[PATCH v4 1/2] binder: Refactor binder_node print synchronization

[PATCH v4 1/2] binder: Refactor binder_node print synchronization

[Tiffany Y. Yang]

The binder driver outputs information about each dead binder node by
iterating over the dead nodes list, and it prints the state of each live
node in the system by traversing each binder_proc's proc->nodes tree.
Both cases require similar logic to maintain the global lock ordering
while accessing each node.

Create a helper function to synchronize around printing binder nodes in
a list. Opportunistically make minor cosmetic changes to binder print
functions.

Acked-by: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Tiffany Y. Yang <ynaffit@google.com>
---
v2:
* Updated print_next_binder_node_ilocked function comment to reflect
  dropped locks
* Added acked-by tag
v4:
* Specify binder_proc to re-lock on instead of using node->proc to avoid
  error from race with binder_node_release that Alice pointed out

---
 drivers/android/binder.c | 119 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/android/binder.c b/drivers/android/binder.c
index 5fc2c8ee61b1..8e4912643749 100644
--- a/drivers/android/binder.c
+++ b/drivers/android/binder.c
@@ -6377,10 +6377,10 @@ static void print_binder_transaction_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 }
 
 static void print_binder_work_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
-				     struct binder_proc *proc,
-				     const char *prefix,
-				     const char *transaction_prefix,
-				     struct binder_work *w)
+				      struct binder_proc *proc,
+				      const char *prefix,
+				      const char *transaction_prefix,
+				      struct binder_work *w)
 {
 	struct binder_node *node;
 	struct binder_transaction *t;
@@ -6430,7 +6430,7 @@ static void print_binder_work_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 
 static void print_binder_thread_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 					struct binder_thread *thread,
-					int print_always)
+					bool print_always)
 {
 	struct binder_transaction *t;
 	struct binder_work *w;
@@ -6505,8 +6505,53 @@ static void print_binder_ref_olocked(struct seq_file *m,
 	binder_node_unlock(ref->node);
 }
 
-static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m,
-			      struct binder_proc *proc, int print_all)
+/**
+ * print_next_binder_node_ilocked() - Print binder_node from a locked list
+ * @m:          struct seq_file for output via seq_printf()
+ * @proc:       struct binder_proc we hold the inner_proc_lock to (if any)
+ * @node:       struct binder_node to print fields of
+ * @prev_node:	struct binder_node we hold a temporary reference to (if any)
+ *
+ * Helper function to handle synchronization around printing a struct
+ * binder_node while iterating through @proc->nodes or the dead nodes list.
+ * Caller must hold either @proc->inner_lock (for live nodes) or
+ * binder_dead_nodes_lock. This lock will be released during the body of this
+ * function, but it will be reacquired before returning to the caller.
+ *
+ * Return:	pointer to the struct binder_node we hold a tmpref on
+ */
+static struct binder_node *
+print_next_binder_node_ilocked(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
+			       struct binder_node *node,
+			       struct binder_node *prev_node)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Take a temporary reference on the node so that isn't freed while
+	 * we print it.
+	 */
+	binder_inc_node_tmpref_ilocked(node);
+	/*
+	 * Live nodes need to drop the inner proc lock and dead nodes need to
+	 * drop the binder_dead_nodes_lock before trying to take the node lock.
+	 */
+	if (proc)
+		binder_inner_proc_unlock(proc);
+	else
+		spin_unlock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
+	if (prev_node)
+		binder_put_node(prev_node);
+	binder_node_inner_lock(node);
+	print_binder_node_nilocked(m, node);
+	binder_node_inner_unlock(node);
+	if (proc)
+		binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
+	else
+		spin_lock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
+	return node;
+}
+
+static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
+			      bool print_all)
 {
 	struct binder_work *w;
 	struct rb_node *n;
@@ -6519,31 +6564,18 @@ static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m,
 	header_pos = m->count;
 
 	binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
-	for (n = rb_first(&proc->threads); n != NULL; n = rb_next(n))
+	for (n = rb_first(&proc->threads); n; n = rb_next(n))
 		print_binder_thread_ilocked(m, rb_entry(n, struct binder_thread,
 						rb_node), print_all);
 
