x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

Greetings,

I'm currently looking at rather very strange crashes.  At first they
looked like a bug in core networking, but then things started to look
quite interesting:

<1>[ 1998.756455][ T6928] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000
<1>[ 1998.756462][ T6928] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode
<1>[ 1998.756465][ T6928] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page
<6>[ 1998.756468][ T6928] PGD 0 P4D 0 
<4>[ 1998.756471][ T6928] Oops: Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI
<4>[ 1998.756475][ T6928] CPU: 2 UID: 1010221 PID: 6928 Comm: v_net:0 Tainted: G U  W  O     6.18.32 #1 PREEMPT
<4>[ 1998.756479][ T6928] Tainted: [U]=USER, [W]=WARN, [O]=OOT_MODULE
<4>[ 1998.756483][ T6928] RIP: 0010:csum_partial+0x8d/0x110
<4>[ 1998.756489][ T6928] Code: 10 48 13 57 18 48 13 57 20 48 83 d2 00 83 c1 d8 74 2d 48 83 c7 28 f6 c1 20 75 40 f6 c1 10 75 57 f6 c1 08 75 66 f6 c1 07 74 15 <48> 8b 07 f6 d9 c0 e1 03 48 d3 e0 48 d3 e8 48 01 c2 48 83 d2 00 48
<4>[ 1998.756491][ T6928] RSP: 0018:ffffb1eb88ecb608 EFLAGS: 00010202
<4>[ 1998.756493][ T6928] RAX: 540017b7b4eb9f91 RBX: 000000000000046c RCX: 000000000000000c
<4>[ 1998.756495][ T6928] RDX: b24ec1c172c93eee RSI: 000000000000046c RDI: ffff97cd9c6bbffc
<4>[ 1998.756497][ T6928] RBP: 0000000000000494 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000028
<4>[ 1998.756499][ T6928] R10: ffff97cda1a62a00 R11: 0000000000002140 R12: 0000000000000000
<4>[ 1998.756500][ T6928] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff97ce2b800000 R15: 0000000000000000
<4>[ 1998.756502][ T6928] FS:  000075ea3ea45e78(0000) GS:ffff97d51b551000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
<4>[ 1998.756504][ T6928] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
<4>[ 1998.756505][ T6928] CR2: ffff97cd9c6bc000 CR3: 0000000164429002 CR4: 0000000100f72eb0
<4>[ 1998.756507][ T6928] PKRU: 55555554
<4>[ 1998.756508][ T6928] Call Trace:
<4>[ 1998.756510][ T6928]  <TASK>
<4>[ 1998.756512][ T6928]  skb_checksum+0x1bc/0x2f0
<4>[ 1998.756519][ T6928]  skb_segment+0x729/0xde0
[..]

All the crashes are reported as NULL ptr derefs, however, I believe this
is not exactly the case.  In all crashes CR2 is 0x1000 aligned (we always
crash accessing first byte of a page).  It seems that csum_partial() calls
load_unaligned_zeropad() and we hit what load_unaligned_zeropad() comment
describes as very unlikely) case: "word being a page-crosser and the
next page not being mapped").  So instead of reading 4 remaining bytes
of the page and zeroes for trailing 4 bytes, we panic().  It appears that
FRED #PF is set to 0 while CR2 points to a correct page address.  I added
a simple printk to exc_page_fault:

        address = cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) ? fred_event_data(regs) : read_cr2();
        /* Fall back to CR2 if FRED event data was empty */
        if (unlikely(!address)) {
                address = read_cr2();
                pr_err(":: fixed up address to %lx [[fred: %lx cr2: %lx]]\n", address, fred_event_data(regs), read_cr2());
        }

and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
anymore):

[  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
...
[ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]

Does any of this make sense to you?

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

On (26/08/10 15:49), Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
[..]
> All the crashes are reported as NULL ptr derefs, however, I believe this
> is not exactly the case.  In all crashes CR2 is 0x1000 aligned (we always
> crash accessing first byte of a page).  It seems that csum_partial() calls
> load_unaligned_zeropad() and we hit what load_unaligned_zeropad() comment
> describes as very unlikely) case: "word being a page-crosser and the
> next page not being mapped").  So instead of reading 4 remaining bytes
> of the page and zeroes for trailing 4 bytes, we panic().  It appears that
> FRED #PF is set to 0 while CR2 points to a correct page address.  I added
> a simple printk to exc_page_fault:
> 
>         address = cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) ? fred_event_data(regs) : read_cr2();
>         /* Fall back to CR2 if FRED event data was empty */
>         if (unlikely(!address)) {
>                 address = read_cr2();
>                 pr_err(":: fixed up address to %lx [[fred: %lx cr2: %lx]]\n", address, fred_event_data(regs), read_cr2());
>         }
> 
> and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> anymore):
> 
> [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> ...
> [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> 
> Does any of this make sense to you?

