (folio_is_fsdax(folio))
> -		return false;
> -
> -	/* Otherwise, non-movable zone folios can be pinned. */
> -	return !folio_is_zone_movable(folio);
> -
> -}

Moving code while adding new stuff to it, please don't.

Move code first, then modify it.

I don't want to play "find the difference between two pictures" on a Saturday
evening.

> +bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio);
>  #else
>  static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
>  {
> diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
> index 2b405cce2ca5c..f41701c603500 100644
> --- a/mm/gup.c
> +++ b/mm/gup.c
> @@ -2216,6 +2216,37 @@ struct page *get_dump_page(unsigned long addr, int *locked)
>  
>  #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
>  
> +bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
> +{
> +#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
> +	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
> +
> +	/* These HugeTLB folios own the CMA memory, so they can be long-term pinned. */
> +	if (folio_test_hugetlb(folio) && folio_test_hugetlb_cma(folio))
> +		return true;
More hugetlb hackery ... don't like that, sorry.

I think this just goes down to a problem we discussed a while ago that is
independent of hugetlb: we'd need some way to identify that the the page was
actually allocated by the CMA owner, and it's not just some other movable
allcoation that ended up there.

For something generic non-hugetlb thing, can't we call into CMA to ask whether
the current chunk is marked allocated?

If that's too hard, we could add a temporary hugetlb hack.

But we all hate hugetlb hacks. :)

-- 
Cheers,

David

Re: [PATCH v3 2/3] mm: gup: allow long-term pins of CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios

[Qi Zheng]

On 11/8/26 1:58 AM, David Hildenbrand (Arm) wrote:
> On 11/7/26 11:30, Qi Zheng wrote:
>> From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
>>
>> Long-term pinning treats explicitly CMA-allocated HugeTLB folios as
>> unpinnable, causing unnecessary migration or pinning failures.
>>
>> These folios already own their CMA bitmap ranges, and memory blocks
>> overlapping CMA areas cannot be offlined. Allow HugeTLB folios with
>> HPG_cma to be pinned directly, including in ZONE_MOVABLE.
>>
>> Fixes: cf11e85fc08c ("mm: hugetlb: optionally allocate gigantic hugepages using cma")
>> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
>> Suggested-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
>> Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
>> Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
>> Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
>> Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
>> ---
>>   include/linux/mm.h | 29 +----------------------------
>>   mm/gup.c           | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>>   2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
>> index 2d0b8a4c9974f..75dd40265d3f4 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
>> @@ -2975,35 +2975,8 @@ static inline bool is_zero_folio(const struct folio *folio)
>>   	return is_zero_page(&folio->page);
>>   }
>>   
>> -/* MIGRATE_CMA and ZONE_MOVABLE do not allow pin folios */
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
>> -static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
>> -{
>> -#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
>> -	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
>> -
>> -	if (mt == MIGRATE_CMA || mt == MIGRATE_ISOLATE)
>> -		return false;
>> -#endif
>> -	/* The zero page can be "pinned" but gets special handling. */
>> -	if (is_zero_folio(folio))
>> -		return true;
>> -
>> -	/* Coherent device memory must always allow eviction. */
>> -	if (folio_is_device_coherent(folio))
>> -		return false;
>> -
>> -	/*
>> -	 * Filesystems can only tolerate transient delays to truncate and
>> -	 * hole-punch operations
>> -	 */
>> -	if (folio_is_fsdax(folio))
>> -		return false;
>> -
>> -	/* Otherwise, non-movable zone folios can be pinned. */
>> -	return !folio_is_zone_movable(folio);
>> -
>> -}
> 
> Moving code while adding new stuff to it, please don't.
> 
> Move code first, then modify it.
> 
> I don't want to play "find the difference between two pictures" on a Saturday
> evening.

;), got it.

I moved the code to resolve a build dependency.

