Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

Andrew Morton <akpm@digeo.com> writes:

> Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> > 
> > ...
> > > It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> > > is the kernel's most expensive function.
> > >
> > > A little project for someone.
> > 
> > OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.
> 
> That would be fantastic - thanks.  This is more a measurement
> and testing exercise than a coding one.  And if those measurements
> are sufficiently nice (eg: >5%) then a 2.4 backport should be done.

Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good 
for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
Cache hot is good for everything else.

But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K) 
I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies 
is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
that it helps for selected copies.


-Andi


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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

Andrew Morton <akpm@digeo.com> writes:

> Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> > 
> > ...
> > > It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> > > is the kernel's most expensive function.
> > >
> > > A little project for someone.
> > 
> > OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.
> 
> That would be fantastic - thanks.  This is more a measurement
> and testing exercise than a coding one.  And if those measurements
> are sufficiently nice (eg: >5%) then a 2.4 backport should be done.

Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good 
for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
Cache hot is good for everything else.

But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K) 
I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies 
is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
that it helps for selected copies.


-Andi

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Morton]

Andi Kleen wrote:
> 
> Andrew Morton <akpm@digeo.com> writes:
> 
> > Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> > >
> > > ...
> > > > It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> > > > is the kernel's most expensive function.
> > > >
> > > > A little project for someone.
> > >
> > > OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.
> >
> > That would be fantastic - thanks.  This is more a measurement
> > and testing exercise than a coding one.  And if those measurements
> > are sufficiently nice (eg: >5%) then a 2.4 backport should be done.
> 
> Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
> a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good
> for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
> Cache hot is good for everything else.

I expect that caching userspace and not pagecache would be
a reasonable choice.

> But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
> could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K)
> I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies
> is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
> that it helps for selected copies.

Well if it's a really big read then bypassing the CPU cache on
the userspace-side buffer would make sense.

Can you control the cachability of the memory reads as well?

What restrictions are there on these instructions?  Would
they force us to bear the cost of the aligment problem?


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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Morton]

Andi Kleen wrote:
> 
> Andrew Morton <akpm@digeo.com> writes:
> 
> > Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> > >
> > > ...
> > > > It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> > > > is the kernel's most expensive function.
> > > >
> > > > A little project for someone.
> > >
> > > OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.
> >
> > That would be fantastic - thanks.  This is more a measurement
> > and testing exercise than a coding one.  And if those measurements
> > are sufficiently nice (eg: >5%) then a 2.4 backport should be done.
> 
> Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
> a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good
> for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
> Cache hot is good for everything else.

I expect that caching userspace and not pagecache would be
a reasonable choice.

> But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
> could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K)
> I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies
> is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
> that it helps for selected copies.

Well if it's a really big read then bypassing the CPU cache on
the userspace-side buffer would make sense.

Can you control the cachability of the memory reads as well?

What restrictions are there on these instructions?  Would
they force us to bear the cost of the aligment problem?

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

On Thu, Sep 19, 2002 at 06:09:34PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> > Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
> > a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good
> > for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
> > Cache hot is good for everything else.
> 
> I expect that caching userspace and not pagecache would be
> a reasonable choice.

Normally yes, but not always. e.g. for squid you don't really want to 
cache user space.

But I guess it would be a reasonable heuristic. Or at least worth a try :-)

> 
> > But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
> > could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K)
> > I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies
> > is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
> > that it helps for selected copies.
> 
> Well if it's a really big read then bypassing the CPU cache on
> the userspace-side buffer would make sense.
> 
> Can you control the cachability of the memory reads as well?

SSE2 has hints for that (prefetchnti and even prefetcht0,1 etc. for different
cache hierarchies), but it's not completely clear on how much
the CPUs follow these. 

For writing it's much more obvious and usually documented even.

> 
> What restrictions are there on these instructions?  Would
> they force us to bear the cost of the aligment problem?

They should be aligned, otherwise it makes no sense. When you assume it's
more likely that one target or destination are unaligned then you can easily
align either target or destination. Trick is to chose the right one,
it varies on the call site.
(these are for big copies so a small alignment function is lost in the noise)

x86-64 copy_*_user currently aligns the destination, but hardcoding that
is a bit dumb and I'm not completely happy with it.


-Andi


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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

On Thu, Sep 19, 2002 at 06:09:34PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> > Very interesting IMHO would be to find a heuristic to switch between
> > a write combining copy and a cache hot copy. Write combining is good
> > for blasting huge amounts of data quickly without killing your caches.
> > Cache hot is good for everything else.
> 
> I expect that caching userspace and not pagecache would be
> a reasonable choice.

Normally yes, but not always. e.g. for squid you don't really want to 
cache user space.

But I guess it would be a reasonable heuristic. Or at least worth a try :-)

> 
> > But it'll need hints from the higher level code. e.g. read and write
> > could turn on write combining for bigger writes (let's say >8K)
> > I discovered that just unconditionally turning it on for all copies
> > is not good because it forces data out of cache. But I still have hope
> > that it helps for selected copies.
> 
> Well if it's a really big read then bypassing the CPU cache on
> the userspace-side buffer would make sense.
> 
> Can you control the cachability of the memory reads as well?

