From: sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org
To: Oleg Nesterov <oleg-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
Cc: Linux Containers
<containers-qjLDD68F18O7TbgM5vRIOg@public.gmane.org>,
Pavel Emelyanov <xemul-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 14/15] Destroy pid namespace on init's death
Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2007 23:19:17 -0700 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20070731061917.GB17013@us.ibm.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20070730154639.GA127-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
Oleg Nesterov [oleg-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org] wrote:
| On 07/30, Pavel Emelyanov wrote:
| >
| > Oleg Nesterov wrote:
| > >>+
| > >>+ nfree = 0;
| > >>+ for (i = 0; i < PIDMAP_ENTRIES; i++)
| > >>+ nfree += atomic_read(&pid_ns->pidmap[i].nr_free);
| > >>+
| > >>+ /*
| > >>+ * If pidmap has entries for processes other than 0 and 1, retry.
| > >>+ */
| > >>+ if (nfree < (BITS_PER_PAGE * PIDMAP_ENTRIES - 2))
| > >>+ goto repeat;
| > >
| > >This doesn't look right.
| > >
| > >Suppose that some "struct pid" was pinned from the parent namespace.
| > >In that case zap_pid_ns_processes() will burn CPU until put_pid(), bad.
| >
| > Nope. struct pid can be pinned, but the pidmap "fingerprint" cannot.
|
| Heh. It was specially designed this way, but I managed to forget.
|
| You are right, thanks for correcting me.
|
| > So as soon as the release_task() is called the pidmap becomes free and
| > we can proceed.
|
| Well, it doesn't matter, but strictly speaking this is not true.
| release_task()->detach_pid(PIDTYPE_PID) doesn't necessary free pidmap,
| it could be "used" by other tasks as PGID/SID.
|
| > However I agree with the "burn CPU" issue - wait must sleep if needed.
| >
| > >I think we can rely on forget_original_child() and do something like
| > >this:
| > >
| > > zap_active_ns_processes(void)
| > > {
| > > // kill all tasks in our ns and below
| > > kill(-1, SIGKILL);
| >
| > That would be too slow to walk through all the tasks in a node searching
| > for a couple of them we need. fing_ge_pid() looks better to me.
|
| OK. I personally dislike the "retry" logic (and it is not safe if we want
| wait() to actually sleep waiting for the child), but we can do the "kill"
| loop under tasklist_lock.
|
| In any case, I don't think we should use next_pid() for wait(), or check
| pidmap[].nr_free,
|
| > > do {
| > > clear_thread_flag(TIF_SIGPENDING);
| > > } while (wait(NULL) != -ECHLD);
| > > }
|
| just wait for any child until -ECHLD. After that we can return safely.
Agree. Here is the modified patch. Hope this is better.
From: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
Subject: [PATCH 14/15] Destroy pid namespace on init's death
From: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
Terminate all processes in a namespace when the reaper of the namespace
is exiting. We do this by walking the pidmap of the namespace and sending
SIGKILL to all processes.
Changelog:
[Oleg Nesterov]: In zap_pid_ns_processes() wait for any child
rather than iterating over all pid_ts in the pidmap.
[Oleg Nesterov]: Must clear the TIF_SIGPENDING flag for
successive wait() calls.
Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
Acked-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
---
include/linux/pid.h | 1 +
include/linux/wait.h | 4 ++++
kernel/exit.c | 10 ++++++----
kernel/pid.c | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
Index: lx26-23-rc1-mm1/include/linux/pid.h
===================================================================
--- lx26-23-rc1-mm1.orig/include/linux/pid.h 2007-07-26 20:08:16.000000000 -0700
+++ lx26-23-rc1-mm1/include/linux/pid.h 2007-07-26 20:08:16.000000000 -0700
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ extern struct pid *find_ge_pid(int nr, s
extern struct pid *alloc_pid(struct pid_namespace *ns);
extern void FASTCALL(free_pid(struct pid *pid));
+extern void zap_pid_ns_processes(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns);
/*
* the helpers to get the pid's id seen from different namespaces
Index: lx26-23-rc1-mm1/include/linux/wait.h
===================================================================
--- lx26-23-rc1-mm1.orig/include/linux/wait.h 2007-07-22 13:41:00.000000000 -0700
+++ lx26-23-rc1-mm1/include/linux/wait.h 2007-07-26 20:08:16.000000000 -0700
@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/stddef.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
+#include <linux/resource.h>
+#include <asm/siginfo.h>
#include <asm/system.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
+long do_wait(pid_t pid, int options, struct siginfo __user *infop,
+ int __user *stat_addr, struct rusage __user *ru);
typedef struct __wait_queue wait_queue_t;
typedef int (*wait_queue_func_t)(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);
int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);
Index: lx26-23-rc1-mm1/kernel/exit.c
===================================================================
--- lx26-23-rc1-mm1.orig/kernel/exit.c 2007-07-26 20:08:16.000000000 -0700
+++ lx26-23-rc1-mm1/kernel/exit.c 2007-07-30 23:10:30.000000000 -0700
@@ -915,6 +915,7 @@ fastcall NORET_TYPE void do_exit(long co
{
struct task_struct *tsk = current;
int group_dead;
+ struct pid_namespace *pid_ns = tsk->nsproxy->pid_ns;
profile_task_exit(tsk);
@@ -925,9 +926,10 @@ fastcall NORET_TYPE void do_exit(long co
if (unlikely(!tsk->pid))
panic("Attempted to kill the idle task!");
if (unlikely(tsk == task_child_reaper(tsk))) {
- if (task_active_pid_ns(tsk) != &init_pid_ns)
- task_active_pid_ns(tsk)->child_reaper =
- init_pid_ns.child_reaper;
+ if (pid_ns != &init_pid_ns) {
+ zap_pid_ns_processes(pid_ns);
+ pid_ns->child_reaper = init_pid_ns.child_reaper;
+ }
else
panic("Attempted to kill init!");
}
@@ -1537,7 +1539,7 @@ static inline int my_ptrace_child(struct
return (p->parent != p->real_parent);
}
-static long do_wait(pid_t pid, int options, struct siginfo __user *infop,
+long do_wait(pid_t pid, int options, struct siginfo __user *infop,
int __user *stat_addr, struct rusage __user *ru)
{
DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);
Index: lx26-23-rc1-mm1/kernel/pid.c
===================================================================
--- lx26-23-rc1-mm1.orig/kernel/pid.c 2007-07-26 20:08:16.000000000 -0700
+++ lx26-23-rc1-mm1/kernel/pid.c 2007-07-30 23:12:33.000000000 -0700
@@ -593,6 +593,32 @@ out:
return new_ns;
}
+void zap_pid_ns_processes(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns)
+{
+ int nr;
+ int rc;
+ int options = WEXITED|__WALL;
+
+ /*
+ * We know pid == 1 is terminating. Find remaining pid_ts
+ * in the namespace, signal them and then wait for them
+ * exit.
+ */
+ nr = next_pidmap(pid_ns, 1);
+ while (nr > 0) {
+ kill_proc_info(SIGKILL, SEND_SIG_PRIV, nr);
+ nr = next_pidmap(pid_ns, nr);
+ }
+
+ do {
+ clear_thread_flag(TIF_SIGPENDING);
+ rc = do_wait(-1, options, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+ } while (rc != -ECHILD);
+
+
+ return;
+}
+
static void do_free_pid_ns(struct work_struct *w)
{
struct pid_namespace *ns, *parent;
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2007-07-31 6:19 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 104+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2007-07-26 14:45 [RFC][PATCH 0/15] Pid namespaces Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B37B.6050108-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 14:46 ` [PATCH 1/15] Move exit_task_namespaces() Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B3C4.5080601-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 16:10 ` Dave Hansen
2007-07-27 6:38 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 16:47 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070726164724.GA81-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 16:59 ` Kirill Korotaev
2007-07-27 8:07 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070727080758.GA509-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 8:24 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A9ABC1.1000800-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 8:35 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070727083541.GA528-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 8:37 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-08-02 16:20 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802162023.GB137-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 8:00 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46B6D52C.3010405-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 9:54 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070806095421.GA85-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 9:58 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46B6F0DA.4080904-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 10:38 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070806103838.GA129-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 11:21 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46B7044A.4030508-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 12:54 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070806125419.GB91-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 13:38 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-08-06 11:29 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46B7060E.3020609-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 12:50 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070806125032.GA91-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 13:36 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46B723F3.8020905-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-06 13:57 ` Oleg Nesterov
2007-07-26 14:47 ` [PATCH 2/15] Introduce MS_KERNMOUNT flag Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:48 ` [PATCH 3/15] kern_siginfo helper Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B42F.5070605-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-29 11:41 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729114154.GE120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:07 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46AD8032.90005-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-31 0:21 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
2007-07-26 14:48 ` [PATCH 4/15] Make proc_flust_task() flush entries from multiple proc trees Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:49 ` [PATCH 5/15] Introduce struct upid Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B486.3030006-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-29 9:52 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729095210.GA120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 5:58 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:50 ` [PATCH 6/15] Make alloc_pid(), free_pid() and put_pid() work with " Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B4AE.6040903-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-29 10:16 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729101651.GB120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:03 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:51 ` [PATCH 7/15] Helpers to obtain pid numbers Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B4D6.1080301-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 19:03 ` Dave Hansen