I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

On (26/08/10 16:38), Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
> [..]
> > All the crashes are reported as NULL ptr derefs, however, I believe this
> > is not exactly the case.  In all crashes CR2 is 0x1000 aligned (we always
> > crash accessing first byte of a page).  It seems that csum_partial() calls
> > load_unaligned_zeropad() and we hit what load_unaligned_zeropad() comment
> > describes as very unlikely) case: "word being a page-crosser and the
> > next page not being mapped").  So instead of reading 4 remaining bytes
> > of the page and zeroes for trailing 4 bytes, we panic().  It appears that
> > FRED #PF is set to 0 while CR2 points to a correct page address.  I added
> > a simple printk to exc_page_fault:
> > 
> >         address = cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) ? fred_event_data(regs) : read_cr2();
> >         /* Fall back to CR2 if FRED event data was empty */
> >         if (unlikely(!address)) {
> >                 address = read_cr2();
> >                 pr_err(":: fixed up address to %lx [[fred: %lx cr2: %lx]]\n", address, fred_event_data(regs), read_cr2());
> >         }
> > 
> > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > anymore):
> > 
> > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > ...
> > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > 
> > Does any of this make sense to you?
> 
> I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.

No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
address.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Peter Zijlstra]

On Mon, Aug 10, 2026 at 05:58:18PM +0900, Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
> On (26/08/10 16:38), Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
> > [..]
> > > All the crashes are reported as NULL ptr derefs, however, I believe this
> > > is not exactly the case.  In all crashes CR2 is 0x1000 aligned (we always
> > > crash accessing first byte of a page).  It seems that csum_partial() calls
> > > load_unaligned_zeropad() and we hit what load_unaligned_zeropad() comment
> > > describes as very unlikely) case: "word being a page-crosser and the
> > > next page not being mapped").  So instead of reading 4 remaining bytes
> > > of the page and zeroes for trailing 4 bytes, we panic().  It appears that
> > > FRED #PF is set to 0 while CR2 points to a correct page address.  I added
> > > a simple printk to exc_page_fault:
> > > 
> > >         address = cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) ? fred_event_data(regs) : read_cr2();
> > >         /* Fall back to CR2 if FRED event data was empty */
> > >         if (unlikely(!address)) {
> > >                 address = read_cr2();
> > >                 pr_err(":: fixed up address to %lx [[fred: %lx cr2: %lx]]\n", address, fred_event_data(regs), read_cr2());
> > >         }
> > > 
> > > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > > anymore):
> > > 
> > > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > > ...
> > > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > > 
> > > Does any of this make sense to you?
> > 
> > I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.
> 
> No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
> was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
> that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
> claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
> address.

Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
(whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.

Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

On (26/08/10 11:03), Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > > > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > > > anymore):
> > > > 
> > > > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > > > ...
> > > > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > > > 
> > > > Does any of this make sense to you?
> > > 
> > > I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.
> > 
> > No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
> > was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
> > that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
> > claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
> > address.
> 
> Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
> (whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.
> 
> Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/

It's an actual H/W, a laptop (Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 355 powered),
I was babbling about pKVM because it seems that the best way to
reproduce is to launch a VM, yet the crash is happening on the host
side.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Peter Zijlstra]

On Mon, Aug 10, 2026 at 06:09:43PM +0900, Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
> On (26/08/10 11:03), Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > > > > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > > > > anymore):
> > > > > 
> > > > > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > > > > ...
> > > > > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > > > > 
> > > > > Does any of this make sense to you?
> > > > 
> > > > I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.
> > > 
> > > No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
> > > was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
> > > that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
> > > claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
> > > address.
> > 
> > Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
> > (whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.
> > 
> > Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/
> 
> It's an actual H/W, a laptop (Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 355 powered),
> I was babbling about pKVM because it seems that the best way to
> reproduce is to launch a VM, yet the crash is happening on the host
> side.

Urg, ok, lets wait for hpa to wake up. He's the one that knows most
about FRED.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[David Laight]

On Mon, 10 Aug 2026 18:09:43 +0900
Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@chromium.org> wrote:

> On (26/08/10 11:03), Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > > > > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > > > > anymore):
> > > > > 
> > > > > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > > > > ...
> > > > > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > > > > 
> > > > > Does any of this make sense to you?  
> > > > 
> > > > I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.  
> > > 
> > > No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
> > > was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
> > > that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
> > > claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
> > > address.  
> > 
> > Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
> > (whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.
> > 
> > Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/  
> 
> It's an actual H/W, a laptop (Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 355 powered),
> I was babbling about pKVM because it seems that the best way to
> reproduce is to launch a VM, yet the crash is happening on the host
> side.
> 

Is the same fault processed correctly from userspace?
If not it might be easier to test.