SSE2 has hints for that (prefetchnti and even prefetcht0,1 etc. for different
cache hierarchies), but it's not completely clear on how much
the CPUs follow these. 

For writing it's much more obvious and usually documented even.

> 
> What restrictions are there on these instructions?  Would
> they force us to bear the cost of the aligment problem?

They should be aligned, otherwise it makes no sense. When you assume it's
more likely that one target or destination are unaligned then you can easily
align either target or destination. Trick is to chose the right one,
it varies on the call site.
(these are for big copies so a small alignment function is lost in the noise)

x86-64 copy_*_user currently aligns the destination, but hardcoding that
is a bit dumb and I'm not completely happy with it.


-Andi

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[David S. Miller]

   From: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
   Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 03:23:46 +0200

   On Thu, Sep 19, 2002 at 06:09:34PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
   > Can you control the cachability of the memory reads as well?
   
   SSE2 has hints for that (prefetchnti and even prefetcht0,1 etc. for different
   cache hierarchies), but it's not completely clear on how much
   the CPUs follow these. 
   
   For writing it's much more obvious and usually documented even.

See "montdq/movnti", the latter of which even works on register
registers.  Ben LaHaise pointed this out to me earlier today.

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

> See "montdq/movnti", the latter of which even works on register
> registers.  Ben LaHaise pointed this out to me earlier today.

The issue is that you really want to do prefetching in these loops
(waiting for the hardware prefetch is too slow because it needs several
cache misses to trigger) so for cache hints on reading only prefetch
instructions are interesting.

-Andi

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[David S. Miller]

   From: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
   Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 04:06:19 +0200

   > See "montdq/movnti", the latter of which even works on register
   > registers.  Ben LaHaise pointed this out to me earlier today.
   
   The issue is that you really want to do prefetching in these loops
   (waiting for the hardware prefetch is too slow because it needs several
   cache misses to trigger) so for cache hints on reading only prefetch
   instructions are interesting.
   
I'm talking about using this to bypass the cache on the stores.
The prefetches are a seperate issue and I agree with you on that.

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

On Thu, Sep 19, 2002 at 07:01:54PM -0700, David S. Miller wrote:
>    From: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
>    Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 04:06:19 +0200
> 
>    > See "montdq/movnti", the latter of which even works on register
>    > registers.  Ben LaHaise pointed this out to me earlier today.
>    
>    The issue is that you really want to do prefetching in these loops
>    (waiting for the hardware prefetch is too slow because it needs several
>    cache misses to trigger) so for cache hints on reading only prefetch
>    instructions are interesting.
>    
> I'm talking about using this to bypass the cache on the stores.
> The prefetches are a seperate issue and I agree with you on that.

I was talking generally. You cannot really use these instructions on Athlon,
because they're microcoded and slow or do not exist. On Athlon it needs
3dnow write combining functions (adding FPU overhead so may not be worth
it). On P3/P4 you can use movnti/movntdq yes.

Just doing it for reads is more tricky/dubious.

-Andi

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[David S. Miller]

   From: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
   Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 04:28:19 +0200
   
   You cannot really use these instructions on Athlon,

I know that Athlon lacks these instructions, they are p4 sse2
only.

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andi Kleen]

On Thu, Sep 19, 2002 at 07:20:48PM -0700, David S. Miller wrote:
>    From: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
>    Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 04:28:19 +0200
>    
>    You cannot really use these instructions on Athlon,
> 
> I know that Athlon lacks these instructions, they are p4 sse2
> only.

AFAIK it is an SSE1 feature.

Athlon actually has movnti in newer models, just you do not really want to 
use it.

-Andi

Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Neil Brown]

On Monday October 14, taka@valinux.co.jp wrote:
> >  I'm bit I'm not very sure about is the 'shadowsock' patch for having
> >  several xmit sockets, one per CPU.  What sort of speedup do you get
> >  from this?  How important is it really?
> 
> It's not so important.
> 
> davem> Personally, it seems rather essential for scalability on SMP.
> 
> Yes.
> It will be effective on large scale SMP machines as all kNFSd shares
> one NFS port. A udp socket can't send data on each CPU at the same
> time while MSG_MORE/UDP_CORK options are set.
> The UDP socket have to block any other requests during making a UDP frame.
> 

After thinking about this some more, I suspect it would have to be
quite large scale SMP to get much contention.
The only contention on the udp socket is, as you say, assembling a udp
frame, and it would be surprised if that takes a substantial faction
of the time to handle a request.

Presumably on a sufficiently large SMP machine that this became an
issue, there would be multiple NICs.  Maybe it would make sense to
have one udp socket for each NIC.  Would that make sense? or work?
It feels to me to be cleaner than one for each CPU.

