[PATCH 01/27] ext4: add KUinit tests for fs/ext4/extents_status.c

["Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>]

These tests were created with the help of Gemini Pro and verified by a
human.

Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
---
 fs/ext4/Makefile              |    3 +-
 fs/ext4/extents.c             |    5 -
 fs/ext4/extents_status-test.c | 1640 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 fs/ext4/extents_status.c      |   19 +
 fs/ext4/inode.c               |   10 +
 5 files changed, 1671 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 fs/ext4/extents_status-test.c

diff --git a/fs/ext4/Makefile b/fs/ext4/Makefile
index 3f9fc0eb8eca..74b485dbb229 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/Makefile
+++ b/fs/ext4/Makefile
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ ext4-y	:= balloc.o bitmap.o block_validity.o dir.o ext4_jbd2.o extents.o \
 ext4-$(CONFIG_EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL)	+= acl.o
 ext4-$(CONFIG_EXT4_FS_SECURITY)		+= xattr_security.o
 ext4-test-objs				+= inode-test.o mballoc-test.o \
-					   extents-test.o hash-test.o
+					   extents-test.o hash-test.o \
+					   extents_status-test.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_EXT4_KUNIT_TESTS)		+= ext4-test.o
 ext4-$(CONFIG_FS_VERITY)		+= verity.o
 ext4-$(CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION)		+= crypto.o
diff --git a/fs/ext4/extents.c b/fs/ext4/extents.c
index 76038b6c3655..6c018bcc0118 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/extents.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/extents.c
@@ -6407,12 +6407,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_split_convert_extents_test);
 
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(__ext4_ext_dirty);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_ext_zeroout);
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_register_shrinker);
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_unregister_shrinker);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_map_create_blocks);
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_init_tree);
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_lookup_extent);
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_insert_extent);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_ext_insert_extent);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_find_extent);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_issue_zeroout);
diff --git a/fs/ext4/extents_status-test.c b/fs/ext4/extents_status-test.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..59eaac464bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs/ext4/extents_status-test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1640 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/*
+ * KUnit tests for ext4 extents status tree and bigalloc pending reservations.
+ */
+
+#include <kunit/test.h>
+#include <kunit/test-bug.h>
+#include <kunit/static_stub.h>
+#include <linux/fs_context.h>
+#include <linux/seq_file.h>
+
+#include "ext4.h"
+#include "ext4_extents.h"
+
+#define ES_MAX_EXPECTED_EXTENTS 8
+
+struct es_test_ctx {
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi;
+	struct ext4_inode_info *ei;
+
+	/*
+	 * Saved shrinker callbacks so the registered shrinker can be
+	 * replaced with no-op stubs to prevent asynchronous background
+	 * reclaim (kswapd / direct reclaim) from touching mock extents.
+	 */
+	unsigned long (*shrinker_count)(struct shrinker *shrink,
+					struct shrink_control *sc);
+	unsigned long (*shrinker_scan)(struct shrinker *shrink,
+				       struct shrink_control *sc);
+
+	/* Tracking for stubbed delalloc reservation callbacks */
+	int da_update_calls;
+	int last_da_used;
+	int total_da_used;
+	int last_da_quota_claim;
+
+	int da_release_calls;
+	int last_da_released;
+	int total_da_released;
+};
+
+struct expected_es {
+	ext4_lblk_t lblk;
+	ext4_lblk_t len;
+	ext4_fsblk_t pblk;
+	unsigned int type;
+};
+
+static void reset_da_stub_stats(struct es_test_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ctx->da_update_calls = 0;
+	ctx->last_da_used = 0;
+	ctx->total_da_used = 0;
+	ctx->last_da_quota_claim = 0;
+
+	ctx->da_release_calls = 0;
+	ctx->last_da_released = 0;
+	ctx->total_da_released = 0;
+}
+
+static void ext4_da_update_reserve_space_stub(struct inode *inode,
+					      int used, int quota_claim)
+{
+	struct kunit *test = kunit_get_current_test();
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx;
+
+	if (!test || !test->priv)
+		return;
+
+	ctx = test->priv;
+	ctx->da_update_calls++;
+	ctx->last_da_used = used;
+	ctx->total_da_used += used;
+	ctx->last_da_quota_claim = quota_claim;
+}
+
+static void ext4_da_release_space_stub(struct inode *inode, int to_free)
+{
+	struct kunit *test = kunit_get_current_test();
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx;
+
+	if (!to_free || !test || !test->priv)
+		return;
+
+	ctx = test->priv;
+	ctx->da_release_calls++;
+	ctx->last_da_released = to_free;
+	ctx->total_da_released += to_free;
+}
+
+static struct ext4_ext_path *
+ext4_find_extent_stub(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
+		      struct ext4_ext_path *path, int flags)
+{
+	return ERR_PTR(-EOPNOTSUPP);
+}
+
+static unsigned long es_dummy_shrinker_count(struct shrinker *shrink,
+					     struct shrink_control *sc)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static unsigned long es_dummy_shrinker_scan(struct shrinker *shrink,
+					    struct shrink_control *sc)
+{
+	return SHRINK_STOP;
+}
+
+static unsigned long es_shrinker_count(struct es_test_ctx *ctx,
+				       struct shrink_control *sc)
+{
+	return ctx->shrinker_count(ctx->sbi->s_es_shrinker, sc);
+}
+
+static unsigned long es_shrinker_scan(struct es_test_ctx *ctx,
+				      struct shrink_control *sc)
+{
+	return ctx->shrinker_scan(ctx->sbi->s_es_shrinker, sc);
+}
+
+static void es_insert_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
+			     ext4_lblk_t len, ext4_fsblk_t pblk,
+			     unsigned int status, bool delalloc_reserve_used)
+{
+	down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+	ext4_es_insert_extent(inode, lblk, len, pblk, status,
+			      delalloc_reserve_used);
+	up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+}
+
+static void es_insert_delayed_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
+				     ext4_lblk_t len, bool lclu_allocated,