> 
>> +bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio);
>>   #else
>>   static inline bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
>>   {
>> diff --git a/mm/gup.c b/mm/gup.c
>> index 2b405cce2ca5c..f41701c603500 100644
>> --- a/mm/gup.c
>> +++ b/mm/gup.c
>> @@ -2216,6 +2216,37 @@ struct page *get_dump_page(unsigned long addr, int *locked)
>>   
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
>>   
>> +bool folio_is_longterm_pinnable(struct folio *folio)
>> +{
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
>> +	int mt = folio_migratetype(folio);
>> +
>> +	/* These HugeTLB folios own the CMA memory, so they can be long-term pinned. */
>> +	if (folio_test_hugetlb(folio) && folio_test_hugetlb_cma(folio))
>> +		return true;
> More hugetlb hackery ... don't like that, sorry.

Agree.

> 
> I think this just goes down to a problem we discussed a while ago that is
> independent of hugetlb: we'd need some way to identify that the the page was
> actually allocated by the CMA owner, and it's not just some other movable
> allcoation that ended up there.
> 
> For something generic non-hugetlb thing, can't we call into CMA to ask whether
> the current chunk is marked allocated?

The existing bitmap is set before allocation completes, so the range
may still contain borrowed movable pages. A set bit alone cannot
establish ownership.

A generic query may need separate ownership tracking, such as an
owned_bitmap recording successfully allocated pages. Its updates and
lookups would also need to handle concurrency with fast GUP.

> 
> If that's too hard, we could add a temporary hugetlb hack.

For this fix, I'd prefer to keep the current check.

> 
> But we all hate hugetlb hacks. :)

+1.

> 

[PATCH v3 3/3] mm: hugetlb: fix GFP mask propagation to CMA

[Qi Zheng]

From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>

cma_alloc_frozen_compound() uses GFP_KERNEL, allowing direct reclaim
during the first MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY allocation attempt even though
the caller clears __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM.

Pass the caller's GFP mask through the helper so CMA respects its
reclaim constraints when trying the preferred nodes.

Fixes: 9bda131c6093 ("mm: cma: add cma_alloc_frozen{_compound}()")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
---
 include/linux/cma.h | 2 +-
 mm/cma.c            | 5 +++--
 mm/hugetlb_cma.c    | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/cma.h b/include/linux/cma.h
index 8555d38a97b1a..4539ea5f2c4e8 100644
--- a/include/linux/cma.h
+++ b/include/linux/cma.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ extern bool cma_release(struct cma *cma, const struct page *pages, unsigned long
 
 struct page *cma_alloc_frozen(struct cma *cma, unsigned long count,
 		unsigned int align, bool no_warn);
-struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order);
+struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order, gfp_t gfp);
 bool cma_release_frozen(struct cma *cma, const struct page *pages,
 		unsigned long count);
 
diff --git a/mm/cma.c b/mm/cma.c
index 9ec1d1fd5dff5..45017ed876f76 100644
--- a/mm/cma.c
+++ b/mm/cma.c
@@ -933,9 +933,10 @@ struct page *cma_alloc_frozen(struct cma *cma, unsigned long count,
 	return __cma_alloc_frozen(cma, count, align, gfp);
 }
 
-struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order)
+struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order, gfp_t gfp)
 {
-	gfp_t gfp = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_COMP | __GFP_NOWARN;
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(gfp & __GFP_COMP)))
+		return NULL;
 
 	return __cma_alloc_frozen(cma, 1 << order, order, gfp);
 }
diff --git a/mm/hugetlb_cma.c b/mm/hugetlb_cma.c
index 80b2407e9f077..307e5736ecdbe 100644
--- a/mm/hugetlb_cma.c
+++ b/mm/hugetlb_cma.c
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ struct folio *hugetlb_cma_alloc_frozen_folio(int order, gfp_t gfp_mask,
 	}
 
 	if (hugetlb_cma[nid] && node_isset(nid, *nmask))
-		page = cma_alloc_frozen_compound(hugetlb_cma[nid], order);
+		page = cma_alloc_frozen_compound(hugetlb_cma[nid], order, gfp_mask);
 
 	if (!page && !(gfp_mask & __GFP_THISNODE)) {
 		for_each_node_mask(node, *nmask) {
 			if (node == nid || !hugetlb_cma[node])
 				continue;
 
-			page = cma_alloc_frozen_compound(hugetlb_cma[node], order);
+			page = cma_alloc_frozen_compound(hugetlb_cma[node], order, gfp_mask);
 			if (page)
 				break;
 		}
-- 
2.54.0