NeilBrown

Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[David S. Miller]

   From: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
   Date: Wed, 16 Oct 2002 13:44:04 +1000

   Presumably on a sufficiently large SMP machine that this became an
   issue, there would be multiple NICs.  Maybe it would make sense to
   have one udp socket for each NIC.  Would that make sense? or work?
   It feels to me to be cleaner than one for each CPU.
   
Doesn't make much sense.

Usually we are talking via one IP address, and thus over
one device.  It could be using multiple NICs via BONDING,
but that would be transparent to anything at the socket
level.

Really, I think there is real value to making the socket
per-cpu even on a 2 or 4 way system.

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

>    From: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
>    Date: Wed, 16 Oct 2002 13:44:04 +1000
>
>    Presumably on a sufficiently large SMP machine that this became an
>    issue, there would be multiple NICs.  Maybe it would make sense to
>    have one udp socket for each NIC.  Would that make sense? or work?
>    It feels to me to be cleaner than one for each CPU.
>
> Doesn't make much sense.
>
> Usually we are talking via one IP address, and thus over
> one device.  It could be using multiple NICs via BONDING,
> but that would be transparent to anything at the socket
> level.
>
> Really, I think there is real value to making the socket
> per-cpu even on a 2 or 4 way system.


I am still seeing some sort of problem on an 8 way (hyperthreaded 8
logical/4 physical) on UDP with these patches.  I cannot get more than 2
NFSd threads in a run state at one time.  TCP usually has 8 or more.  The
test involves 40 100Mbit clients reading a 200 MB file on one server (4
acenic adapters) in cache.  I am fighting some other issues at the moment
(acpi wierdness), but so far before the patches, 82 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP and
138 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  With the patches, 115 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP and
181 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  One CPU is maxed due to acpi int storm, so I
think the results will get better.  I'm not sure what other lock or
contention point this is hitting on UDP.  If there is anything I can do to
help, please let me know, thanks.

Andrew Theurer

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hello,

Thanks for testing my patches.

> I am still seeing some sort of problem on an 8 way (hyperthreaded 8
> logical/4 physical) on UDP with these patches.  I cannot get more than 2
> NFSd threads in a run state at one time.  TCP usually has 8 or more.  The
> test involves 40 100Mbit clients reading a 200 MB file on one server (4
> acenic adapters) in cache.  I am fighting some other issues at the moment
> (acpi wierdness), but so far before the patches, 82 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP and
> 138 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  With the patches, 115 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP and
> 181 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  One CPU is maxed due to acpi int storm, so I
> think the results will get better.  I'm not sure what other lock or
> contention point this is hitting on UDP.  If there is anything I can do to
> help, please let me know, thanks.

I guess some UDP packets might be lost. It may happen easily as UDP protocol
doesn't support flow control.
Can you check how many errors has happened? 
You can see them in /proc/net/snmp of the server and the clients.

And how many threads did you start on your machine?
Buffer size of a UDP socket depends on number of kNFS threads.
Large number of threads might help you.

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

Subject: Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36


> Hello,
>
> Thanks for testing my patches.
>
> > I am still seeing some sort of problem on an 8 way (hyperthreaded 8
> > logical/4 physical) on UDP with these patches.  I cannot get more than 2
> > NFSd threads in a run state at one time.  TCP usually has 8 or more.
The
> > test involves 40 100Mbit clients reading a 200 MB file on one server (4
> > acenic adapters) in cache.  I am fighting some other issues at the
moment
> > (acpi wierdness), but so far before the patches, 82 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP
and
> > 138 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  With the patches, 115 MB/sec for NFSv2,UDP
and
> > 181 MB/sec for NFSv2,TCP.  One CPU is maxed due to acpi int storm, so I
> > think the results will get better.  I'm not sure what other lock or
> > contention point this is hitting on UDP.  If there is anything I can do
to
> > help, please let me know, thanks.
>
> I guess some UDP packets might be lost. It may happen easily as UDP
protocol
> doesn't support flow control.
> Can you check how many errors has happened?
> You can see them in /proc/net/snmp of the server and the clients.

server: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
        Udp: 1000665 41 0 1000666

clients: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
         Udp: 200403 0 0 200406
         (all clients the same)

> And how many threads did you start on your machine?
> Buffer size of a UDP socket depends on number of kNFS threads.
> Large number of threads might help you.

128 threads.  client rsize=8196.  Server and client MTU is 1500.

Andrew Theurer



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Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hi,

> server: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
>         Udp: 1000665 41 0 1000666
> clients: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
>          Udp: 200403 0 0 200406
>          (all clients the same)

How about IP datagrams?  You can see the IP fields in /proc/net/snmp
IP layer may also discard them.

> > And how many threads did you start on your machine?
> > Buffer size of a UDP socket depends on number of kNFS threads.
> > Large number of threads might help you.
> 
> 128 threads.  client rsize=8196.  Server and client MTU is 1500.

It seems enough...