+				     bool end_allocated)
+{
+	down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+	ext4_es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, lblk, len, lclu_allocated,
+				      end_allocated);
+	up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+}
+
+static void es_cache_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
+			    ext4_lblk_t len, ext4_fsblk_t pblk,
+			    unsigned int status)
+{
+	down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+	ext4_es_cache_extent(inode, lblk, len, pblk, status);
+	up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+}
+
+static void es_remove_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
+			     ext4_lblk_t len)
+{
+	down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+	ext4_es_remove_extent(inode, lblk, len);
+	up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
+}
+
+static int es_init_fs_context(struct fs_context *fc)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int es_set_anon(struct super_block *sb, struct fs_context *fc)
+{
+	return set_anon_super_fc(sb, fc);
+}
+
+static struct file_system_type es_fs_type = {
+	.name		 = "extents_status test",
+	.init_fs_context = es_init_fs_context,
+	.kill_sb	 = kill_anon_super,
+};
+
+static void es_init_mock_inode(struct ext4_inode_info *ei,
+			       struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
+{
+	struct inode *inode = &ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	memset(ei, 0, sizeof(*ei));
+	inode->i_sb = sb;
+	inode->i_ino = ino;
+	inode->i_blkbits = sb->s_blocksize_bits;
+
+	ext4_es_init_tree(&ei->i_es_tree);
+	ext4_init_pending_tree(&ei->i_pending_tree);
+	rwlock_init(&ei->i_es_lock);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ei->i_es_list);
+	init_rwsem(&ei->i_data_sem);
+	spin_lock_init(&ei->i_block_reservation_lock);
+	ext4_set_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS);
+}
+
+static void es_cleanup_inode(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
+	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
+	struct rb_node *node;
+
+	sbi->s_mount_state &= ~EXT4_FC_REPLAY;
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 0, EXT_MAX_BLOCKS);
+
+	while ((node = rb_first(&ei->i_pending_tree.root)) != NULL) {
+		struct pending_reservation *pr;
+
+		pr = rb_entry(node, struct pending_reservation, rb_node);
+		ext4_remove_pending(inode, EXT4_C2B(sbi, pr->lclu));
+	}
+}
+
+KUNIT_DEFINE_ACTION_WRAPPER(es_cleanup_inode_action, es_cleanup_inode,
+			    struct inode *);
+KUNIT_DEFINE_ACTION_WRAPPER(es_unregister_shrinker_action,
+			    ext4_es_unregister_shrinker,
+			    struct ext4_sb_info *);
+KUNIT_DEFINE_ACTION_WRAPPER(es_deactivate_super_action, deactivate_super,
+			    struct super_block *);
+
+static struct inode *es_alloc_test_inode(struct kunit *test,
+					 struct super_block *sb,
+					 unsigned long ino)
+{
+	struct ext4_inode_info *ei;
+	int ret;
+
+	ei = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*ei), GFP_KERNEL);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ei);
+	es_init_mock_inode(ei, sb, ino);
+
+	ret = kunit_add_action_or_reset(test, es_cleanup_inode_action,
+					&ei->vfs_inode);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+
+	return &ei->vfs_inode;
+}
+
+static void es_set_cluster_bits(struct super_block *sb,
+				unsigned int cluster_bits)
+{
+	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);
+
+	sbi->s_cluster_bits = cluster_bits;
+	sbi->s_cluster_ratio = 1U << cluster_bits;
+}
+
+/*
+ * All test resources and deferred cleanup actions are registered with KUnit's
+ * resource stack (test->resources), which unwinds in strict LIFO order after
+ * each test case completes (or aborts).
+ *
+ * The registration order below (and in helpers like es_alloc_test_inode())
+ * MUST be preserved when modifying these tests so that teardown happens in the
+ * reverse order:
+ *   1. kunit_kzalloc() of ctx, sbi, and ctx->ei (freed last)
+ *   2. es_deactivate_super_action(sb) (superblock deactivated after shrinker
+ *      and all inodes are torn down)
+ *   3. es_unregister_shrinker_action(sbi) (shrinker and s_es_stats per-CPU
+ *      counters destroyed after all inode extent trees are emptied)
+ *   4. kunit_activate_static_stub() for ext4_da_update_reserve_space,
+ *      ext4_da_release_space, and ext4_find_extent (stubs must remain active
+ *      while es_cleanup_inode() removes delayed extents via
+ *      ext4_es_remove_extent())
+ *   5. es_cleanup_inode_action() for ctx->ei and any additional test inodes
+ *      allocated via es_alloc_test_inode() (run first during teardown; inside
+ *      es_alloc_test_inode(), kunit_kzalloc() must precede
+ *      kunit_add_action_or_reset() so the inode is cleaned up before freed)
+ */
+static int es_kunit_init(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx;
+	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct fs_context *fc;
+	int err;
+
+	ctx = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*ctx), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ctx)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	sbi = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*sbi), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!sbi)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	ctx->ei = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*ctx->ei), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ctx->ei)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	fc = fs_context_for_mount(&es_fs_type, 0);
+	if (IS_ERR(fc))
+		return PTR_ERR(fc);
+
+	sb = sget_fc(fc, NULL, es_set_anon);
+	put_fs_context(fc);
+	if (IS_ERR(sb))
+		return PTR_ERR(sb);
+
+	sbi->s_sb = sb;
+	sb->s_fs_info = sbi;
+	sb->s_blocksize = 4096;
+	sb->s_blocksize_bits = 12;
+	strscpy(sb->s_id, "es_kunit", sizeof(sb->s_id));
+
+	es_set_cluster_bits(sb, 0);
+	set_opt(sb, DELALLOC);
+	ratelimit_state_init(&sbi->s_warning_ratelimit_state,
+			     DEFAULT_RATELIMIT_INTERVAL,
+			     DEFAULT_RATELIMIT_BURST);
+	up_write(&sb->s_umount);
+
+	err = kunit_add_action_or_reset(test, es_deactivate_super_action, sb);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	err = ext4_es_register_shrinker(sbi);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	/*
+	 * Detach the real callbacks from the globally registered shrinker
+	 * before any extents are inserted so background kswapd / direct
+	 * reclaim cannot asynchronously evict mock extents during a test.