Re: [PATCH v3 3/3] mm: hugetlb: fix GFP mask propagation to CMA

[Oscar Salvador (SUSE)]

On Sat, Nov 07, 2026 at 06:30:47PM +0800, Qi Zheng wrote:
> From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
> 
> cma_alloc_frozen_compound() uses GFP_KERNEL, allowing direct reclaim
> during the first MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY allocation attempt even though
> the caller clears __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM.
> 
> Pass the caller's GFP mask through the helper so CMA respects its
> reclaim constraints when trying the preferred nodes.
> 
> Fixes: 9bda131c6093 ("mm: cma: add cma_alloc_frozen{_compound}()")
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
> Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
> Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>

Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador (SUSE) <osalvador@kernel.org>

A comment below:

> --- a/mm/cma.c
> +++ b/mm/cma.c
> @@ -933,9 +933,10 @@ struct page *cma_alloc_frozen(struct cma *cma, unsigned long count,
>  	return __cma_alloc_frozen(cma, count, align, gfp);
>  }
>  
> -struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order)
> +struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order, gfp_t gfp)
>  {
> -	gfp_t gfp = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_COMP | __GFP_NOWARN;
> +	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(gfp & __GFP_COMP)))
> +		return NULL;

I think this needs a comment explaining why we are checking for __GFP_COMP,
because it might not be obvious to the casual reader.
Something like:

 "The only caller of cma_alloc_frozen_compound() is hugetlb, and hugetlb
  constructs its gfp mask via htlb_alloc_mask(), which already sets
  __GFP_COMP. Check here for usecases bypassing htlb_alloc_mask()."


Maybe in the future we do have some other users of this function which are outside
of the hugetlb realm, but if we are propagating the gfp mask down the chain to this
point, we do have to check that those users are also setting __GFP_COMP.
  
 

-- 
Oscar Salvador
SUSE Labs

Re: [PATCH v3 3/3] mm: hugetlb: fix GFP mask propagation to CMA

[Qi Zheng]

On 11/8/26 1:02 AM, Oscar Salvador (SUSE) wrote:
> On Sat, Nov 07, 2026 at 06:30:47PM +0800, Qi Zheng wrote:
>> From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
>>
>> cma_alloc_frozen_compound() uses GFP_KERNEL, allowing direct reclaim
>> during the first MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY allocation attempt even though
>> the caller clears __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM.
>>
>> Pass the caller's GFP mask through the helper so CMA respects its
>> reclaim constraints when trying the preferred nodes.
>>
>> Fixes: 9bda131c6093 ("mm: cma: add cma_alloc_frozen{_compound}()")
>> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
>> Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
>> Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
>> Reviewed-by: Jose A. Perez de Azpillaga <azpijr@gmail.com>
> 
> Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador (SUSE) <osalvador@kernel.org>
> 
> A comment below:
> 
>> --- a/mm/cma.c
>> +++ b/mm/cma.c
>> @@ -933,9 +933,10 @@ struct page *cma_alloc_frozen(struct cma *cma, unsigned long count,
>>   	return __cma_alloc_frozen(cma, count, align, gfp);
>>   }
>>   
>> -struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order)
>> +struct page *cma_alloc_frozen_compound(struct cma *cma, unsigned int order, gfp_t gfp)
>>   {
>> -	gfp_t gfp = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_COMP | __GFP_NOWARN;
>> +	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(gfp & __GFP_COMP)))
>> +		return NULL;
> 
> I think this needs a comment explaining why we are checking for __GFP_COMP,
> because it might not be obvious to the casual reader.
> Something like:
> 
>   "The only caller of cma_alloc_frozen_compound() is hugetlb, and hugetlb
>    constructs its gfp mask via htlb_alloc_mask(), which already sets
>    __GFP_COMP. Check here for usecases bypassing htlb_alloc_mask()."

OK, will add this comment.

Thanks,
Qi

> 
> 
> Maybe in the future we do have some other users of this function which are outside
> of the hugetlb realm, but if we are propagating the gfp mask down the chain to this
> point, we do have to check that those users are also setting __GFP_COMP.
>    
>   
>