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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

> Hi,
>
> > server: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
> >         Udp: 1000665 41 0 1000666
> > clients: Udp: InDatagrams NoPorts InErrors OutDatagrams
> >          Udp: 200403 0 0 200406
> >          (all clients the same)
>
> How about IP datagrams?  You can see the IP fields in /proc/net/snmp
> IP layer may also discard them.

Server:

Ip: Forwarding DefaultTTL InReceives InHdrErrors InAddrErrors ForwDatagrams
InUnknownProtos InDiscards InDelivers OutRequests OutDiscards OutNoRoutes
ReasmTimeout ReasmReqds ReasmOKs ReasmFails FragOKs FragFails FragCreates
Ip: 1 64 4088714 0 0 720 0 0 4086393 12233109 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6000000

A Client:

Ip: Forwarding DefaultTTL InReceives InHdrErrors InAddrErrors ForwDatagrams
InUnknownProtos InDiscards InDelivers OutRequests OutDiscards OutNoRoutes
ReasmTimeout ReasmReqds ReasmOKs ReasmFails FragOKs FragFails FragCreates
Ip: 2 64 2115252 0 0 0 0 0 1115244 646510 0 0 0 1200000 200008 0 0 0 0


Andrew Theurer

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hi,

> > How about IP datagrams?  You can see the IP fields in /proc/net/snmp
> > IP layer may also discard them.
> 
> Server:
> 
> Ip: Forwarding DefaultTTL InReceives InHdrErrors InAddrErrors ForwDatagrams
> InUnknownProtos InDiscards InDelivers OutRequests OutDiscards OutNoRoutes
> ReasmTimeout ReasmReqds ReasmOKs ReasmFails FragOKs FragFails FragCreates
> Ip: 1 64 4088714 0 0 720 0 0 4086393 12233109 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6000000
> 
> A Client:
> 
> Ip: Forwarding DefaultTTL InReceives InHdrErrors InAddrErrors ForwDatagrams
> InUnknownProtos InDiscards InDelivers OutRequests OutDiscards OutNoRoutes
> ReasmTimeout ReasmReqds ReasmOKs ReasmFails FragOKs FragFails FragCreates
> Ip: 2 64 2115252 0 0 0 0 0 1115244 646510 0 0 0 1200000 200008 0 0 0 0

It looks fine.  
Hmmm....  What version of linux do you use?

Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this situation.
I think the congestion window size is not enough for high end machines.
You can make the window be larger as a test.


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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Trond Myklebust]

>>>>> " " == Hirokazu Takahashi <taka@valinux.co.jp> writes:

     > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
     > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
     > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
     > test.

The congestion avoidance window is supposed to adapt to the bandwidth
that is available. Turn congestion avoidance off if you like, but my
experience is that doing so tends to seriously degrade performance as
the number of timeouts + resends skyrockets.

Cheers,
  Trond

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hello,

>      > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
>      > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
>      > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
>      > test.
> 
> The congestion avoidance window is supposed to adapt to the bandwidth
> that is available. Turn congestion avoidance off if you like, but my
> experience is that doing so tends to seriously degrade performance as
> the number of timeouts + resends skyrockets.

Yes, you must be right.

But I guess Andrew may use a great machine so that the transfer rate
has exeeded the maximum size of the congestion avoidance window.
Can we determin preferable maximum window size dynamically?

Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

> >      > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
> >      > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
> >      > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
> >      > test.
> >
> > The congestion avoidance window is supposed to adapt to the bandwidth
> > that is available. Turn congestion avoidance off if you like, but my
> > experience is that doing so tends to seriously degrade performance as
> > the number of timeouts + resends skyrockets.
>
> Yes, you must be right.
>
> But I guess Andrew may use a great machine so that the transfer rate
> has exeeded the maximum size of the congestion avoidance window.
> Can we determin preferable maximum window size dynamically?

Is this a concern on the client only?  I can run a test with just one client
and see if I can saturate the 100Mbit adapter.  If I can, would we need to
make any adjustments then?  FYI, at 115 MB/sec total throughput, that's only
2.875 MB/sec for each of the 40 clients.  For the TCP result of 181 MB/sec,
that's 4.525 MB/sec, IMO, both of which are comfortable throughputs for a
100Mbit client.

Andrew Theurer



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Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hello,

> > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
> > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
> > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
> > test.

> Is this a concern on the client only?  I can run a test with just one client
> and see if I can saturate the 100Mbit adapter.  If I can, would we need to
> make any adjustments then?  FYI, at 115 MB/sec total throughput, that's only
> 2.875 MB/sec for each of the 40 clients.  For the TCP result of 181 MB/sec,
> that's 4.525 MB/sec, IMO, both of which are comfortable throughputs for a
> 100Mbit client.

I think it's a client issue. NFS servers don't care about cogestion of UDP
traffic and they will try to response to all NFS requests as fast as they can.

You can try to increase the number of clients or the number of mount points
for a test. It's easy to mount the same directory of the server on some
directries of the client so that each of them can work simultaneously.
   # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa1
   # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa2
   # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa3

Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.