+	 */
+	ctx->shrinker_count = sbi->s_es_shrinker->count_objects;
+	ctx->shrinker_scan = sbi->s_es_shrinker->scan_objects;
+	WRITE_ONCE(sbi->s_es_shrinker->count_objects, es_dummy_shrinker_count);
+	WRITE_ONCE(sbi->s_es_shrinker->scan_objects, es_dummy_shrinker_scan);
+
+	err = kunit_add_action_or_reset(test, es_unregister_shrinker_action,
+					sbi);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	ctx->sb = sb;
+	ctx->sbi = sbi;
+	test->priv = ctx;
+
+	kunit_activate_static_stub(test, ext4_da_update_reserve_space,
+				   ext4_da_update_reserve_space_stub);
+	kunit_activate_static_stub(test, ext4_da_release_space,
+				   ext4_da_release_space_stub);
+	kunit_activate_static_stub(test, ext4_find_extent,
+				   ext4_find_extent_stub);
+
+	es_init_mock_inode(ctx->ei, sb, 12);
+	err = kunit_add_action_or_reset(test, es_cleanup_inode_action,
+					&ctx->ei->vfs_inode);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void assert_es_tree(struct kunit *test, struct inode *inode,
+			   const struct expected_es *exp, unsigned int nr_exp)
+{
+	struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
+	struct extent_status found[ES_MAX_EXPECTED_EXTENTS];
+	struct rb_node *node;
+	unsigned int nr_found = 0;
+	unsigned int all_nr;
+	unsigned int i;
+	ext4_lblk_t prev_end = 0;
+
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_LE(test, nr_exp, (unsigned int)ARRAY_SIZE(found));
+
+	/*
+	 * Snapshot the tree under i_es_lock and release the lock before
+	 * running any KUnit assertions or expectations. KUNIT_ASSERT_*
+	 * aborts the test kthread on failure (which would leak i_es_lock
+	 * and deadlock es_cleanup_inode()), and KUNIT_EXPECT_* allocates
+	 * failure logs with GFP_KERNEL.
+	 */
+	read_lock(&ei->i_es_lock);
+	for (node = rb_first(&ei->i_es_tree.root); node; node = rb_next(node)) {
+		struct extent_status *es =
+			rb_entry(node, struct extent_status, rb_node);
+
+		if (nr_found < ARRAY_SIZE(found))
+			found[nr_found] = *es;
+		nr_found++;
+	}
+	all_nr = ei->i_es_all_nr;
+	read_unlock(&ei->i_es_lock);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_found; i++) {
+		struct extent_status *es = &found[min(i,
+				(unsigned int)ARRAY_SIZE(found) - 1)];
+
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_LT_MSG(test, i, nr_exp,
+				    "unexpected extra extent [%u/%u) type 0x%x",
+				    es->es_lblk, es->es_len, ext4_es_type(es));
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			KUNIT_EXPECT_GT_MSG(test, es->es_lblk, prev_end,
+					    "extent %u not strictly ordered",
+					    i);
+
+		KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ_MSG(test, es->es_lblk, exp[i].lblk,
+				    "extent %u lblk mismatch", i);
+		KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ_MSG(test, es->es_len, exp[i].len,
+				    "extent %u len mismatch", i);
+		KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ_MSG(test, ext4_es_type(es), exp[i].type,
+				    "extent %u type mismatch", i);
+
+		if (exp[i].type & (EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN |
+				   EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN))
+			KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ_MSG(test, ext4_es_pblock(es),
+					    exp[i].pblk,
+					    "extent %u pblk mismatch", i);
+
+		prev_end = es->es_lblk + es->es_len - 1;
+	}
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, nr_found, nr_exp);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, all_nr, nr_exp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 1: Bitfield Encoding & Inline Helpers
+ */
+static void test_es_bitfield_written_and_unwritten_encoding(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct extent_status es = {};
+	const ext4_fsblk_t sample_pblk = 0x123456789abcULL;
+
+	ext4_es_store_pblock_status(&es, sample_pblk, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), sample_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_show_pblock(&es), sample_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_type(&es), EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_status(&es), EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_written(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_unwritten(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_delayed(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_hole(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_mapped(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_referenced(&es));
+
+	ext4_es_store_pblock_status(&es, sample_pblk, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), sample_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_unwritten(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_mapped(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_written(&es));
+}
+
+static void test_es_bitfield_delayed_and_hole_encoding(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct extent_status es = {};
+	/* 59-bit physical block field (64 - 5 status bits) all ones */
+	const ext4_fsblk_t max_59bit_pblk = 0x07ffffffffffffffULL;
+
+	ext4_es_store_pblock_status(&es, ~0ULL, EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_delayed(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_mapped(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), max_59bit_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_show_pblock(&es), 0ULL);
+
+	ext4_es_store_pblock_status(&es, 0ULL, EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_hole(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_mapped(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), 0ULL);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bitfield_referenced_and_pblock_update_preserve_state(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct extent_status es = {};
+	const ext4_fsblk_t initial_pblk = 0x123456789abcULL;
+	const ext4_fsblk_t updated_pblk = 0x07ffffffffffffffULL;
+
+	ext4_es_store_pblock_status(&es, initial_pblk, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+
+	/* Setting referenced bit preserves pblk and type */
+	ext4_es_set_referenced(&es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_referenced(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_type(&es), EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), initial_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_status(&es),
+			EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN | EXTENT_STATUS_REFERENCED);
+
+	/* Updating pblock preserves status and referenced bit */
+	ext4_es_store_pblock(&es, updated_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), updated_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_type(&es), EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_referenced(&es));
+
+	/* Clearing referenced bit preserves updated pblk and type */
+	ext4_es_clear_referenced(&es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_es_is_referenced(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), updated_pblk);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_type(&es), EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 2: Insertion, Lookup, Sequence Numbers, and Merging
+ */
+static void test_es_lookup_empty_tree_returns_miss(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct extent_status es;
+	ext4_lblk_t next_lblk = 0xdead;
+	s64 misses_before;
+	int ret;
+
+	misses_before = percpu_counter_sum_positive(
+		&ctx->sbi->s_es_stats.es_stats_cache_misses);
