[PATCH v2 0/2] drm/buddy: Documentation and internal helper cleanup

[PATCH v2 0/2] drm/buddy: Documentation and internal helper cleanup

[Sanjay Yadav]

This series improves the GPU buddy allocator by adding missing
documentation and cleaning up internal helpers.

It adds kernel-doc for the allocator structures and flags, covering
gpu_buddy, gpu_buddy_block, and the allocation flags (RANGE, TOPDOWN,
CONTIGUOUS, CLEAR, TRIM_DISABLE) to make the allocator’s design and usage
clearer for readers and contributors.

It also reduces the header surface by moving internal helpers from
gpu_buddy.h into buddy.c as static functions, since they have no
external users, and removes gpu_get_buddy(), an unused exported wrapper
around the internal __get_buddy() helper. This clarifies the intended API
and avoids exporting unused symbols.

No functional changes.

v2:
- Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
- Keep gpu_buddy_block_is_free() in header since it's now
  used by drm_buddy.c
- Corrected GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE and GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE index values (Arun)
- Updated commit message and cover letter to reflect changes

Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Matthew Auld <matthew.auld@intel.com>

Sanjay Yadav (2):
  drm/buddy: Add kernel-doc for allocator structures and flags
  drm/buddy: Move internal helpers to buddy.c

 drivers/gpu/buddy.c       |  35 ++++-----
 include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

-- 
2.52.0

[PATCH v2 1/2] drm/buddy: Add kernel-doc for allocator structures and flags

[Sanjay Yadav]

Add missing kernel-doc for GPU buddy allocator flags,
gpu_buddy_block, and gpu_buddy. The documentation covers block
header fields, allocator roots, free trees, and allocation flags
such as RANGE, TOPDOWN, CONTIGUOUS, CLEAR, and TRIM_DISABLE.
Private members are marked with kernel-doc private markers
and documented with regular comments.

No functional changes.

v2:
- Corrected GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE and GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE index values (Arun)
- Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
- Updated commit message

Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Matthew Auld <matthew.auld@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sanjay Yadav <sanjay.kumar.yadav@intel.com>
---
 include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
index 07ac65db6d2e..b06241c78437 100644
--- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
+++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
@@ -12,11 +12,58 @@
 #include <linux/sched.h>
 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
 
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION - Allocate within a specific address range
+ *
+ * When set, allocation is restricted to the range [start, end) specified
+ * in gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(). Without this flag, start/end are ignored
+ * and allocation can use any free space.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION		BIT(0)
+
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION - Allocate from top of address space
+ *
+ * Allocate starting from high addresses and working down. Useful for
+ * separating different allocation types (e.g., kernel vs userspace)
+ * to reduce fragmentation.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION		BIT(1)
+
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION - Require physically contiguous blocks
+ *
+ * The allocation must be satisfied with a single contiguous block.
+ * If the requested size cannot be allocated contiguously, the
+ * allocation fails with -ENOSPC.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION		BIT(2)
+
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION - Prefer pre-cleared (zeroed) memory
+ *
+ * Attempt to allocate from the clear tree first. If insufficient clear
+ * memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
+ * caller needs zeroed memory and wants to avoid GPU clear operations.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION		BIT(3)
+
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED - Mark returned blocks as cleared
+ *
+ * Used with gpu_buddy_free_list() to indicate that the memory being
+ * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be placed in the
+ * clear tree for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED			BIT(4)
+
+/**
+ * GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE - Disable automatic block trimming
+ *
+ * By default, if an allocation is smaller than the allocated block,
+ * excess memory is trimmed and returned to the free pool. This flag
+ * disables trimming, keeping the full power-of-two block size.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE			BIT(5)
 
 enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
@@ -28,7 +75,27 @@ enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
 #define for_each_free_tree(tree) \
 	for ((tree) = 0; (tree) < GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES; (tree)++)
 