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Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

On Saturday 19 October 2002 15:34, Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> Hello,
>
> > > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
> > > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
> > > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
> > > test.
> >
> > Is this a concern on the client only?  I can run a test with just one
> > client and see if I can saturate the 100Mbit adapter.  If I can, woul=
d we
> > need to make any adjustments then?  FYI, at 115 MB/sec total throughp=
ut,
> > that's only 2.875 MB/sec for each of the 40 clients.  For the TCP res=
ult
> > of 181 MB/sec, that's 4.525 MB/sec, IMO, both of which are comfortabl=
e
> > throughputs for a 100Mbit client.
>
> I think it's a client issue. NFS servers don't care about cogestion of =
UDP
> traffic and they will try to response to all NFS requests as fast as th=
ey
> can.
>
> You can try to increase the number of clients or the number of mount po=
ints
> for a test. It's easy to mount the same directory of the server on some
> directries of the client so that each of them can work simultaneously.
>    # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa1
>    # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa2
>    # mount -t nfs server:/foo   /baa3

I don't think it is a client congestion issue at this point.  I can run t=
he=20
test with just one client on UDP and achieve 11.2 MB/sec with just one mo=
unt=20
point.  The client has 100 Mbit Ethernet, so should be the upper limit (o=
r=20
really close).  In the 40 client read test, I have only achieved 2.875 MB=
/sec=20
per client.  That and the fact that there are never more than 2 nfsd thre=
ads=20
in a run state at one time (for UDP only) leads me to believe there is st=
ill=20
a scaling problem on the server for UDP.  I will continue to run the test=
 and=20
poke a prod around.  Hopefully something will jump out at me.  Thanks for=
 all=20
the input!

Andrew Theurer


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Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hi,

> > > > Congestion avoidance mechanism of NFS clients might cause this
> > > > situation.  I think the congestion window size is not enough
> > > > for high end machines.  You can make the window be larger as a
> > > > test.

> I don't think it is a client congestion issue at this point.  I can run the 
> test with just one client on UDP and achieve 11.2 MB/sec with just one mount 
> point.  The client has 100 Mbit Ethernet, so should be the upper limit (or 
> really close).  In the 40 client read test, I have only achieved 2.875 MB/sec 
> per client.  That and the fact that there are never more than 2 nfsd threads 
> in a run state at one time (for UDP only) leads me to believe there is still 
> a scaling problem on the server for UDP.  I will continue to run the test and 
> poke a prod around.  Hopefully something will jump out at me.  Thanks for all 
> the input!

Can You check /proc/net/rpc/nfsd which shows how many NFS requests have
been retransmitted ?

# cat /proc/net/rpc/nfsd
rc 0 27680 162118
  ^^^
This field means the clinents have retransmitted pakeckets.
The transmission ratio will slow down if it have happened once.
It may occur if the response from the server is slower than the
clinents expect.

And you can use older version - e.g. linux-2.4 series - for clients
and see what will happen as older versions don't have any intelligent
features.

Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Theurer]

> > I don't think it is a client congestion issue at this point.  I can run
the
> > test with just one client on UDP and achieve 11.2 MB/sec with just one
mount
> > point.  The client has 100 Mbit Ethernet, so should be the upper limit
(or
> > really close).  In the 40 client read test, I have only achieved 2.875
MB/sec
> > per client.  That and the fact that there are never more than 2 nfsd
threads
> > in a run state at one time (for UDP only) leads me to believe there is
still
> > a scaling problem on the server for UDP.  I will continue to run the
test and
> > poke a prod around.  Hopefully something will jump out at me.  Thanks
for all
> > the input!
>
> Can You check /proc/net/rpc/nfsd which shows how many NFS requests have
> been retransmitted ?
>
> # cat /proc/net/rpc/nfsd
> rc 0 27680 162118
>   ^^^
> This field means the clinents have retransmitted pakeckets.
> The transmission ratio will slow down if it have happened once.
> It may occur if the response from the server is slower than the
> clinents expect.

/proc/net/rpc/nfsd
rc 0 1 1025221

> And you can use older version - e.g. linux-2.4 series - for clients
> and see what will happen as older versions don't have any intelligent
> features.

Actually all of the clients are 2.4 (RH 7.0).  I could change them out to
2.5, but it may take me a little while.

Let me do a little digging around.  I seem to recall an issue I had earlier
this year when waking up the nfsd threads and having most of them just go
back to sleep.  I need to go back to that code and understand it a little
better.   Thanks for all of your help.

Andrew Theurer

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hi,

>> Can You check /proc/net/rpc/nfsd which shows how many NFS requests have
>> been retransmitted ?

You can also check the client side.
/proc/net/rpc/nfs
net 0 0 0 0
rpc 191035 4339 0
           ^^^^
This field shows us how many times the client has retransmitted RPC requests.

Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.


