[PATCH 0/3] ASoC: add shared BCLK rate constraint for cross-DAI coordination

[PATCH 0/3] ASoC: add shared BCLK rate constraint for cross-DAI coordination

[Troy Mitchell]

On some SoCs (e.g. SpacemiT K3), multiple I2S controllers share the
same physical BCLK. When one controller is already streaming, the
others must use hw_params that result in the same BCLK rate, otherwise
the shared clock would be reconfigured and corrupt the active stream.

This series adds framework-level support for this constraint:

Patch 1 adds a bclk field and bclk_ratio to struct snd_soc_dai, plus
a helper snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk() for platform drivers to declare
their BCLK clock. It also caches the ratio in the existing
snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio() so the framework can use it for TDM
configurations.

Patch 2 adds the constraint logic in soc-pcm.c. During PCM open,
every DAI that has a bclk clock pointer gets a hw_rule registered
unconditionally. The rule callback runs at hw_refine time: it scans
the card for an active peer sharing the same physical BCLK (via
clk_is_match()) that has already completed hw_params, then constrains
the current stream's rate to match the established BCLK rate. The
first DAI to complete hw_params is unconstrained; subsequent DAIs
must match. Two modes are supported:

  - Default (I2S): BCLK = rate * channels * sample_bits. The rule
    derives the valid rate range from the current channel and
    sample_bits intervals.

  - Explicit ratio (TDM): if the driver sets dai->bclk_ratio
    (e.g. slots * slot_width), the rule computes the single valid
    rate as active_bclk_rate / bclk_ratio.

Patch 3 wires up the SpacemiT K1/K3 I2S driver: a single call to
snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk(dai, i2s->c_bclk) in the DAI probe. On SoCs
where the BCLK is not shared (c_bclk is NULL from
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled), the rule is a no-op. On K3, multiple
I2S instances share the same c_bclk, and the framework automatically
constrains their rates.

This series was prompted by review feedback on the SpacemiT K3 I2S
series, where a vendor-specific fixed-sample-rate property was rejected
in favor of a generic framework solution:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/afFqgF6ZRwYdfUmL@sirena.co.uk/

Signed-off-by: Troy Mitchell <troy.mitchell@linux.spacemit.com>
---
Troy Mitchell (3):
      ASoC: soc-dai: add shared BCLK clock for cross-DAI rate constraints
      ASoC: soc-pcm: constrain hw_params when DAIs share the same BCLK
      ASoC: spacemit: declare shared BCLK for cross-DAI rate constraint

 include/sound/soc-dai.h     |   7 +++
 sound/soc/soc-dai.c         |  17 +++++++
 sound/soc/soc-pcm.c         | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c |   2 +
 4 files changed, 139 insertions(+)
---
base-commit: db490fe819ac280fe608b23d98c54a5467ef2948
change-id: 20260429-i2s-same-blk-fe102b18c5ac

Best regards,
--  
Troy Mitchell <troy.mitchell@linux.spacemit.com>

[PATCH 1/3] ASoC: soc-dai: add shared BCLK clock for cross-DAI rate constraints

[Troy Mitchell]

Add a bclk field to struct snd_soc_dai and a helper function
snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk() that platform drivers can use to declare
which clock is their BCLK.

Also cache the bclk_ratio in snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio() so that
the framework can use it later in hw_rule evaluation for TDM
configurations where BCLK = rate * slots * slot_width.

When multiple DAIs on the same card share the same physical BCLK
(detected via clk_is_match()), the ASoC core can automatically
constrain their hw_params so that the resulting BCLK rates are
compatible. This commit adds the data structure support; the actual
constraint logic follows in the next patch.

Signed-off-by: Troy Mitchell <troy.mitchell@linux.spacemit.com>
---
 include/sound/soc-dai.h |  7 +++++++
 sound/soc/soc-dai.c     | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/include/sound/soc-dai.h b/include/sound/soc-dai.h
index 6a42812bba8c..df010a91b350 100644
--- a/include/sound/soc-dai.h
+++ b/include/sound/soc-dai.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 struct snd_pcm_substream;
 struct snd_soc_dapm_widget;
 struct snd_compr_stream;
+struct clk;
 
 /*
  * DAI hardware audio formats.
@@ -188,6 +189,8 @@ int snd_soc_dai_set_pll(struct snd_soc_dai *dai,
 
 int snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int ratio);
 
+void snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, struct clk *bclk);
+
 /* Digital Audio interface formatting */
 int snd_soc_dai_get_fmt_max_priority(const struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd);
 u64 snd_soc_dai_get_fmt(const struct snd_soc_dai *dai, int priority);
@@ -473,6 +476,10 @@ struct snd_soc_dai {
 	unsigned int symmetric_channels;
 	unsigned int symmetric_sample_bits;
 