+/**
+ * struct gpu_buddy_block - Block within a buddy allocator
+ *
+ * Each block in the buddy allocator is represented by this structure.
+ * Blocks are organized in a binary tree where each parent block can be
+ * split into two children (left and right buddies). The allocator manages
+ * blocks at various orders (power-of-2 sizes) from chunk_size up to the
+ * largest contiguous region.
+ *
+ * @private: Private data owned by the allocator user (e.g., driver-specific data)
+ * @link: List node for user ownership while block is allocated
+ */
 struct gpu_buddy_block {
+/* private: */
+	/*
+	 * Header bit layout:
+	 * - Bits 63:12: block offset within the address space
+	 * - Bits 11:10: state (ALLOCATED, FREE, or SPLIT)
+	 * - Bit 9: clear bit (1 if memory is zeroed)
+	 * - Bits 5:0: order (log2 of size relative to chunk_size)
+	 */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_OFFSET GENMASK_ULL(63, 12)
 #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE  GENMASK_ULL(11, 10)
 #define   GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED	   (1 << 10)
@@ -43,7 +110,7 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
 	struct gpu_buddy_block *left;
 	struct gpu_buddy_block *right;
 	struct gpu_buddy_block *parent;
-
+/* public: */
 	void *private; /* owned by creator */
 
 	/*
@@ -53,43 +120,58 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
 	 * gpu_buddy_free* ownership is given back to the mm.
 	 */
 	union {
+/* private: */
 		struct rb_node rb;
+/* public: */
 		struct list_head link;
 	};
-
+/* private: */
 	struct list_head tmp_link;
 };
 
 /* Order-zero must be at least SZ_4K */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_MAX_ORDER (63 - 12)
 
-/*
- * Binary Buddy System.
+/**
+ * struct gpu_buddy - GPU binary buddy allocator
+ *
+ * The buddy allocator provides efficient power-of-two memory allocation
+ * with fast allocation and free operations. It is commonly used for GPU
+ * memory management where allocations can be split into power-of-two
+ * block sizes.
  *
- * Locking should be handled by the user, a simple mutex around
- * gpu_buddy_alloc* and gpu_buddy_free* should suffice.
+ * Locking should be handled by the user; a simple mutex around
+ * gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks() and gpu_buddy_free_block()/gpu_buddy_free_list()
+ * should suffice.
+ *
+ * @n_roots: Number of root blocks in the roots array.
+ * @max_order: Maximum block order (log2 of largest block size / chunk_size).
+ * @chunk_size: Minimum allocation granularity in bytes. Must be at least SZ_4K.
+ * @size: Total size of the address space managed by this allocator in bytes.
+ * @avail: Total free space currently available for allocation in bytes.
+ * @clear_avail: Free space available in the clear tree (zeroed memory) in bytes.
+ *               This is a subset of @avail.
  */
 struct gpu_buddy {
-	/* Maintain a free list for each order. */
-	struct rb_root **free_trees;
-
+/* private: */
 	/*
-	 * Maintain explicit binary tree(s) to track the allocation of the
-	 * address space. This gives us a simple way of finding a buddy block
-	 * and performing the potentially recursive merge step when freeing a
-	 * block.  Nodes are either allocated or free, in which case they will
-	 * also exist on the respective free list.
+	 * Array of red-black trees for free block management.
+	 * Indexed as free_trees[clear/dirty][order] where:
+	 * - Index 0 (GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE): blocks with zeroed content
+	 * - Index 1 (GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE): blocks with unknown content
+	 * Each tree holds free blocks of the corresponding order.
 	 */
-	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
-
+	struct rb_root **free_trees;
 	/*
-	 * Anything from here is public, and remains static for the lifetime of
-	 * the mm. Everything above is considered do-not-touch.
+	 * Array of root blocks representing the top-level blocks of the
+	 * binary tree(s). Multiple roots exist when the total size is not
+	 * a power of two, with each root being the largest power-of-two
+	 * that fits in the remaining space.
 	 */
+	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
+/* public: */
 	unsigned int n_roots;
 	unsigned int max_order;
-
-	/* Must be at least SZ_4K */
 	u64 chunk_size;
 	u64 size;
 	u64 avail;
-- 
2.52.0

Re: [PATCH v2 1/2] drm/buddy: Add kernel-doc for allocator structures and flags

[Arunpravin Paneer Selvam]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 7907 bytes --]