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, &next_lblk, &es, NULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_sum_positive(
+		&ctx->sbi->s_es_stats.es_stats_cache_misses),
+		misses_before + 1);
+}
+
+static void test_es_insert_zero_len_is_noop(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 0, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 20, 0, false, false);
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 30, 0, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_all_nr, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&ctx->ei->i_es_tree.root));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_lookup_hits_cache_and_rbtree_with_next_lblk(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct extent_status es;
+	ext4_lblk_t next_lblk = 0xdead;
+	u64 seq_after_first, seq_after_second, lookup_seq = 0;
+	s64 hits_before;
+	int ret;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	seq_after_first = ctx->ei->i_es_seq;
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 5, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+	seq_after_second = ctx->ei->i_es_seq;
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_GT(test, seq_after_second, seq_after_first);
+
+	/*
+	 * Right after inserting [20, 5), tree->cache_es points to [20, 5).
+	 * Looking up lblk 22 hits cache_es and sets next_lblk to 0 because
+	 * [20, 5) is the last extent in the tree.
+	 */
+	hits_before = percpu_counter_sum_positive(
+		&ctx->sbi->s_es_stats.es_stats_cache_hits);
+
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 22, &next_lblk, &es, &lookup_seq);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 20U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_len, 5U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ext4_es_pblock(&es), 200ULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_unwritten(&es));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, next_lblk, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, lookup_seq, seq_after_second);
+
+	/* Lookup start, middle, and end of first extent [10, 5) via rb-tree */
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, &next_lblk, &es, NULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 10U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, next_lblk, 20U);
+
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 12, &next_lblk, &es, NULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 10U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, next_lblk, 20U);
+
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 14, &next_lblk, &es, NULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 10U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, next_lblk, 20U);
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_sum_positive(
+		&ctx->sbi->s_es_stats.es_stats_cache_hits),
+		hits_before + 4);
+
+	/* Lookup in gap [15..19] returns 0 */
+	ret = ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 15, &next_lblk, &es, NULL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+}
+
+static void test_es_fc_replay_bypasses_tree_operations(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct extent_status es;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+
+	ctx->sbi->s_mount_state |= EXT4_FC_REPLAY;
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, NULL, &es, NULL), 0);
+	ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, ext4_es_is_written, 0, 20, &es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_len, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_written,
+					      0, 20));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_written, 10));
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 5, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 40, 5, 400, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 50, 5, false, false);
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 10, 5);
+	ctx->sbi->s_mount_state &= ~EXT4_FC_REPLAY;
+
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+struct es_merge_test_param {
+	const char *desc;
+	unsigned int nr_inserts;
+	struct expected_es inserts[3];
+	unsigned int nr_expected;
+	struct expected_es expected[3];
+};
+
+static const struct es_merge_test_param es_merge_params[] = {
+	{
+		.desc = "left merge contiguous written extents",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "right merge contiguous written extents",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "three-way bridge merge via try_to_merge_right",
+		.nr_inserts = 3,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 20, .len = 5, .pblk = 110,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 15, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "three-way bridge merge via try_to_merge_left",
+		.nr_inserts = 3,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 20, .len = 5, .pblk = 110,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 15, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "adjacent hole extents merge",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 0,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 0,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 0,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "discontiguous physical blocks do not merge",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 200,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 2,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 200,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "different status types with contiguous pblk do not merge",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 2,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 105,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "logically separated extents with 1-block gap do not merge",
+		.nr_inserts = 2,
+		.inserts = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 16, .len = 5, .pblk = 106,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+		.nr_expected = 2,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 16, .len = 5, .pblk = 106,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+};
+
+static void es_merge_get_desc(const struct es_merge_test_param *param,
+			      char *desc)
+{
+	strscpy(desc, param->desc, KUNIT_PARAM_DESC_SIZE);
+}
+KUNIT_ARRAY_PARAM(es_merge, es_merge_params, es_merge_get_desc);
+
+static void test_es_merge_cases(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	const struct es_merge_test_param *param = test->param_value;
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < param->nr_inserts; i++) {
+		const struct expected_es *ins = &param->inserts[i];
+
+		es_insert_extent(inode, ins->lblk, ins->len,
+				 ins->pblk, ins->type, false);
+	}
+
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, param->expected, param->nr_expected);
+}
+
+static void test_es_insert_adjacent_delayed_extents_merges(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 10, 5, false, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 15, 5, false, false);
+
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+static void test_es_merge_preserves_referenced(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct extent_status es;
+	struct rb_node *node;
+	bool is_ref = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Insert [10, 5) and [20, 5), mark [20, 5) referenced via lookup,
+	 * then bridge [15, 5) so [20, 5) is merged into [10, 10) via
+	 * ext4_es_try_to_merge_right().