+	/* shared BCLK clock for cross-DAI rate constraints */
+	struct clk *bclk;
+	unsigned int bclk_ratio; /* BCLK = rate * bclk_ratio (0 = use channels * sample_bits) */
+
 	/* parent platform/codec */
 	struct snd_soc_component *component;
 
diff --git a/sound/soc/soc-dai.c b/sound/soc/soc-dai.c
index 2f370fda1266..6c5a02562e74 100644
--- a/sound/soc/soc-dai.c
+++ b/sound/soc/soc-dai.c
@@ -116,10 +116,27 @@ int snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int ratio)
 	    dai->driver->ops->set_bclk_ratio)
 		ret = dai->driver->ops->set_bclk_ratio(dai, ratio);
 
+	dai->bclk_ratio = ratio;
+
 	return soc_dai_ret(dai, ret);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio);
 
+/**
+ * snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk - set the BCLK clock for shared clock detection
+ * @dai: DAI
+ * @bclk: BCLK clock pointer (or NULL to clear)
+ *
+ * When multiple DAIs share the same physical BCLK (detected via
+ * clk_is_match()), the ASoC core will automatically constrain their
+ * hw_params so that the resulting BCLK rates are compatible.
+ */
+void snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, struct clk *bclk)
+{
+	dai->bclk = bclk;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk);
+
 int snd_soc_dai_get_fmt_max_priority(const struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd)
 {
 	struct snd_soc_dai *dai;

-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 2/3] ASoC: soc-pcm: constrain hw_params when DAIs share the same BCLK

[Troy Mitchell]

When multiple CPU DAIs on the same sound card share the same physical
BCLK, add a hw_rule during PCM open that constrains the sample rate so
the resulting BCLK rate stays consistent across all sharing DAIs.

The hw_rule is registered unconditionally for every DAI that has a bclk
clock pointer set. The actual peer scanning happens inside the rule
callback at hw_refine time: it walks all DAIs on the card, looking for
an active peer that shares the same physical BCLK (via clk_is_match())
and has already completed hw_params (checked via dai->symmetric_rate
!= 0). This ensures the constraint uses the real BCLK rate established
by the peer's clk_set_rate() in hw_params, not a stale boot-time
default.

The first DAI to complete hw_params is unconstrained (no active peer
yet); subsequent DAIs are constrained to match.

The rule supports two modes:
- If the DAI has an explicit bclk_ratio set (e.g. for TDM where
  BCLK = rate * slots * slot_width), the rate is constrained to
  active_bclk_rate / bclk_ratio.
- Otherwise, the default formula BCLK = rate * channels * sample_bits
  is used to derive the valid rate range.

The constraint is purely additive: DAIs that do not set a bclk clock
pointer are completely unaffected.