On 2/11/2026 11:01 AM, Sanjay Yadav wrote:
> Add missing kernel-doc for GPU buddy allocator flags,
> gpu_buddy_block, and gpu_buddy. The documentation covers block
> header fields, allocator roots, free trees, and allocation flags
> such as RANGE, TOPDOWN, CONTIGUOUS, CLEAR, and TRIM_DISABLE.
> Private members are marked with kernel-doc private markers
> and documented with regular comments.
>
> No functional changes.
>
> v2:
> - Corrected GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE and GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE index values (Arun)
> - Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
> - Updated commit message
>
> Cc: Christian König<christian.koenig@amd.com>
> Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam<Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
> Suggested-by: Matthew Auld<matthew.auld@intel.com>
> Signed-off-by: Sanjay Yadav<sanjay.kumar.yadav@intel.com>
> ---
>   include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
>   1 file changed, 102 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
> index 07ac65db6d2e..b06241c78437 100644
> --- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
> +++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
> @@ -12,11 +12,58 @@
>   #include <linux/sched.h>
>   #include <linux/rbtree.h>
>   
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION - Allocate within a specific address range
> + *
> + * When set, allocation is restricted to the range [start, end) specified
> + * in gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(). Without this flag, start/end are ignored
> + * and allocation can use any free space.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION		BIT(0)
> +
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION - Allocate from top of address space
> + *
> + * Allocate starting from high addresses and working down. Useful for
> + * separating different allocation types (e.g., kernel vs userspace)
> + * to reduce fragmentation.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION		BIT(1)
> +
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION - Require physically contiguous blocks
> + *
> + * The allocation must be satisfied with a single contiguous block.
> + * If the requested size cannot be allocated contiguously, the
> + * allocation fails with -ENOSPC.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION		BIT(2)
> +
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION - Prefer pre-cleared (zeroed) memory
> + *
> + * Attempt to allocate from the clear tree first. If insufficient clear
> + * memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
> + * caller needs zeroed memory and wants to avoid GPU clear operations.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION		BIT(3)
> +
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED - Mark returned blocks as cleared
> + *
> + * Used with gpu_buddy_free_list() to indicate that the memory being
> + * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be placed in the
> + * clear tree for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED			BIT(4)
> +
> +/**
> + * GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE - Disable automatic block trimming
> + *
> + * By default, if an allocation is smaller than the allocated block,
> + * excess memory is trimmed and returned to the free pool. This flag
> + * disables trimming, keeping the full power-of-two block size.
> + */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE			BIT(5)
>   
>   enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
> @@ -28,7 +75,27 @@ enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
>   #define for_each_free_tree(tree) \
>   	for ((tree) = 0; (tree) < GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES; (tree)++)
>   
> +/**
> + * struct gpu_buddy_block - Block within a buddy allocator
> + *
> + * Each block in the buddy allocator is represented by this structure.
> + * Blocks are organized in a binary tree where each parent block can be
> + * split into two children (left and right buddies). The allocator manages
> + * blocks at various orders (power-of-2 sizes) from chunk_size up to the
> + * largest contiguous region.
> + *
> + * @private: Private data owned by the allocator user (e.g., driver-specific data)
> + * @link: List node for user ownership while block is allocated
> + */
>   struct gpu_buddy_block {
> +/* private: */
> +	/*
> +	 * Header bit layout:
> +	 * - Bits 63:12: block offset within the address space
> +	 * - Bits 11:10: state (ALLOCATED, FREE, or SPLIT)
> +	 * - Bit 9: clear bit (1 if memory is zeroed)
I think we should add
- Bits 8:9: reserved