-	for (n = rb_first(&proc->nodes); n != NULL; n = rb_next(n)) {
+	for (n = rb_first(&proc->nodes); n; n = rb_next(n)) {
 		struct binder_node *node = rb_entry(n, struct binder_node,
 						    rb_node);
 		if (!print_all && !node->has_async_transaction)
 			continue;
 
-		/*
-		 * take a temporary reference on the node so it
-		 * survives and isn't removed from the tree
-		 * while we print it.
-		 */
-		binder_inc_node_tmpref_ilocked(node);
-		/* Need to drop inner lock to take node lock */
-		binder_inner_proc_unlock(proc);
-		if (last_node)
-			binder_put_node(last_node);
-		binder_node_inner_lock(node);
-		print_binder_node_nilocked(m, node);
-		binder_node_inner_unlock(node);
-		last_node = node;
-		binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
+		last_node = print_next_binder_node_ilocked(m, proc, node,
+							   last_node);
 	}
 	binder_inner_proc_unlock(proc);
 	if (last_node)
@@ -6551,12 +6583,10 @@ static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m,
 
 	if (print_all) {
 		binder_proc_lock(proc);
-		for (n = rb_first(&proc->refs_by_desc);
-		     n != NULL;
-		     n = rb_next(n))
+		for (n = rb_first(&proc->refs_by_desc); n; n = rb_next(n))
 			print_binder_ref_olocked(m, rb_entry(n,
-							    struct binder_ref,
-							    rb_node_desc));
+							     struct binder_ref,
+							     rb_node_desc));
 		binder_proc_unlock(proc);
 	}
 	binder_alloc_print_allocated(m, &proc->alloc);
@@ -6696,7 +6726,7 @@ static void print_binder_proc_stats(struct seq_file *m,
 	count = 0;
 	ready_threads = 0;
 	binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
-	for (n = rb_first(&proc->threads); n != NULL; n = rb_next(n))
+	for (n = rb_first(&proc->threads); n; n = rb_next(n))
 		count++;
 
 	list_for_each_entry(thread, &proc->waiting_threads, waiting_thread_node)
@@ -6710,7 +6740,7 @@ static void print_binder_proc_stats(struct seq_file *m,
 			ready_threads,
 			free_async_space);
 	count = 0;
-	for (n = rb_first(&proc->nodes); n != NULL; n = rb_next(n))
+	for (n = rb_first(&proc->nodes); n; n = rb_next(n))
 		count++;
 	binder_inner_proc_unlock(proc);
 	seq_printf(m, "  nodes: %d\n", count);
@@ -6718,7 +6748,7 @@ static void print_binder_proc_stats(struct seq_file *m,
 	strong = 0;
 	weak = 0;
 	binder_proc_lock(proc);
-	for (n = rb_first(&proc->refs_by_desc); n != NULL; n = rb_next(n)) {
+	for (n = rb_first(&proc->refs_by_desc); n; n = rb_next(n)) {
 		struct binder_ref *ref = rb_entry(n, struct binder_ref,
 						  rb_node_desc);
 		count++;
@@ -6756,29 +6786,16 @@ static int state_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 	spin_lock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
 	if (!hlist_empty(&binder_dead_nodes))
 		seq_puts(m, "dead nodes:\n");
-	hlist_for_each_entry(node, &binder_dead_nodes, dead_node) {
-		/*
-		 * take a temporary reference on the node so it
-		 * survives and isn't removed from the list
-		 * while we print it.
-		 */
-		node->tmp_refs++;
-		spin_unlock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
-		if (last_node)
-			binder_put_node(last_node);
-		binder_node_lock(node);
-		print_binder_node_nilocked(m, node);
-		binder_node_unlock(node);
-		last_node = node;
-		spin_lock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
-	}
+	hlist_for_each_entry(node, &binder_dead_nodes, dead_node)
+		last_node = print_next_binder_node_ilocked(m, NULL, node,
+							   last_node);
 	spin_unlock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
 	if (last_node)
 		binder_put_node(last_node);
 
 	mutex_lock(&binder_procs_lock);
 	hlist_for_each_entry(proc, &binder_procs, proc_node)
-		print_binder_proc(m, proc, 1);
+		print_binder_proc(m, proc, true);
 	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
 