2007-07-27 6:40 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-29 12:10 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729121051.GF120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:11 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:51 ` [PATCH 8/15] Helpers to find the task by its numerical ids Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B502.8070606-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 19:05 ` Dave Hansen
2007-07-27 6:43 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-29 12:40 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729124045.GG120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:15 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:52 ` [PATCH 9/15] Move alloc_pid() after the namespace is cloned Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B531.3050602-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 15:12 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070727151238.GA336-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:17 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46AD8266.8050802-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 23:43 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
2007-07-31 5:49 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
2007-07-26 14:54 ` [PATCH 10/15] Make each namespace has its own proc tree Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B59E.7050009-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-26 17:38 ` Dave Hansen
2007-07-29 15:58 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729155841.GI120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-29 17:04 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729170436.GA941-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:45 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-30 6:43 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:55 ` [PATCH 11/15] Signal semantics Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B5C7.9040407-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 12:31 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070727123153.GA92-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 13:38 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A9F54B.5050000-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 18:46 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727184604.GB1072-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 19:59 ` Serge E. Hallyn
[not found] ` <20070727195943.GA25878-6s5zFf/epYLPQpwDFJZrxKsjOiXwFzmk@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 20:23 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727202337.GC1072-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 9:34 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-30 9:31 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46ADB000.1000705-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-01 16:13 ` Serge E. Hallyn
[not found] ` <20070801161335.GA10747-6s5zFf/epYLPQpwDFJZrxKsjOiXwFzmk@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 8:35 ` Kirill Korotaev
[not found] ` <46B19754.4050908-3ImXcnM4P+0@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 20:09 ` Serge E. Hallyn
2007-07-29 11:25 ` Oleg Nesterov
2007-07-26 14:56 ` [PATCH 12/15] Miscelaneous stuff for pid namespaces Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B601.4020108-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 6:22 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727062213.GE23584-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 6:53 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:56 ` [PATCH 13/15] Clone the pid namespace Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-26 14:57 ` [PATCH 14/15] Destroy pid namespace on init's death Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B663.9040206-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-29 10:41 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729104145.GC120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 11:56 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46ADD202.9030502-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 15:46 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070730154639.GA127-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-31 6:19 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA [this message]
[not found] ` <20070731061917.GB17013-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-31 9:07 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070731090721.GA110-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-01 6:16 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070801061616.GA5405-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-01 16:00 ` Dave Hansen
2007-08-01 19:51 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070801195123.GB196-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 8:37 ` Kirill Korotaev
[not found] ` <46B197E3.3040309-3ImXcnM4P+0@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 16:08 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802160851.GA137-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 17:08 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802170820.GA2566-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-03 6:22 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070803062227.GA16833-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-03 10:55 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070803105557.GA91-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-03 21:36 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
2007-08-02 7:37 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
2007-08-01 19:48 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070801194811.GA196-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 7:29 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070802072958.GA729-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 15:40 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802154018.GA93-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 17:20 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070802172033.GA8011-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 17:31 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802173128.GA2616-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 18:36 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070802183608.GB15332-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 18:49 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070802184953.GA316-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-08-02 19:13 ` Serge E. Hallyn
2007-07-26 14:58 ` [PATCH 15/15] Hooks over the code to show correct values to user Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46A8B6AD.4000307-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 5:57 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727055736.GC23584-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 6:44 ` Pavel Emelyanov
2007-07-29 14:31 ` Oleg Nesterov
[not found] ` <20070729143136.GH120-6lXkIZvqkOAvJsYlp49lxw@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-30 6:49 ` Pavel Emelyanov
[not found] ` <46AD89E6.1030607-GEFAQzZX7r8dnm+yROfE0A@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-31 10:04 ` Oleg Nesterov
2007-07-27 4:22 ` [RFC][PATCH 0/15] Pid namespaces sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727042213.GB23584-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 6:08 ` sukadev-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA
[not found] ` <20070727060856.GD23584-r/Jw6+rmf7HQT0dZR+AlfA@public.gmane.org>
2007-07-27 6:47 ` Pavel Emelyanov
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