Apart from that, looks good to me.
Reviewed-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
> +	 * - Bits 5:0: order (log2 of size relative to chunk_size)
> +	 */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_OFFSET GENMASK_ULL(63, 12)
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE  GENMASK_ULL(11, 10)
>   #define   GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED	   (1 << 10)
> @@ -43,7 +110,7 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *left;
>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *right;
>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *parent;
> -
> +/* public: */
>   	void *private; /* owned by creator */
>   
>   	/*
> @@ -53,43 +120,58 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>   	 * gpu_buddy_free* ownership is given back to the mm.
>   	 */
>   	union {
> +/* private: */
>   		struct rb_node rb;
> +/* public: */
>   		struct list_head link;
>   	};
> -
> +/* private: */
>   	struct list_head tmp_link;
>   };
>   
>   /* Order-zero must be at least SZ_4K */
>   #define GPU_BUDDY_MAX_ORDER (63 - 12)
>   
> -/*
> - * Binary Buddy System.
> +/**
> + * struct gpu_buddy - GPU binary buddy allocator
> + *
> + * The buddy allocator provides efficient power-of-two memory allocation
> + * with fast allocation and free operations. It is commonly used for GPU
> + * memory management where allocations can be split into power-of-two
> + * block sizes.
>    *
> - * Locking should be handled by the user, a simple mutex around
> - * gpu_buddy_alloc* and gpu_buddy_free* should suffice.
> + * Locking should be handled by the user; a simple mutex around
> + * gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks() and gpu_buddy_free_block()/gpu_buddy_free_list()
> + * should suffice.
> + *
> + * @n_roots: Number of root blocks in the roots array.
> + * @max_order: Maximum block order (log2 of largest block size / chunk_size).
> + * @chunk_size: Minimum allocation granularity in bytes. Must be at least SZ_4K.
> + * @size: Total size of the address space managed by this allocator in bytes.
> + * @avail: Total free space currently available for allocation in bytes.
> + * @clear_avail: Free space available in the clear tree (zeroed memory) in bytes.
> + *               This is a subset of @avail.
>    */
>   struct gpu_buddy {
> -	/* Maintain a free list for each order. */
> -	struct rb_root **free_trees;
> -
> +/* private: */
>   	/*
> -	 * Maintain explicit binary tree(s) to track the allocation of the
> -	 * address space. This gives us a simple way of finding a buddy block
> -	 * and performing the potentially recursive merge step when freeing a
> -	 * block.  Nodes are either allocated or free, in which case they will
> -	 * also exist on the respective free list.
> +	 * Array of red-black trees for free block management.
> +	 * Indexed as free_trees[clear/dirty][order] where:
> +	 * - Index 0 (GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE): blocks with zeroed content
> +	 * - Index 1 (GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE): blocks with unknown content
> +	 * Each tree holds free blocks of the corresponding order.
>   	 */
> -	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
> -
> +	struct rb_root **free_trees;
>   	/*
> -	 * Anything from here is public, and remains static for the lifetime of
> -	 * the mm. Everything above is considered do-not-touch.
> +	 * Array of root blocks representing the top-level blocks of the
> +	 * binary tree(s). Multiple roots exist when the total size is not
> +	 * a power of two, with each root being the largest power-of-two
> +	 * that fits in the remaining space.
>   	 */
> +	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
> +/* public: */
>   	unsigned int n_roots;
>   	unsigned int max_order;
> -
> -	/* Must be at least SZ_4K */
>   	u64 chunk_size;
>   	u64 size;
>   	u64 avail;

[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/html, Size: 8482 bytes --]

Re: [PATCH v2 1/2] drm/buddy: Add kernel-doc for allocator structures and flags

[Arunpravin Paneer Selvam]