+	 */
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 5, 110, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 20, NULL, &es, NULL), 1);
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 15, 5, 105, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_all_nr, 1U);
+
+	read_lock(&ctx->ei->i_es_lock);
+	node = rb_first(&ctx->ei->i_es_tree.root);
+	if (node)
+		is_ref = ext4_es_is_referenced(rb_entry(node,
+							struct extent_status,
+							rb_node));
+	read_unlock(&ctx->ei->i_es_lock);
+
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, node);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, is_ref);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_merge_at_max_blocks_boundary_succeeds(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 0, .len = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 0, 0x80000000U, 100,
+			 EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 0x80000000U, 0x7fffffffU,
+			 100ULL + 0x80000000ULL,
+			 EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 3: Removal, Trimming, Splitting, and Overwrites
+ */
+struct es_remove_test_param {
+	const char *desc;
+	ext4_lblk_t rem_lblk;
+	ext4_lblk_t rem_len;
+	unsigned int nr_expected;
+	struct expected_es expected[2];
+};
+
+static const struct es_remove_test_param es_remove_params[] = {
+	{
+		.desc = "remove range before extent",
+		.rem_lblk = 0,
+		.rem_len = 5,
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "remove range after extent",
+		.rem_lblk = 20,
+		.rem_len = 5,
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "remove exact extent range",
+		.rem_lblk = 10,
+		.rem_len = 10,
+		.nr_expected = 0,
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "remove superset of extent range",
+		.rem_lblk = 5,
+		.rem_len = 20,
+		.nr_expected = 0,
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "prefix trim of extent",
+		.rem_lblk = 10,
+		.rem_len = 4,
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 14, .len = 6, .pblk = 104,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "suffix trim of extent",
+		.rem_lblk = 16,
+		.rem_len = 4,
+		.nr_expected = 1,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 6, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		.desc = "middle split of extent into two",
+		.rem_lblk = 13,
+		.rem_len = 4,
+		.nr_expected = 2,
+		.expected = {
+			{ .lblk = 10, .len = 3, .pblk = 100,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+			{ .lblk = 17, .len = 3, .pblk = 107,
+			  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		},
+	},
+};
+
+static void es_remove_get_desc(const struct es_remove_test_param *param,
+			       char *desc)
+{
+	strscpy(desc, param->desc, KUNIT_PARAM_DESC_SIZE);
+}
+KUNIT_ARRAY_PARAM(es_remove, es_remove_params, es_remove_get_desc);
+
+static void test_es_remove_geometries(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	const struct es_remove_test_param *param = test->param_value;
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 10, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_remove_extent(inode, param->rem_lblk, param->rem_len);
+
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, param->expected, param->nr_expected);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_remove_multi_extent_span_trims_and_deletes(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 2, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 43, .len = 2, .pblk = 403,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 5, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 5, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 40, 5, 400, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Remove [12, 31) covering lblks 12..42 inclusive:
+	 * - trims suffix of [10, 5) -> [10, 2)
+	 * - completely removes [20, 5) and [30, 5)
+	 * - trims prefix of [40, 5) -> [43, 2)
+	 */
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 12, 31);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+static void test_es_insert_overwrite_split_and_remerge(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es split_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 3, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 13, .len = 4, .pblk = 103,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 17, .len = 3, .pblk = 107,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN },
+	};
+	static const struct expected_es merged_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 10, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 10, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 13, 4, 103, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, split_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(split_exp));
+
+	/* Convert the remaining prefix and suffix to WRITTEN; all 3 merge */
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 3, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 17, 3, 107, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, merged_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(merged_exp));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 4: On-Disk Caching & Conflict Detection (ext4_es_cache_extent)
+ */
+static void
+test_es_cache_extent_inserts_and_coalesces_same_status(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es initial_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+	static const struct expected_es coalesced_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 8, .len = 10, .pblk = 98,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+	int warnings_before;
+
+	warnings_before = atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count);
+
+	/* Cache into empty tree */
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, initial_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(initial_exp));
+
+	/* Caching sub-range with identical status is a no-op */
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 11, 2, 101, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, initial_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(initial_exp));
+
+	/* Caching larger covering range with same status coalesces */
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 8, 10, 98, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count),
+			warnings_before);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, coalesced_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(coalesced_exp));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_cache_extent_conflict_covered_range_warns(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 8, .len = 10, .pblk = 98,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+	int warnings_before;
+
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 8, 10, 98, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	warnings_before = atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count);
+
+	/* Sub-range [10, 4) covered by [8, 10) with conflicting status */
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 10, 4, 500, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count),
+			warnings_before + 1);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_cache_extent_conflict_partial_overlap_warns(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 5, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+	};
+	int warnings_before;
+
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
+	warnings_before = atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count);
+
+	/*
+	 * Range [8, 10) is not covered by [10, 5), so ext4_es_cache_extent()
+	 * enters __es_remove_extent() which detects the status conflict and
+	 * returns -EINVAL without modifying [10, 5).