	David

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

On (26/08/10 11:06), David Laight wrote:
[..]
> > > Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
> > > (whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.
> > > 
> > > Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/  
> > 
> > It's an actual H/W, a laptop (Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 355 powered),
> > I was babbling about pKVM because it seems that the best way to
> > reproduce is to launch a VM, yet the crash is happening on the host
> > side.
> > 
> 
> Is the same fault processed correctly from userspace?
> If not it might be easier to test.

I'll look into it.  So far I'm aware of crashes when people run VMs,
and somehow it's always that page-crossing csum load.  There might
be other crashes, but I'm only aware of that one.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sean Christopherson]

On Mon, Aug 10, 2026, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> On Mon, Aug 10, 2026 at 06:09:43PM +0900, Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
> > On (26/08/10 11:03), Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > > > > > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
> > > > > > anymore):
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
> > > > > > ...
> > > > > > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Does any of this make sense to you?
> > > > > 
> > > > > I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.
> > > > 
> > > > No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
> > > > was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
> > > > that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
> > > > claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
> > > > address.
> > > 
> > > Can you reproduce on real hardware? I mean, you were babbling about pKVM
> > > (whatever that is), so I'm thinking you're on some dodgy virt thing.
> > > 
> > > Not that I have any actual FRED hardware to test anything on :/
> > 
> > It's an actual H/W, a laptop (Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 355 powered),
> > I was babbling about pKVM because it seems that the best way to
> > reproduce is to launch a VM, yet the crash is happening on the host
> > side.
> 
> Urg, ok, lets wait for hpa to wake up. He's the one that knows most
> about FRED.

But to Peter's point, babbling about pKVM suggests that you're running out-of-tree
patches to enable pKVM on x86, which means this could be a bug somewhere in those
out-of-tree patches.  And if you're indeed running pKVM, it also probably means
the "host" is deprivileged into a VM, which brings KVM and virtualization back
into the mix as possible suspects.

So, is this happening on a kernel that's fairly close to a vanilla upstream, or
is it indeed happening on a pKVM-capable kernel?

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[Sergey Senozhatsky]

On (26/08/10 06:51), Sean Christopherson wrote:
> So, is this happening on a kernel that's fairly close to a vanilla upstream, or
> is it indeed happening on a pKVM-capable kernel?

This appears to be a pKVM-capable kernel, as far as I can tell,
so me babbling about pKVM probably wasn't completely accidental
and pKVM still might be the likely culprit.  I'll have to look
into it more closely.

Re: x86: missing FRED #PF event data?

[H. Peter Anvin]

On August 10, 2026 1:58:18 AM PDT, Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@chromium.org> wrote:
>On (26/08/10 16:38), Sergey Senozhatsky wrote:
>> [..]
>> > All the crashes are reported as NULL ptr derefs, however, I believe this
>> > is not exactly the case.  In all crashes CR2 is 0x1000 aligned (we always
>> > crash accessing first byte of a page).  It seems that csum_partial() calls
>> > load_unaligned_zeropad() and we hit what load_unaligned_zeropad() comment
>> > describes as very unlikely) case: "word being a page-crosser and the
>> > next page not being mapped").  So instead of reading 4 remaining bytes
>> > of the page and zeroes for trailing 4 bytes, we panic().  It appears that
>> > FRED #PF is set to 0 while CR2 points to a correct page address.  I added
>> > a simple printk to exc_page_fault:
>> > 
>> >         address = cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) ? fred_event_data(regs) : read_cr2();
>> >         /* Fall back to CR2 if FRED event data was empty */
>> >         if (unlikely(!address)) {
>> >                 address = read_cr2();
>> >                 pr_err(":: fixed up address to %lx [[fred: %lx cr2: %lx]]\n", address, fred_event_data(regs), read_cr2());
>> >         }
>> > 
>> > and got the following while running my tests (and well, we don't crash
>> > anymore):
>> > 
>> > [  254.040223] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4d64af4000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4d64af4000]]
>> > ...
>> > [ 1821.904563] :: fixed up address to ffff9c4e9dd0a000  [[fred: 0 cr2: ffff9c4e9dd0a000]]
>> > 
>> > Does any of this make sense to you?
>> 
>> I think the explanation is some pKVM shenanigans.  Sorry for the noise.
>
>No, I think we are back at square one.  I thought that maybe pKVM
>was disabling FRED and that was causing issues.  But I actually see
>that both cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_FRED) and (cr4 & X86_CR4_FRED)
>claim FRED is enabled, yet fred #PF data is 0 while CR2 holds the correct
>address.

What is pKVM? Paravirtualized KVM? In that case, it is most likely pKVM not filling in the relevant fields in the FRED stack frame, which would be a very serious bug.

I cannot think of any other way that that could possibly happen otherwise; on bare metal those fields are set by hardware and Linux only consumes them.