On 2/12/2026 1:08 PM, Arunpravin Paneer Selvam wrote:
>
>
> On 2/11/2026 11:01 AM, Sanjay Yadav wrote:
>> Add missing kernel-doc for GPU buddy allocator flags,
>> gpu_buddy_block, and gpu_buddy. The documentation covers block
>> header fields, allocator roots, free trees, and allocation flags
>> such as RANGE, TOPDOWN, CONTIGUOUS, CLEAR, and TRIM_DISABLE.
>> Private members are marked with kernel-doc private markers
>> and documented with regular comments.
>>
>> No functional changes.
>>
>> v2:
>> - Corrected GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE and GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE index values (Arun)
>> - Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
>> - Updated commit message
>>
>> Cc: Christian König<christian.koenig@amd.com>
>> Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam<Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
>> Suggested-by: Matthew Auld<matthew.auld@intel.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Sanjay Yadav<sanjay.kumar.yadav@intel.com>
>> ---
>>   include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
>>   1 file changed, 102 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>> index 07ac65db6d2e..b06241c78437 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>> @@ -12,11 +12,58 @@
>>   #include <linux/sched.h>
>>   #include <linux/rbtree.h>
>>   
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION - Allocate within a specific address range
>> + *
>> + * When set, allocation is restricted to the range [start, end) specified
>> + * in gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(). Without this flag, start/end are ignored
>> + * and allocation can use any free space.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION		BIT(0)
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION - Allocate from top of address space
>> + *
>> + * Allocate starting from high addresses and working down. Useful for
>> + * separating different allocation types (e.g., kernel vs userspace)
>> + * to reduce fragmentation.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION		BIT(1)
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION - Require physically contiguous blocks
>> + *
>> + * The allocation must be satisfied with a single contiguous block.
>> + * If the requested size cannot be allocated contiguously, the
>> + * allocation fails with -ENOSPC.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION		BIT(2)
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION - Prefer pre-cleared (zeroed) memory
>> + *
>> + * Attempt to allocate from the clear tree first. If insufficient clear
>> + * memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
>> + * caller needs zeroed memory and wants to avoid GPU clear operations.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION		BIT(3)
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED - Mark returned blocks as cleared
>> + *
>> + * Used with gpu_buddy_free_list() to indicate that the memory being
>> + * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be placed in the
>> + * clear tree for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED			BIT(4)
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE - Disable automatic block trimming
>> + *
>> + * By default, if an allocation is smaller than the allocated block,
>> + * excess memory is trimmed and returned to the free pool. This flag
>> + * disables trimming, keeping the full power-of-two block size.
>> + */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE			BIT(5)
>>   
>>   enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
>> @@ -28,7 +75,27 @@ enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
>>   #define for_each_free_tree(tree) \
>>   	for ((tree) = 0; (tree) < GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES; (tree)++)
>>   
>> +/**
>> + * struct gpu_buddy_block - Block within a buddy allocator
>> + *
>> + * Each block in the buddy allocator is represented by this structure.
>> + * Blocks are organized in a binary tree where each parent block can be
>> + * split into two children (left and right buddies). The allocator manages
>> + * blocks at various orders (power-of-2 sizes) from chunk_size up to the
>> + * largest contiguous region.
>> + *
>> + * @private: Private data owned by the allocator user (e.g., driver-specific data)
>> + * @link: List node for user ownership while block is allocated
>> + */
>>   struct gpu_buddy_block {
>> +/* private: */
>> +	/*
>> +	 * Header bit layout:
>> +	 * - Bits 63:12: block offset within the address space
>> +	 * - Bits 11:10: state (ALLOCATED, FREE, or SPLIT)
>> +	 * - Bit 9: clear bit (1 if memory is zeroed)
> I think we should add
> - Bits 8:9: reserved
it should be -Bits 8:6: reserved
>
> Apart from that, looks good to me.
> Reviewed-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
>> +	 * - Bits 5:0: order (log2 of size relative to chunk_size)
>> +	 */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_OFFSET GENMASK_ULL(63, 12)
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE  GENMASK_ULL(11, 10)
>>   #define   GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED	   (1 << 10)
>> @@ -43,7 +110,7 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *left;
>>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *right;
>>   	struct gpu_buddy_block *parent;
>> -
>> +/* public: */
>>   	void *private; /* owned by creator */
>>   
>>   	/*
>> @@ -53,43 +120,58 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>>   	 * gpu_buddy_free* ownership is given back to the mm.
>>   	 */
>>   	union {
>> +/* private: */
>>   		struct rb_node rb;
>> +/* public: */
>>   		struct list_head link;
>>   	};
>> -
>> +/* private: */
>>   	struct list_head tmp_link;
>>   };
>>   
>>   /* Order-zero must be at least SZ_4K */
>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_MAX_ORDER (63 - 12)
>>   
>> -/*
>> - * Binary Buddy System.
>> +/**
>> + * struct gpu_buddy - GPU binary buddy allocator
>> + *
>> + * The buddy allocator provides efficient power-of-two memory allocation
>> + * with fast allocation and free operations. It is commonly used for GPU
>> + * memory management where allocations can be split into power-of-two
>> + * block sizes.
>>    *
>> - * Locking should be handled by the user, a simple mutex around
>> - * gpu_buddy_alloc* and gpu_buddy_free* should suffice.
>> + * Locking should be handled by the user; a simple mutex around
>> + * gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks() and gpu_buddy_free_block()/gpu_buddy_free_list()
>> + * should suffice.
>> + *
>> + * @n_roots: Number of root blocks in the roots array.
>> + * @max_order: Maximum block order (log2 of largest block size / chunk_size).
>> + * @chunk_size: Minimum allocation granularity in bytes. Must be at least SZ_4K.
>> + * @size: Total size of the address space managed by this allocator in bytes.
>> + * @avail: Total free space currently available for allocation in bytes.
>> + * @clear_avail: Free space available in the clear tree (zeroed memory) in bytes.
>> + *               This is a subset of @avail.
>>    */
>>   struct gpu_buddy {
>> -	/* Maintain a free list for each order. */
>> -	struct rb_root **free_trees;
>> -
>> +/* private: */
>>   	/*
>> -	 * Maintain explicit binary tree(s) to track the allocation of the
>> -	 * address space. This gives us a simple way of finding a buddy block
>> -	 * and performing the potentially recursive merge step when freeing a
>> -	 * block.  Nodes are either allocated or free, in which case they will
>> -	 * also exist on the respective free list.
>> +	 * Array of red-black trees for free block management.
>> +	 * Indexed as free_trees[clear/dirty][order] where:
>> +	 * - Index 0 (GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE): blocks with zeroed content
>> +	 * - Index 1 (GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE): blocks with unknown content
>> +	 * Each tree holds free blocks of the corresponding order.
>>   	 */
>> -	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
>> -
>> +	struct rb_root **free_trees;
>>   	/*
>> -	 * Anything from here is public, and remains static for the lifetime of
>> -	 * the mm. Everything above is considered do-not-touch.
>> +	 * Array of root blocks representing the top-level blocks of the
>> +	 * binary tree(s). Multiple roots exist when the total size is not
>> +	 * a power of two, with each root being the largest power-of-two
>> +	 * that fits in the remaining space.
>>   	 */
>> +	struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
>> +/* public: */
>>   	unsigned int n_roots;
>>   	unsigned int max_order;
>> -
>> -	/* Must be at least SZ_4K */
>>   	u64 chunk_size;
>>   	u64 size;
>>   	u64 avail;
>