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Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Morton]

Alan Cox wrote:
> 
> On Thu, 2002-09-19 at 00:00, David S. Miller wrote:
> > It was discussed long ago that csum_and_copy_from_user() performs
> > better than plain copy_from_user() on x86.  I do not remember all
> 
> The better was a freak of PPro/PII scheduling I think
> 
> > details, but I do know that using copy_from_user() is not a real
> > improvement at least on x86 architecture.
> 
> The same as bit is easy to explain. Its totally memory bandwidth limited
> on current x86-32 processors. (Although I'd welcome demonstrations to
> the contrary on newer toys)

Nope.  There are distinct alignment problems with movsl-based
memcpy on PII and (at least) "Pentium III (Coppermine)", which is
tested here:

copy_32 uses movsl.  copy_duff just uses a stream of "movl"s

Time uncached-to-uncached memcpy, source and dest are 8-byte-aligned:

akpm:/usr/src/cptimer> ./cptimer -d -s     
nbytes=10240  from_align=0, to_align=0
    copy_32: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.078 seconds at 243.9 Mbytes/sec
__copy_duff: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.090 seconds at 211.1 Mbytes/sec

OK, movsl wins.   But now give the source address 8+1 alignment:

akpm:/usr/src/cptimer> ./cptimer -d -s -f 1
nbytes=10240  from_align=1, to_align=0
    copy_32: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.158 seconds at 120.8 Mbytes/sec
__copy_duff: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.091 seconds at 210.3 Mbytes/sec

The "movl"-based copy wins.  By miles.

Make the source 8+4 aligned:

akpm:/usr/src/cptimer> ./cptimer -d -s -f 4
nbytes=10240  from_align=4, to_align=0
    copy_32: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.134 seconds at 142.1 Mbytes/sec
__copy_duff: copied 19.1 Mbytes in 0.089 seconds at 214.0 Mbytes/sec

So movl still beats movsl, by lots.

I have various scriptlets which generate the entire matrix.

I think I ended up deciding that we should use movsl _only_
when both src and dsc are 8-byte-aligned.  And that when you
multiply the gain from that by the frequency*size with which
funny alignments are used by TCP the net gain was 2% or something.

It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
is the kernel's most expensive function.

A little project for someone.

The tools are at http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/cptimer.tar.gz

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Hirokazu Takahashi]

Hello,

> > > details, but I do know that using copy_from_user() is not a real
> > > improvement at least on x86 architecture.
> > 
> > The same as bit is easy to explain. Its totally memory bandwidth limited
> > on current x86-32 processors. (Although I'd welcome demonstrations to
> > the contrary on newer toys)
> 
> Nope.  There are distinct alignment problems with movsl-based
> memcpy on PII and (at least) "Pentium III (Coppermine)", which is
> tested here:
...
> I have various scriptlets which generate the entire matrix.
> 
> I think I ended up deciding that we should use movsl _only_
> when both src and dsc are 8-byte-aligned.  And that when you
> multiply the gain from that by the frequency*size with which
> funny alignments are used by TCP the net gain was 2% or something.

Amazing! I beleived 4-byte-aligned was enough.
read/write systemcalls may also reduce their penalties.

> It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> is the kernel's most expensive function.
> 
> A little project for someone.

OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.

> The tools are at http://www.zip.com.au/~/linux/cptimer.tar.gz

Re: [NFS] Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[Andrew Morton]

Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
> 
> ...
> > It needs redoing.  These differences are really big, and this
> > is the kernel's most expensive function.
> >
> > A little project for someone.
> 
> OK, if there is nobody who wants to do it I'll do it by myself.

That would be fantastic - thanks.  This is more a measurement
and testing exercise than a coding one.  And if those measurements
are sufficiently nice (eg: >5%) then a 2.4 backport should be done.

It seems that movsl works acceptably with all alignments on AMD
hardware, although this needs to be checked with more recent machines.

movsl is a (bad) loss on PII and PIII for all alignments except 8&8.
Don't know about P4 - I can test that in a day or two.

I expect that a minimal, 90% solution would be just:

fancy_copy_to_user(dst, src, count)
{
	if (arch_has_sane_movsl || ((dst|src) & 7) == 0)
		movsl_copy_to_user(dst, src, count);
	else
		movl_copy_to_user(dst, src, count);
}

and

#ifndef ARCH_HAS_FANCY_COPY_USER
#define fancy_copy_to_user copy_to_user
#endif

and we really only need fancy_copy_to_user in a handful of
places - the bulk copies in networking and filemap.c.  For all
the other call sites it's probably more important to keep the
code footprint down than it is to squeeze the last few drops out
of the copy speed.