+	 */
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 8, 10, 500, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count),
+			warnings_before + 1);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_cache_extent_hole_over_delayed_does_not_warn(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es expected[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 30, .len = 5, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+	int warnings_before;
+
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 30, 5, false, false);
+	warnings_before = atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count);
+
+	es_cache_extent(inode, 30, 5, 0, EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_read(&ctx->sbi->s_warning_count),
+			warnings_before);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, expected, ARRAY_SIZE(expected));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 5: Range Search & Cluster Scanning
+ */
+static void
+test_es_find_extent_range_skips_nonmatching_and_finds_next(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct extent_status es;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 20, 5, false, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 5, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Prime cache_es to [10, 5) WRITTEN, then search [10, 25] for DELAYED:
+	 * cache_es is hit at lblk 10, fails matching_fn(ext4_es_is_delayed),
+	 * and walks rb_next to find [20, 5) DELAYED.
+	 */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, NULL, &es, NULL), 1);
+	ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 10, 25, &es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 20U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_len, 5U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_es_is_delayed(&es));
+
+	/* Search [10, 18] for DELAYED when starting inside [10, 5) returns 0 */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, NULL, &es, NULL), 1);
+	ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 10, 18, &es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_len, 0U);
+
+	/*
+	 * Search [16, 18] in gap before [20, 5): __es_tree_search(16) returns
+	 * the next extent [20, 5) following the range.
+	 */
+	ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 16, 18, &es);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_lblk, 20U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, es.es_len, 5U);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_scan_range_matches_only_overlapping_extents(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 20, 5, false, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 5, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+
+	/* Gap [16, 18] before [20, 5) does not overlap */
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed,
+					      16, 18));
+
+	/* Ranges overlapping [20, 5) or [30, 5) return true */
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed,
+					     16, 20));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed,
+					     22, 23));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_mapped,
+					     34, 40));
+
+	/* Range [35, 40] after [30, 5) does not overlap */
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_range(inode, ext4_es_is_mapped,
+					      35, 40));
+}
+
+static void test_es_scan_clu_matches_extent_in_same_cluster(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Configure cluster size = 16 blocks (cluster_bits = 4) */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/* Insert delayed block at the very end of cluster 0 (lblk 15) */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 15, 1, false, false);
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 0));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 8));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test,
+			  ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 15));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_delayed, 16));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_es_scan_clu(inode, ext4_es_is_mapped, 0));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 6: Delayed Allocation & Bigalloc Pending Reservations
+ */
+static void
+test_es_delalloc_remove_and_overwrite_account_reserved_blocks(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es after_rem_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 2, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+		{ .lblk = 15, .len = 5, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+	static const struct expected_es after_ins_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 6, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 16, .len = 4, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+
+	/* Delayed extents are must-keep: i_es_shk_nr remains 0 */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 10, 10, false, false);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_all_nr, 1U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, list_empty(&ctx->ei->i_es_list));
+
+	/* Removing 3 delayed blocks [12, 3) releases 3 reserved blocks */
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 12, 3);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_released, 3);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, after_rem_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(after_rem_exp));
+
+	/*
+	 * Inserting WRITTEN [10, 6) overwrites [10, 2) delayed, [12, 3) gap,
+	 * and [15, 1) delayed -> claims 3 delayed blocks of reservation.
+	 */
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 6, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_update_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_used, 3);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_quota_claim, 1);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, after_ins_exp, ARRAY_SIZE(after_ins_exp));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_insert_delayed_creates_and_removes_pending(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks: clu 0=[0..15], clu 1=[16..31], clu 2=[32..47] */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/* Single cluster with lclu_allocated = true */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 2, 4, true, false);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 0));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 15));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+
+	/* Multi-cluster [20, 20) spanning clusters 1 and 2, both allocated */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 20, 20, true, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 32));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 48));
+
+	/* Duplicate pending insertion on cluster 0 is idempotent */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 8, 2, true, false);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 0));
+
+	/* Explicit removal of pending reservation */
+	ext4_remove_pending(inode, 16);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 32));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_revise_pending_single_cluster_halves(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/* Insert delayed extent [0, 32) covering clusters 0 and 1 */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 0, 32, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * 1. Allocate first half of cluster 0: [0, 8) -> WRITTEN.
+	 * Delayed blocks [8, 8) remain after [0, 8) in cluster 0 (l_del=true):
+	 * __revise_pending inserts pending on cluster 0 and claims 1 cluster.
+	 */
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 0, 8, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 0));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_update_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_used, 1);
+
+	/*
+	 * 2. Allocate second half of cluster 0: [8, 8) -> WRITTEN.
+	 * No delayed blocks remain in cluster 0; pending reservation on
+	 * cluster 0 is removed and 0 additional clusters are claimed.
+	 */
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 8, 8, 108, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 0));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_update_calls, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * 3. Allocate second half of cluster 1 first: [24, 8) -> WRITTEN while
+	 * [16, 8) remains delayed before it in cluster 1 (f_del=true branch in
+	 * __revise_pending): inserts pending on cluster 1 and claims 1 cluster.