Re: [PATCH v2 1/2] drm/buddy: Add kernel-doc for allocator structures and flags

[Yadav, Sanjay Kumar]

On 12-02-2026 13:10, Arunpravin Paneer Selvam wrote:
>
>
> On 2/12/2026 1:08 PM, Arunpravin Paneer Selvam wrote:
>>
>>
>> On 2/11/2026 11:01 AM, Sanjay Yadav wrote:
>>> Add missing kernel-doc for GPU buddy allocator flags,
>>> gpu_buddy_block, and gpu_buddy. The documentation covers block
>>> header fields, allocator roots, free trees, and allocation flags
>>> such as RANGE, TOPDOWN, CONTIGUOUS, CLEAR, and TRIM_DISABLE.
>>> Private members are marked with kernel-doc private markers
>>> and documented with regular comments.
>>>
>>> No functional changes.
>>>
>>> v2:
>>> - Corrected GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE and GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE index 
>>> values (Arun)
>>> - Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
>>> - Updated commit message
>>>
>>> Cc: Christian König<christian.koenig@amd.com>
>>> Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam<Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
>>> Suggested-by: Matthew Auld<matthew.auld@intel.com>
>>> Signed-off-by: Sanjay Yadav<sanjay.kumar.yadav@intel.com>
>>> ---
>>>   include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 122 
>>> +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
>>>   1 file changed, 102 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
>>>
>>> diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>>> index 07ac65db6d2e..b06241c78437 100644
>>> --- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>>> +++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
>>> @@ -12,11 +12,58 @@
>>>   #include <linux/sched.h>
>>>   #include <linux/rbtree.h>
>>>   +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION - Allocate within a specific address 
>>> range
>>> + *
>>> + * When set, allocation is restricted to the range [start, end) 
>>> specified
>>> + * in gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(). Without this flag, start/end are 
>>> ignored
>>> + * and allocation can use any free space.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION        BIT(0)
>>> +
>>> +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION - Allocate from top of address space
>>> + *
>>> + * Allocate starting from high addresses and working down. Useful for
>>> + * separating different allocation types (e.g., kernel vs userspace)
>>> + * to reduce fragmentation.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION        BIT(1)
>>> +
>>> +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION - Require physically contiguous 
>>> blocks
>>> + *
>>> + * The allocation must be satisfied with a single contiguous block.
>>> + * If the requested size cannot be allocated contiguously, the
>>> + * allocation fails with -ENOSPC.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION        BIT(2)
>>> +
>>> +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION - Prefer pre-cleared (zeroed) memory
>>> + *
>>> + * Attempt to allocate from the clear tree first. If insufficient 
>>> clear
>>> + * memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
>>> + * caller needs zeroed memory and wants to avoid GPU clear operations.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION        BIT(3)
>>> +
>>> +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED - Mark returned blocks as cleared
>>> + *
>>> + * Used with gpu_buddy_free_list() to indicate that the memory being
>>> + * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be placed in the
>>> + * clear tree for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED            BIT(4)
>>> +
>>> +/**
>>> + * GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE - Disable automatic block trimming
>>> + *
>>> + * By default, if an allocation is smaller than the allocated block,
>>> + * excess memory is trimmed and returned to the free pool. This flag
>>> + * disables trimming, keeping the full power-of-two block size.
>>> + */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE            BIT(5)
>>>     enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
>>> @@ -28,7 +75,27 @@ enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
>>>   #define for_each_free_tree(tree) \
>>>       for ((tree) = 0; (tree) < GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES; (tree)++)
>>>   +/**
>>> + * struct gpu_buddy_block - Block within a buddy allocator
>>> + *
>>> + * Each block in the buddy allocator is represented by this structure.
>>> + * Blocks are organized in a binary tree where each parent block 
>>> can be
>>> + * split into two children (left and right buddies). The allocator 
>>> manages
>>> + * blocks at various orders (power-of-2 sizes) from chunk_size up 
>>> to the
>>> + * largest contiguous region.
>>> + *