Signed-off-by: Troy Mitchell <troy.mitchell@linux.spacemit.com>
---
 sound/soc/soc-pcm.c | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sound/soc/soc-pcm.c b/sound/soc/soc-pcm.c
index 9b12eedb77c3..31f48795a653 100644
--- a/sound/soc/soc-pcm.c
+++ b/sound/soc/soc-pcm.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/kernel.h>
 #include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/clk.h>
 #include <linux/delay.h>
 #include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
@@ -467,6 +468,111 @@ static int soc_pcm_apply_symmetry(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Shared BCLK constraint: when multiple DAIs share the same physical BCLK,
+ * constrain hw_params so that the BCLK rate (rate * channels * sample_bits,
+ * or rate * slots * slot_width for TDM) remains consistent.
+ */
+
+static int soc_pcm_shared_bclk_rule_rate(struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params,
+					 struct snd_pcm_hw_rule *rule)
+{
+	struct snd_soc_dai *dai = rule->private;
+	struct snd_soc_card *card = dai->component->card;
+	struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd;
+	struct snd_soc_dai *other_dai;
+	unsigned long active_bclk_rate = 0;
+	struct snd_interval *rate = hw_param_interval(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE);
+	struct snd_interval constraint = { .empty = 1 };
+	unsigned int target_rate;
+	int i;
+
+	/* Scan all DAIs on the card for an active peer sharing the same BCLK */
+	for_each_card_rtds(card, rtd) {
+		for_each_rtd_cpu_dais(rtd, i, other_dai) {
+			if (other_dai == dai)
+				continue;
+			if (!other_dai->bclk)
+				continue;
+			if (!snd_soc_dai_active(other_dai))
+				continue;
+			/*
+			 * Skip peers whose hw_params hasn't run yet.
+			 * symmetric_rate is set by soc_pcm_set_dai_params()
+			 * after snd_soc_dai_hw_params(), so non-zero means
+			 * the DAI's clk_set_rate() has already executed.
+			 */
+			if (!other_dai->symmetric_rate)
+				continue;
+			if (!clk_is_match(dai->bclk, other_dai->bclk))
+				continue;
+
+			active_bclk_rate = clk_get_rate(other_dai->bclk);
+			if (active_bclk_rate)
+				goto found;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+
+found:
+	if (dai->bclk_ratio) {
+		/*
+		 * Driver has set an explicit BCLK ratio (e.g. for TDM where
+		 * BCLK = rate * slots * slot_width). The only valid rate is
+		 * active_bclk_rate / bclk_ratio.
+		 */
+		target_rate = active_bclk_rate / dai->bclk_ratio;
+
+		constraint.min = target_rate;
+		constraint.max = target_rate;
+	} else {
+		struct snd_interval *channels = hw_param_interval(params,
+						SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS);
+		struct snd_interval *sample_bits = hw_param_interval(params,
+						SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS);
+
+		/*
+		 * Default: BCLK = rate * channels * sample_bits.
+		 * Calculate the range of valid rates given the current
+		 * channel and sample_bits intervals.
+		 */
+		if (!channels->min || !sample_bits->min)
+			return 0;
+
+		constraint.max = active_bclk_rate /
+				 ((unsigned long)channels->min * sample_bits->min);
+
+		if (channels->max && sample_bits->max)
+			constraint.min = active_bclk_rate /
+					 ((unsigned long)channels->max * sample_bits->max);
+		else
+			constraint.min = constraint.max;
+	}
+
+	constraint.integer = 1;
+	constraint.empty = 0;
+
+	return snd_interval_refine(rate, &constraint);
+}
+
+static int soc_pcm_apply_shared_bclk(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+				     struct snd_soc_dai *dai)
+{
+	if (!dai->bclk)
+		return 0;
+
+	dev_dbg(dai->dev,
+		"ASoC: registering shared BCLK rate constraint\n");
+
+	return snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(substream->runtime, 0,
+		SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE,
+		soc_pcm_shared_bclk_rule_rate, dai,
+		SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS,
+		SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS,
+		-1);
+}
+
 static int soc_pcm_params_symmetry(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
 				struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
 {
@@ -903,6 +1009,13 @@ static int __soc_pcm_open(struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd,
 		if (ret != 0)
 			goto err;
 	}
+
+	/* Shared BCLK constraint across DAIs on the same card */
+	for_each_rtd_cpu_dais(rtd, i, dai) {
+		ret = soc_pcm_apply_shared_bclk(substream, dai);
+		if (ret != 0)
+			goto err;
+	}
 dynamic:
 	snd_soc_runtime_activate(rtd, substream->stream);
 	ret = 0;

-- 
2.54.0

[PATCH 3/3] ASoC: spacemit: declare shared BCLK for cross-DAI rate constraint

[Troy Mitchell]

On SpacemiT K3, multiple I2S controllers share the same physical BCLK
(c_bclk). Declare this clock via snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk() so the
ASoC core can automatically constrain hw_params when one controller is
already streaming.

For K1, c_bclk is NULL (obtained via devm_clk_get_optional_enabled),
so this call is a no-op and behavior is unchanged.

Signed-off-by: Troy Mitchell <troy.mitchell@linux.spacemit.com>
---
 sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c b/sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c
index 4e655d714623..989e82b3c5b4 100644
--- a/sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c
+++ b/sound/soc/spacemit/k1_i2s.c
@@ -306,6 +306,8 @@ static int spacemit_i2s_dai_probe(struct snd_soc_dai *dai)
 
 	spacemit_i2s_init(i2s);
 
+	snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_clk(dai, i2s->c_bclk);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 

-- 
2.54.0

Re: [PATCH 1/3] ASoC: soc-dai: add shared BCLK clock for cross-DAI rate constraints

[Mark Brown]

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On Thu, Apr 30, 2026 at 03:46:01PM +0800, Troy Mitchell wrote:

> @@ -116,10 +116,27 @@ int snd_soc_dai_set_bclk_ratio(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int ratio)
>  	    dai->driver->ops->set_bclk_ratio)
>  		ret = dai->driver->ops->set_bclk_ratio(dai, ratio);
>  
> +	dai->bclk_ratio = ratio;
> +
>  	return soc_dai_ret(dai, ret);
>  }

This needs an error check, if the op fails we'll write the error code as
the BCLK ratio.

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Re: [PATCH 2/3] ASoC: soc-pcm: constrain hw_params when DAIs share the same BCLK

[Mark Brown]

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On Thu, Apr 30, 2026 at 03:46:02PM +0800, Troy Mitchell wrote:

> +	/* Scan all DAIs on the card for an active peer sharing the same BCLK */
> +	for_each_card_rtds(card, rtd) {
> +		for_each_rtd_cpu_dais(rtd, i, other_dai) {

We need card->mutex here.

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