+	 */
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 24, 8, 224, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_update_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_used, 1);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_revise_pending_multi_cluster_span(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/*
+	 * Insert delayed [16, 32) across cluster 1 [16..31] and cluster 2
+	 * [32..47], then allocate [20, 24) (lblks 20..43), leaving delayed
+	 * [16, 4) in cluster 1 and delayed [44, 4) in cluster 2. Both clusters
+	 * get pending reservations and 2 clusters are claimed.
+	 */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 16, 32, false, false);
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 24, 220, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 32));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_update_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_used, 2);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_remove_partial_cluster_holds_rsvd_until_empty(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 0, 16, false, false);
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 0, 4);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 0);
+
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 12, 4);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 0);
+
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 4, 8);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_released, 1);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_remove_fragmented_cluster_releases_once(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/*
+	 * Two fragmented delayed extents within cluster 0 ([2, 3) and [10, 3))
+	 * share a single cluster reservation and must release 1 cluster, not 2.
+	 */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 2, 3, false, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 10, 3, false, false);
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 0, 16);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->last_da_released, 1);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_bigalloc_remove_pending_cluster_cancels_pending_only(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+
+	/* Cluster size = 16 blocks */
+	es_set_cluster_bits(ctx->sb, 4);
+
+	/*
+	 * Removing a delayed extent in a cluster with a pending reservation
+	 * cancels the pending reservation and releases 0 clusters (because the
+	 * cluster reservation was already claimed when allocated).
+	 */
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 16, 8, true, false);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_TRUE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+	reset_da_stub_stats(ctx);
+
+	es_remove_extent(inode, 16, 8);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->da_release_calls, 0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, ext4_is_pending(inode, 16));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Group 7: Shrinker, Referenced Aging, and Cache Clearing
+ */
+static void
+test_es_clear_inode_es_retains_only_delayed_extents(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	static const struct expected_es only_delayed_exp[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 40, .len = 5, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 5, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 5, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 5, 0, EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 40, 5, false, false);
+	ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_EXT_PRECACHED);
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_all_nr, 4U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 3U);
+
+	ext4_clear_inode_es(inode);
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test,
+			   ext4_test_inode_state(inode,
+						 EXT4_STATE_EXT_PRECACHED));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, list_empty(&ctx->ei->i_es_list));
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, only_delayed_exp,
+		       ARRAY_SIZE(only_delayed_exp));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_shrinker_ages_referenced_and_keeps_delayed(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct percpu_counter *shk_cnt = &ctx->sbi->s_es_stats.es_stats_shk_cnt;
+	struct shrink_control sc = { .nr_to_scan = 0 };
+	struct extent_status es;
+	unsigned long count, shrunk;
+	static const struct expected_es after_first_scan[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 10, .len = 2, .pblk = 100,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 30, .len = 2, .pblk = 300,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN },
+		{ .lblk = 50, .len = 2, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+	static const struct expected_es after_second_scan[] = {
+		{ .lblk = 50, .len = 2, .pblk = 0,
+		  .type = EXTENT_STATUS_DELAYED },
+	};
+
+	/* Insert 4 reclaimable WRITTEN extents and 1 non-reclaimable DELAYED */
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 2, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 2, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 2, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 40, 2, 400, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_delayed_extent(inode, 50, 2, false, false);
+
+	/* Mark [10, 2) and [30, 2) as EXTENT_STATUS_REFERENCED via lookup */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 10, NULL, &es, NULL), 1);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, 30, NULL, &es, NULL), 1);
+
+	/*
+	 * Fold per-CPU counter deltas into the central count so count_objects
+	 * (which uses percpu_counter_read_positive) sees all 4 extents on SMP.
+	 */
+	percpu_counter_set(shk_cnt, percpu_counter_sum_positive(shk_cnt));
+	count = es_shrinker_count(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, count, 4UL);
+
+	/*
+	 * First scan (nr_to_scan = 5):
+	 * - [20, 2) and [40, 2) are unreferenced and reclaimed (shrunk = 2)
+	 * - [10, 2) and [30, 2) have REFERENCED cleared and survive
+	 * - [50, 2) is DELAYED (must_keep) and survives
+	 */
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 5;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 2UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 2U);
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, after_first_scan,
+		       ARRAY_SIZE(after_first_scan));
+
+	/*
+	 * Second scan (nr_to_scan = 5):
+	 * - [10, 2) and [30, 2) are now unreferenced and reclaimed (shrunk = 2)
+	 * - Only [50, 2) DELAYED remains; inode is removed from s_es_list
+	 */
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 5;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 2UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 0U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, list_empty(&ctx->ei->i_es_list));
+	assert_es_tree(test, inode, after_second_scan,
+		       ARRAY_SIZE(after_second_scan));
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_shrinker_cursor_advances_and_wraps_around(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct shrink_control sc = {};
+	unsigned long shrunk;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 2, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 20, 2, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 30, 2, 300, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 1;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 1UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shrink_lblk, 20U);
+
+	/* Re-insert [10, 2) behind the shrink cursor; next scan wraps to it */
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 2, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 3;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 3UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_all_nr, 0U);
+}
+
+static void
+test_es_shrinker_skips_precached_inode_until_last_resort(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode1 = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct inode *inode2;
+	struct shrink_control sc = {};
+	unsigned long shrunk;
+
+	inode2 = es_alloc_test_inode(test, ctx->sb, 13);
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode1, 10, 2, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+	ext4_set_inode_state(inode1, EXT4_STATE_EXT_PRECACHED);
+	es_insert_extent(inode2, 10, 2, 200, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+
+	/* First scan skips precached inode1 and reclaims from inode2 */
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 1;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 1UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 1U);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, EXT4_I(inode2)->i_es_shk_nr, 0U);
+
+	/*
+	 * Now only precached inode1 remains on s_es_list; shrinker retries
+	 * and reclaims from inode1 as a last resort.