>>> + * @private: Private data owned by the allocator user (e.g., 
>>> driver-specific data)
>>> + * @link: List node for user ownership while block is allocated
>>> + */
>>>   struct gpu_buddy_block {
>>> +/* private: */
>>> +    /*
>>> +     * Header bit layout:
>>> +     * - Bits 63:12: block offset within the address space
>>> +     * - Bits 11:10: state (ALLOCATED, FREE, or SPLIT)
>>> +     * - Bit 9: clear bit (1 if memory is zeroed)
>> I think we should add
>> - Bits 8:9: reserved
> it should be -Bits 8:6: reserved
>>
>> Apart from that, looks good to me.
>> Reviewed-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
Thanks Arun for your prompt review, helpful comments, and your time.
>>> +     * - Bits 5:0: order (log2 of size relative to chunk_size)
>>> +     */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_OFFSET GENMASK_ULL(63, 12)
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE  GENMASK_ULL(11, 10)
>>>   #define   GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED       (1 << 10)
>>> @@ -43,7 +110,7 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>>>       struct gpu_buddy_block *left;
>>>       struct gpu_buddy_block *right;
>>>       struct gpu_buddy_block *parent;
>>> -
>>> +/* public: */
>>>       void *private; /* owned by creator */
>>>         /*
>>> @@ -53,43 +120,58 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
>>>        * gpu_buddy_free* ownership is given back to the mm.
>>>        */
>>>       union {
>>> +/* private: */
>>>           struct rb_node rb;
>>> +/* public: */
>>>           struct list_head link;
>>>       };
>>> -
>>> +/* private: */
>>>       struct list_head tmp_link;
>>>   };
>>>     /* Order-zero must be at least SZ_4K */
>>>   #define GPU_BUDDY_MAX_ORDER (63 - 12)
>>>   -/*
>>> - * Binary Buddy System.
>>> +/**
>>> + * struct gpu_buddy - GPU binary buddy allocator
>>> + *
>>> + * The buddy allocator provides efficient power-of-two memory 
>>> allocation
>>> + * with fast allocation and free operations. It is commonly used 
>>> for GPU
>>> + * memory management where allocations can be split into power-of-two
>>> + * block sizes.
>>>    *
>>> - * Locking should be handled by the user, a simple mutex around
>>> - * gpu_buddy_alloc* and gpu_buddy_free* should suffice.
>>> + * Locking should be handled by the user; a simple mutex around
>>> + * gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks() and 
>>> gpu_buddy_free_block()/gpu_buddy_free_list()
>>> + * should suffice.
>>> + *
>>> + * @n_roots: Number of root blocks in the roots array.
>>> + * @max_order: Maximum block order (log2 of largest block size / 
>>> chunk_size).
>>> + * @chunk_size: Minimum allocation granularity in bytes. Must be at 
>>> least SZ_4K.
>>> + * @size: Total size of the address space managed by this allocator 
>>> in bytes.
>>> + * @avail: Total free space currently available for allocation in 
>>> bytes.
>>> + * @clear_avail: Free space available in the clear tree (zeroed 
>>> memory) in bytes.
>>> + *               This is a subset of @avail.
>>>    */
>>>   struct gpu_buddy {
>>> -    /* Maintain a free list for each order. */
>>> -    struct rb_root **free_trees;
>>> -
>>> +/* private: */
>>>       /*
>>> -     * Maintain explicit binary tree(s) to track the allocation of the
>>> -     * address space. This gives us a simple way of finding a buddy 
>>> block
>>> -     * and performing the potentially recursive merge step when 
>>> freeing a
>>> -     * block.  Nodes are either allocated or free, in which case 
>>> they will
>>> -     * also exist on the respective free list.
>>> +     * Array of red-black trees for free block management.
>>> +     * Indexed as free_trees[clear/dirty][order] where:
>>> +     * - Index 0 (GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE): blocks with zeroed content
>>> +     * - Index 1 (GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE): blocks with unknown content
>>> +     * Each tree holds free blocks of the corresponding order.
>>>        */
>>> -    struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
>>> -
>>> +    struct rb_root **free_trees;
>>>       /*
>>> -     * Anything from here is public, and remains static for the 
>>> lifetime of
>>> -     * the mm. Everything above is considered do-not-touch.
>>> +     * Array of root blocks representing the top-level blocks of the
>>> +     * binary tree(s). Multiple roots exist when the total size is not
>>> +     * a power of two, with each root being the largest power-of-two
>>> +     * that fits in the remaining space.
>>>        */
>>> +    struct gpu_buddy_block **roots;
>>> +/* public: */
>>>       unsigned int n_roots;
>>>       unsigned int max_order;
>>> -
>>> -    /* Must be at least SZ_4K */
>>>       u64 chunk_size;
>>>       u64 size;
>>>       u64 avail;
>>
>