Mala Anand has done some work on this.  See
http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0206.3/0100.html

<searches>  Yes, I have a copy of Mala's patch here which works
against 2.5.current.  Mala's patch will cause quite an expansion
of kernel size; we would need an implementation which did not
use inlining.  This work was discussed at OLS2002.  See
http://www.linux.org.uk/~ajh/ols2002_proceedings.pdf.gz


 uaccess.h |  252 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

--- 2.5.25/include/asm-i386/uaccess.h~fast-cu	Tue Jul  9 21:34:58 2002
+++ 2.5.25-akpm/include/asm-i386/uaccess.h	Tue Jul  9 21:51:03 2002
@@ -253,55 +253,197 @@ do {									\
  */
 
 /* Generic arbitrary sized copy.  */
-#define __copy_user(to,from,size)					\
-do {									\
-	int __d0, __d1;							\
-	__asm__ __volatile__(						\
-		"0:	rep; movsl\n"					\
-		"	movl %3,%0\n"					\
-		"1:	rep; movsb\n"					\
-		"2:\n"							\
-		".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"				\
-		"3:	lea 0(%3,%0,4),%0\n"				\
-		"	jmp 2b\n"					\
-		".previous\n"						\
-		".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"				\
-		"	.align 4\n"					\
-		"	.long 0b,3b\n"					\
-		"	.long 1b,2b\n"					\
-		".previous"						\
-		: "=&c"(size), "=&D" (__d0), "=&S" (__d1)		\
-		: "r"(size & 3), "0"(size / 4), "1"(to), "2"(from)	\
-		: "memory");						\
+#define __copy_user(to,from,size)				\
+do {								\
+	int __d0, __d1;						\
+	__asm__ __volatile__(					\
+	"       cmpl $63, %0\n"					\
+	"       jbe  5f\n"					\
+	"       mov %%esi, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       test $7, %%al\n"				\
+	"       jz  5f\n"					\
+	"       .align 2,0x90\n"				\
+	"0:     movl 32(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       cmpl $67, %0\n"					\
+	"       jbe 1f\n"					\
+	"       movl 64(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       .align 2,0x90\n"				\
+	"1:     movl 0(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 4(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"2:     movl %%eax, 0(%3)\n"				\
+	"21:    movl %%edx, 4(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 8(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 12(%4),%%edx\n"				\
+	"3:     movl %%eax, 8(%3)\n"				\
+	"31:    movl %%edx, 12(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 16(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 20(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"4:     movl %%eax, 16(%3)\n"				\
+	"41:    movl %%edx, 20(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 24(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 28(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"10:    movl %%eax, 24(%3)\n"				\
+	"51:    movl %%edx, 28(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 32(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 36(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"11:    movl %%eax, 32(%3)\n"				\
+	"61:    movl %%edx, 36(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 40(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 44(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"12:    movl %%eax, 40(%3)\n"				\
+	"71:    movl %%edx, 44(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 48(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 52(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"13:    movl %%eax, 48(%3)\n"				\
+	"81:    movl %%edx, 52(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl 56(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       movl 60(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"14:    movl %%eax, 56(%3)\n"				\
+	"91:    movl %%edx, 60(%3)\n"				\
+	"       addl $-64, %0\n"				\
+	"       addl $64, %4\n"					\
+	"       addl $64, %3\n"					\
+	"       cmpl $63, %0\n"					\
+	"       ja  0b\n"					\
+	"5:   movl  %0, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       shrl  $2, %0\n"					\
+	"       andl  $3, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       cld\n"						\
+	"6:     rep; movsl\n"					\
+	"       movl %%eax, %0\n"				\
+	"7:   rep; movsb\n"					\
+	"8:\n"							\
+	".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"				\
+	"9:   lea 0(%%eax,%0,4),%0\n"				\
+	"     jmp 8b\n"						\
+	"15:    movl %6, %0\n"					\
+	"       jmp 8b\n"					\
+	".previous\n"						\
+	".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"				\
+	"     .align 4\n"					\
+	"     .long 2b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 21b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 3b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 31b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 4b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 41b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 10b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 51b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 11b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 61b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 12b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 71b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 13b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 81b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 14b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 91b,15b\n"					\
+	"     .long 6b,9b\n"					\
+	"       .long 7b,8b\n"					\
+	".previous"						\
+	: "=&c"(size), "=&D" (__d0), "=&S" (__d1)		\
+	:  "1"(to), "2"(from), "0"(size),"i"(-EFAULT)		\
+	: "eax", "edx", "memory");				\
 } while (0)
 