 	return 0;
@@ -6807,7 +6824,7 @@ static int transactions_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 	seq_puts(m, "binder transactions:\n");
 	mutex_lock(&binder_procs_lock);
 	hlist_for_each_entry(proc, &binder_procs, proc_node)
-		print_binder_proc(m, proc, 0);
+		print_binder_proc(m, proc, false);
 	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
 
 	return 0;
@@ -6822,7 +6839,7 @@ static int proc_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 	hlist_for_each_entry(itr, &binder_procs, proc_node) {
 		if (itr->pid == pid) {
 			seq_puts(m, "binder proc state:\n");
-			print_binder_proc(m, itr, 1);
+			print_binder_proc(m, itr, true);
 		}
 	}
 	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
-- 
2.49.0.1045.g170613ef41-goog

[PATCH v4 2/2] binder: Create safe versions of binder log files

[Tiffany Y. Yang]

Binder defines several seq_files that can be accessed via debugfs or
binderfs. Some of these files (e.g., 'state' and 'transactions')
contain more granular information about binder's internal state that
is helpful for debugging, but they also leak userspace address data
through user-defined 'cookie' or 'ptr' values. Consequently, access
to these files must be heavily restricted.

Add two new files, 'state_hashed' and 'transactions_hashed', that
reproduce the information in the original files but use the kernel's
raw pointer obfuscation to hash any potential user addresses. This
approach allows systems to grant broader access to the new files
without having to change the security policy around the existing ones.

In practice, userspace populates these fields with user addresses, but
within the driver, these values only serve as unique identifiers for
their associated binder objects. Consequently, binder logs can
obfuscate these values and still retain meaning. While this strategy
prevents leaking information about the userspace memory layout in the
existing log files, it also decouples log messages about binder
objects from their user-defined identifiers.

Acked-by: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com>
Tested-by: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Tiffany Y. Yang <ynaffit@google.com>
---
v2:
* Update commit message
* Add acked-by tag
v3:
* Cast binder_uintptr_t to long before casting to ptr
v4:
* Add tested-by tag

---
 drivers/android/binder.c | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/android/binder.c b/drivers/android/binder.c
index 8e4912643749..c9c4193fad99 100644
--- a/drivers/android/binder.c
+++ b/drivers/android/binder.c
@@ -6380,7 +6380,7 @@ static void print_binder_work_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 				      struct binder_proc *proc,
 				      const char *prefix,
 				      const char *transaction_prefix,
-				      struct binder_work *w)
+				      struct binder_work *w, bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	struct binder_node *node;
 	struct binder_transaction *t;
@@ -6403,9 +6403,15 @@ static void print_binder_work_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 		break;
 	case BINDER_WORK_NODE:
 		node = container_of(w, struct binder_node, work);
-		seq_printf(m, "%snode work %d: u%016llx c%016llx\n",
-			   prefix, node->debug_id,
-			   (u64)node->ptr, (u64)node->cookie);
+		if (hash_ptrs)
+			seq_printf(m, "%snode work %d: u%p c%p\n",
+				   prefix, node->debug_id,
+				   (void *)(long)node->ptr,
+				   (void *)(long)node->cookie);
+		else
+			seq_printf(m, "%snode work %d: u%016llx c%016llx\n",
+				   prefix, node->debug_id,
+				   (u64)node->ptr, (u64)node->cookie);
 		break;
 	case BINDER_WORK_DEAD_BINDER:
 		seq_printf(m, "%shas dead binder\n", prefix);
@@ -6430,7 +6436,7 @@ static void print_binder_work_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 
 static void print_binder_thread_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 					struct binder_thread *thread,
-					bool print_always)
+					bool print_always, bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	struct binder_transaction *t;
 	struct binder_work *w;
@@ -6460,14 +6466,16 @@ static void print_binder_thread_ilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 	}
 	list_for_each_entry(w, &thread->todo, entry) {
 		print_binder_work_ilocked(m, thread->proc, "    ",
-					  "    pending transaction", w);
+					  "    pending transaction",
+					  w, hash_ptrs);
 	}
 	if (!print_always && m->count == header_pos)
 		m->count = start_pos;
 }
 
 static void print_binder_node_nilocked(struct seq_file *m,
-				       struct binder_node *node)
+				       struct binder_node *node,
+				       bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	struct binder_ref *ref;
 	struct binder_work *w;
@@ -6475,8 +6483,13 @@ static void print_binder_node_nilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 
 	count = hlist_count_nodes(&node->refs);
 