+	 */
+	sc.nr_to_scan = 1;
+	shrunk = es_shrinker_scan(ctx, &sc);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, shrunk, 1UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ctx->ei->i_es_shk_nr, 0U);
+}
+
+static void test_es_seq_shrinker_info_show_formats_stats(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct es_test_ctx *ctx = test->priv;
+	struct inode *inode = &ctx->ei->vfs_inode;
+	struct seq_file seq = {};
+	char *buf;
+
+	es_insert_extent(inode, 10, 2, 100, EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN, false);
+
+	buf = kunit_kzalloc(test, PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, buf);
+	seq.buf = buf;
+	seq.size = PAGE_SIZE;
+	seq.private = ctx->sb;
+
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test,
+			ext4_seq_es_shrinker_info_show(&seq, SEQ_START_TOKEN),
+			0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_GT(test, seq.count, 0UL);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_NOT_NULL(test, strstr(buf, "reclaimable objects"));
+}
+
+static struct kunit_case extents_status_test_cases[] = {
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bitfield_written_and_unwritten_encoding),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bitfield_delayed_and_hole_encoding),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bitfield_referenced_and_pblock_update_preserve_state),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_lookup_empty_tree_returns_miss),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_insert_zero_len_is_noop),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_lookup_hits_cache_and_rbtree_with_next_lblk),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_fc_replay_bypasses_tree_operations),
+	KUNIT_CASE_PARAM(test_es_merge_cases, es_merge_gen_params),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_insert_adjacent_delayed_extents_merges),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_merge_preserves_referenced),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_merge_at_max_blocks_boundary_succeeds),
+	KUNIT_CASE_PARAM(test_es_remove_geometries, es_remove_gen_params),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_remove_multi_extent_span_trims_and_deletes),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_insert_overwrite_split_and_remerge),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_cache_extent_inserts_and_coalesces_same_status),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_cache_extent_conflict_covered_range_warns),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_cache_extent_conflict_partial_overlap_warns),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_cache_extent_hole_over_delayed_does_not_warn),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_find_extent_range_skips_nonmatching_and_finds_next),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_scan_range_matches_only_overlapping_extents),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_scan_clu_matches_extent_in_same_cluster),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_delalloc_remove_and_overwrite_account_reserved_blocks),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_insert_delayed_creates_and_removes_pending),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_revise_pending_single_cluster_halves),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_revise_pending_multi_cluster_span),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_remove_partial_cluster_holds_rsvd_until_empty),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_remove_fragmented_cluster_releases_once),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_bigalloc_remove_pending_cluster_cancels_pending_only),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_clear_inode_es_retains_only_delayed_extents),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_shrinker_ages_referenced_and_keeps_delayed),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_shrinker_cursor_advances_and_wraps_around),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_shrinker_skips_precached_inode_until_last_resort),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_es_seq_shrinker_info_show_formats_stats),
+	{}
+};
+
+static struct kunit_suite extents_status_test_suite = {
+	.name = "ext4_extents_status_test",
+	.init = es_kunit_init,
+	.test_cases = extents_status_test_cases,
+};
+
+kunit_test_suites(&extents_status_test_suite);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("KUnit tests for ext4 extents status tree and pending reservations");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
diff --git a/fs/ext4/extents_status.c b/fs/ext4/extents_status.c
index 6e4a191e8219..64bac0c4c1fa 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/extents_status.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/extents_status.c
@@ -2390,3 +2390,22 @@ static int __revise_pending(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
 out:
 	return (ret < 0) ? ret : pendings;
 }
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EXT4_KUNIT_TESTS)
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_init_tree);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_insert_extent);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_cache_extent);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_remove_extent);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_find_extent_range);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_lookup_extent);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_scan_range);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_scan_clu);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_register_shrinker);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_unregister_shrinker);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_seq_es_shrinker_info_show);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_init_pending_tree);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_remove_pending);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_is_pending);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_es_insert_delayed_extent);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_clear_inode_es);
+#endif
diff --git a/fs/ext4/inode.c b/fs/ext4/inode.c
index 26f0f9714f03..966a760f64e6 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/inode.c
@@ -350,6 +350,9 @@ void ext4_da_update_reserve_space(struct inode *inode,
 	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
 	struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
 
+	KUNIT_STATIC_STUB_REDIRECT(ext4_da_update_reserve_space,
+				   inode, used, quota_claim);
+
 	spin_lock(&ei->i_block_reservation_lock);
 	trace_ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, used, quota_claim);
 	if (unlikely(used > ei->i_reserved_data_blocks)) {
@@ -1646,6 +1649,8 @@ void ext4_da_release_space(struct inode *inode, int to_free)
 	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
 	struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
 
+	KUNIT_STATIC_STUB_REDIRECT(ext4_da_release_space, inode, to_free);
+
 	if (!to_free)
 		return;		/* Nothing to release, exit */
 
@@ -6973,3 +6978,8 @@ vm_fault_t ext4_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	sb_end_pagefault(inode->i_sb);
 	return ret;
 }
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EXT4_KUNIT_TESTS)
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_da_update_reserve_space);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_EXT4_TEST(ext4_da_release_space);
+#endif
-- 
2.56.0.542.g3ef89b7020-goog