-#define __copy_user_zeroing(to,from,size)				\
-do {									\
-	int __d0, __d1;							\
-	__asm__ __volatile__(						\
-		"0:	rep; movsl\n"					\
-		"	movl %3,%0\n"					\
-		"1:	rep; movsb\n"					\
-		"2:\n"							\
-		".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"				\
-		"3:	lea 0(%3,%0,4),%0\n"				\
-		"4:	pushl %0\n"					\
-		"	pushl %%eax\n"					\
-		"	xorl %%eax,%%eax\n"				\
-		"	rep; stosb\n"					\
-		"	popl %%eax\n"					\
-		"	popl %0\n"					\
-		"	jmp 2b\n"					\
-		".previous\n"						\
-		".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"				\
-		"	.align 4\n"					\
-		"	.long 0b,3b\n"					\
-		"	.long 1b,4b\n"					\
-		".previous"						\
-		: "=&c"(size), "=&D" (__d0), "=&S" (__d1)		\
-		: "r"(size & 3), "0"(size / 4), "1"(to), "2"(from)	\
-		: "memory");						\
-} while (0)
+#define __copy_user_zeroing(to,from,size)			\
+do {								\
+	int __d0, __d1;						\
+	__asm__ __volatile__(					\
+	"       cmpl $63, %0\n"					\
+	"       jbe  5f\n"					\
+	"       movl %%edi, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       test $7, %%al\n"				\
+	"       jz   5f\n"					\
+	"       .align 2,0x90\n"				\
+	"0:     movl 32(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       cmpl $67, %0\n"					\
+	"       jbe 2f\n"					\
+	"1:     movl 64(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"       .align 2,0x90\n"				\
+	"2:     movl 0(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"21:    movl 4(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 0(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 4(%3)\n"				\
+	"3:     movl 8(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"31:    movl 12(%4),%%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 8(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 12(%3)\n"				\
+	"4:     movl 16(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"41:    movl 20(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 16(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 20(%3)\n"				\
+	"10:    movl 24(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"51:    movl 28(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 24(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 28(%3)\n"				\
+	"11:    movl 32(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"61:    movl 36(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 32(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 36(%3)\n"				\
+	"12:    movl 40(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"71:    movl 44(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 40(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 44(%3)\n"				\
+	"13:    movl 48(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"81:    movl 52(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 48(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 52(%3)\n"				\
+	"14:    movl 56(%4), %%eax\n"				\
+	"91:    movl 60(%4), %%edx\n"				\
+	"       movl %%eax, 56(%3)\n"				\
+	"       movl %%edx, 60(%3)\n"				\
+	"       addl $-64, %0\n"				\
+	"       addl $64, %4\n"					\
+	"       addl $64, %3\n"					\
+	"       cmpl $63, %0\n"					\
+	"       ja  0b\n"					\
+	"5:   movl  %0, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       shrl  $2, %0\n"					\
+	"       andl $3, %%eax\n"				\
+	"       cld\n"						\
+	"6:     rep; movsl\n"					\
+	"       movl %%eax,%0\n"				\
+	"7:   rep; movsb\n"					\
+	"8:\n"							\
+	".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"				\
+	"9:   lea 0(%%eax,%0,4),%0\n"				\
+	"16:  pushl %0\n"					\
+	"     pushl %%eax\n"					\
+	"     xorl %%eax,%%eax\n"				\
+	"     rep; stosb\n"					\
+	"     popl %%eax\n"					\
+	"     popl %0\n"					\
+	"     jmp 8b\n"						\
+	"15:    movl %6, %0\n"					\
+	"       jmp 8b\n"					\
+	".previous\n"						\
+	".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"				\
+	"     .align 4\n"					\
+	"     .long 0b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 1b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 2b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 21b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 3b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 31b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 4b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 41b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 10b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 51b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 11b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 61b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 12b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 71b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 13b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 81b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 14b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 91b,16b\n"					\
+	"     .long 6b,9b\n"					\
+	"       .long 7b,16b\n"					\
+	".previous"						\
+	: "=&c"(size), "=&D" (__d0), "=&S" (__d1)		\
+	:  "1"(to), "2"(from), "0"(size),"i"(-EFAULT)		\
+	: "eax", "edx", "memory");				\
+ } while (0)
 
 /* We let the __ versions of copy_from/to_user inline, because they're often
  * used in fast paths and have only a small space overhead.
@@ -578,24 +720,16 @@ __constant_copy_from_user_nocheck(void *
 }
 
 #define copy_to_user(to,from,n)				\
-	(__builtin_constant_p(n) ?			\
-	 __constant_copy_to_user((to),(from),(n)) :	\
-	 __generic_copy_to_user((to),(from),(n)))
+	__generic_copy_to_user((to),(from),(n))
 
 #define copy_from_user(to,from,n)			\
-	(__builtin_constant_p(n) ?			\
-	 __constant_copy_from_user((to),(from),(n)) :	\
-	 __generic_copy_from_user((to),(from),(n)))
+	__generic_copy_from_user((to),(from),(n))
 
 #define __copy_to_user(to,from,n)			\
-	(__builtin_constant_p(n) ?			\
-	 __constant_copy_to_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n)) :	\
-	 __generic_copy_to_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n)))
+	__generic_copy_to_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n))
 
 #define __copy_from_user(to,from,n)			\
-	(__builtin_constant_p(n) ?			\
-	 __constant_copy_from_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n)) :	\
-	 __generic_copy_from_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n)))
+	__generic_copy_from_user_nocheck((to),(from),(n))
 
 long strncpy_from_user(char *dst, const char *src, long count);
 long __strncpy_from_user(char *dst, const char *src, long count);

-

Re: Re: [PATCH] zerocopy NFS for 2.5.36

[David S. Miller]

   From: Andrew Morton <akpm@digeo.com>
   Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2002 13:42:13 -0700
   
   Mala's patch will cause quite an expansion
   of kernel size; we would need an implementation which did not
   use inlining.

It definitely belongs in arch/i386/lib/copy.c or whatever,
not inlined.


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