-	seq_printf(m, "  node %d: u%016llx c%016llx hs %d hw %d ls %d lw %d is %d iw %d tr %d",
-		   node->debug_id, (u64)node->ptr, (u64)node->cookie,
+	if (hash_ptrs)
+		seq_printf(m, "  node %d: u%p c%p", node->debug_id,
+			   (void *)(long)node->ptr, (void *)(long)node->cookie);
+	else
+		seq_printf(m, "  node %d: u%016llx c%016llx", node->debug_id,
+			   (u64)node->ptr, (u64)node->cookie);
+	seq_printf(m, " hs %d hw %d ls %d lw %d is %d iw %d tr %d",
 		   node->has_strong_ref, node->has_weak_ref,
 		   node->local_strong_refs, node->local_weak_refs,
 		   node->internal_strong_refs, count, node->tmp_refs);
@@ -6489,7 +6502,8 @@ static void print_binder_node_nilocked(struct seq_file *m,
 	if (node->proc) {
 		list_for_each_entry(w, &node->async_todo, entry)
 			print_binder_work_ilocked(m, node->proc, "    ",
-					  "    pending async transaction", w);
+					  "    pending async transaction",
+					  w, hash_ptrs);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -6511,6 +6525,7 @@ static void print_binder_ref_olocked(struct seq_file *m,
  * @proc:       struct binder_proc we hold the inner_proc_lock to (if any)
  * @node:       struct binder_node to print fields of
  * @prev_node:	struct binder_node we hold a temporary reference to (if any)
+ * @hash_ptrs:  whether to hash @node's binder_uintptr_t fields
  *
  * Helper function to handle synchronization around printing a struct
  * binder_node while iterating through @proc->nodes or the dead nodes list.
@@ -6523,7 +6538,7 @@ static void print_binder_ref_olocked(struct seq_file *m,
 static struct binder_node *
 print_next_binder_node_ilocked(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 			       struct binder_node *node,
-			       struct binder_node *prev_node)
+			       struct binder_node *prev_node, bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Take a temporary reference on the node so that isn't freed while
@@ -6541,7 +6556,7 @@ print_next_binder_node_ilocked(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 	if (prev_node)
 		binder_put_node(prev_node);
 	binder_node_inner_lock(node);
-	print_binder_node_nilocked(m, node);
+	print_binder_node_nilocked(m, node, hash_ptrs);
 	binder_node_inner_unlock(node);
 	if (proc)
 		binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
@@ -6551,7 +6566,7 @@ print_next_binder_node_ilocked(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 }
 
 static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
-			      bool print_all)
+			      bool print_all, bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	struct binder_work *w;
 	struct rb_node *n;
@@ -6566,7 +6581,7 @@ static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 	binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
 	for (n = rb_first(&proc->threads); n; n = rb_next(n))
 		print_binder_thread_ilocked(m, rb_entry(n, struct binder_thread,
-						rb_node), print_all);
+						rb_node), print_all, hash_ptrs);
 
 	for (n = rb_first(&proc->nodes); n; n = rb_next(n)) {
 		struct binder_node *node = rb_entry(n, struct binder_node,
@@ -6575,7 +6590,8 @@ static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 			continue;
 
 		last_node = print_next_binder_node_ilocked(m, proc, node,
-							   last_node);
+							   last_node,
+							   hash_ptrs);
 	}
 	binder_inner_proc_unlock(proc);
 	if (last_node)
@@ -6593,7 +6609,8 @@ static void print_binder_proc(struct seq_file *m, struct binder_proc *proc,
 	binder_inner_proc_lock(proc);
 	list_for_each_entry(w, &proc->todo, entry)
 		print_binder_work_ilocked(m, proc, "  ",
-					  "  pending transaction", w);
+					  "  pending transaction", w,
+					  hash_ptrs);
 	list_for_each_entry(w, &proc->delivered_death, entry) {
 		seq_puts(m, "  has delivered dead binder\n");
 		break;
@@ -6775,7 +6792,7 @@ static void print_binder_proc_stats(struct seq_file *m,
 	print_binder_stats(m, "  ", &proc->stats);
 }
 