[PATCH v2 2/2] drm/buddy: Move internal helpers to buddy.c

[Sanjay Yadav]

Move gpu_buddy_block_state(), gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(),
and gpu_buddy_block_is_split() from gpu_buddy.h to gpu_buddy.c
as static functions since they have no external callers.

Remove gpu_get_buddy() as it was an unused exported wrapper
around the internal __get_buddy().

No functional changes.

v2:
- Rebased after DRM buddy allocator moved to drivers/gpu/
- Keep gpu_buddy_block_is_free() in header since it's now
  used by drm_buddy.c
- Updated commit message

Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Matthew Auld <matthew.auld@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sanjay Yadav <sanjay.kumar.yadav@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <Arunpravin.PaneerSelvam@amd.com>
---
 drivers/gpu/buddy.c       | 35 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 include/linux/gpu_buddy.h | 25 ++-----------------------
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/buddy.c b/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
index 603c59a2013a..b27761246d4b 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
@@ -14,6 +14,24 @@
 
 static struct kmem_cache *slab_blocks;
 
+static unsigned int
+gpu_buddy_block_state(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return block->header & GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE;
+}
+
+static bool
+gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_state(block) == GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED;
+}
+
+static bool
+gpu_buddy_block_is_split(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_state(block) == GPU_BUDDY_SPLIT;
+}
+
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *gpu_block_alloc(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 					       struct gpu_buddy_block *parent,
 					       unsigned int order,
@@ -449,23 +467,6 @@ static int split_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/**
- * gpu_get_buddy - get buddy address
- *
- * @block: GPU buddy block
- *
- * Returns the corresponding buddy block for @block, or NULL
- * if this is a root block and can't be merged further.
- * Requires some kind of locking to protect against
- * any concurrent allocate and free operations.
- */
-struct gpu_buddy_block *
-gpu_get_buddy(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-	return __get_buddy(block);
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_get_buddy);
-
 /**
  * gpu_buddy_reset_clear - reset blocks clear state
  *
diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
index b06241c78437..4d68445ac16d 100644
--- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
+++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
@@ -190,16 +190,10 @@ gpu_buddy_block_order(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 	return block->header & GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_ORDER;
 }
 
-static inline unsigned int
-gpu_buddy_block_state(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-	return block->header & GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE;
-}
-
 static inline bool
-gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+gpu_buddy_block_is_free(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
-	return gpu_buddy_block_state(block) == GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED;
+	return (block->header & GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE) == GPU_BUDDY_FREE;
 }
 
 static inline bool
@@ -208,18 +202,6 @@ gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 	return block->header & GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
 }
 
-static inline bool
-gpu_buddy_block_is_free(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-	return gpu_buddy_block_state(block) == GPU_BUDDY_FREE;
-}
-
-static inline bool
-gpu_buddy_block_is_split(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-	return gpu_buddy_block_state(block) == GPU_BUDDY_SPLIT;
-}
-
 static inline u64
 gpu_buddy_block_size(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 		     struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
@@ -231,9 +213,6 @@ int gpu_buddy_init(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 size, u64 chunk_size);
 
 void gpu_buddy_fini(struct gpu_buddy *mm);
 
-struct gpu_buddy_block *
-gpu_get_buddy(struct gpu_buddy_block *block);
-
 int gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 			   u64 start, u64 end, u64 size,
 			   u64 min_page_size,
-- 
2.52.0