-static int state_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
+static void print_binder_state(struct seq_file *m, bool hash_ptrs)
 {
 	struct binder_proc *proc;
 	struct binder_node *node;
@@ -6788,16 +6805,38 @@ static int state_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 		seq_puts(m, "dead nodes:\n");
 	hlist_for_each_entry(node, &binder_dead_nodes, dead_node)
 		last_node = print_next_binder_node_ilocked(m, NULL, node,
-							   last_node);
+							   last_node,
+							   hash_ptrs);
 	spin_unlock(&binder_dead_nodes_lock);
 	if (last_node)
 		binder_put_node(last_node);
 
 	mutex_lock(&binder_procs_lock);
 	hlist_for_each_entry(proc, &binder_procs, proc_node)
-		print_binder_proc(m, proc, true);
+		print_binder_proc(m, proc, true, hash_ptrs);
 	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
+}
+
+static void print_binder_transactions(struct seq_file *m, bool hash_ptrs)
+{
+	struct binder_proc *proc;
+
+	seq_puts(m, "binder transactions:\n");
+	mutex_lock(&binder_procs_lock);
+	hlist_for_each_entry(proc, &binder_procs, proc_node)
+		print_binder_proc(m, proc, false, hash_ptrs);
+	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
+}
+
+static int state_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
+{
+	print_binder_state(m, false);
+	return 0;
+}
 
+static int state_hashed_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
+{
+	print_binder_state(m, true);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -6819,14 +6858,13 @@ static int stats_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 
 static int transactions_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 {
-	struct binder_proc *proc;
-
-	seq_puts(m, "binder transactions:\n");
-	mutex_lock(&binder_procs_lock);
-	hlist_for_each_entry(proc, &binder_procs, proc_node)
-		print_binder_proc(m, proc, false);
-	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
+	print_binder_transactions(m, false);
+	return 0;
+}
 
+static int transactions_hashed_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
+{
+	print_binder_transactions(m, true);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -6839,7 +6877,7 @@ static int proc_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
 	hlist_for_each_entry(itr, &binder_procs, proc_node) {
 		if (itr->pid == pid) {
 			seq_puts(m, "binder proc state:\n");
-			print_binder_proc(m, itr, true);
+			print_binder_proc(m, itr, true, false);
 		}
 	}
 	mutex_unlock(&binder_procs_lock);
@@ -6906,8 +6944,10 @@ const struct file_operations binder_fops = {
 };
 
 DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(state);
+DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(state_hashed);
 DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(stats);
 DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(transactions);
+DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(transactions_hashed);
 DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE(transaction_log);
 
 const struct binder_debugfs_entry binder_debugfs_entries[] = {
@@ -6917,6 +6957,12 @@ const struct binder_debugfs_entry binder_debugfs_entries[] = {
 		.fops = &state_fops,
 		.data = NULL,
 	},
+	{
+		.name = "state_hashed",
+		.mode = 0444,
+		.fops = &state_hashed_fops,
+		.data = NULL,
+	},
 	{
 		.name = "stats",
 		.mode = 0444,
@@ -6929,6 +6975,12 @@ const struct binder_debugfs_entry binder_debugfs_entries[] = {
 		.fops = &transactions_fops,
 		.data = NULL,
 	},
+	{
+		.name = "transactions_hashed",
+		.mode = 0444,
+		.fops = &transactions_hashed_fops,
+		.data = NULL,
+	},
 	{
 		.name = "transaction_log",
 		.mode = 0444,
-- 
2.49.0.1045.g170613ef41-goog

Re: [PATCH v4 1/2] binder: Refactor binder_node print synchronization

[Alice Ryhl]

On Sat, May 10, 2025 at 01:34:38AM +0000, Tiffany Y. Yang wrote:
> The binder driver outputs information about each dead binder node by
> iterating over the dead nodes list, and it prints the state of each live
> node in the system by traversing each binder_proc's proc->nodes tree.
> Both cases require similar logic to maintain the global lock ordering
> while accessing each node.
> 
> Create a helper function to synchronize around printing binder nodes in
> a list. Opportunistically make minor cosmetic changes to binder print
> functions.
> 
> Acked-by: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Tiffany Y. Yang <ynaffit@google.com>

Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>